by David Boyle
Peter the Chanter: see John W. Baldwin, The Language of Sex:Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 (Chicago, 1994),
Demons: Christopher Page, The Owl and the Nightingale: Musical Life and Ideas in Medieval France 1100—1300 (London, 1989),
Leprosy as a sexual disease: R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe 930—1230 (Oxford, 1987),
William the Marshal and the Jews: ibid.
Frederick IPs commission: ibid.
Anti-Semitism and moneylending: ibid.
Leopold's mint-master: see Peter Csendes, 'Die Babenberger und Wien', Wiener Geschichtsblatter, Vol. 31, 1976.
'Both because of their teaching . . .': see Friedrich Heer, The Medieval World: Europe 1100—1300, trans. Janet Sondheimer (London, 1974),
'For reason of adultery . . .': see Stephen O'Shea, The Perfect Heresy: The Revolutionary Life and Death of the Medieval Cathars (London, 2000),
Sunday mass in Albi: see Morris Bishop, The Penguin Book of the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, 1971),
'Kill them all . . .': it is not absolutely clear that he actually said this, but it was widely believed. See O'Shea, The Perfect Heresy,
White Brotherhood: ibid.
Raymond VII was scourged: ibid.
The Church had traditionally tried to reduce violence . . .: for the development of the concept of Holy War, see Andrew Wheatcroft, Infidel: The Conflict between Christendom and Islam 683—2002 (London, 2003), Even St Augustine of Hippo could see occasions where violence was justified.
Some of our great civilising institutions: it is true that these all had roots further back in history, but it was the twelfth century when they were formalized. Nor, it does have to be said, was the cult of the Virgin necessarily helpful to women, but it was a crack in the overwhelming maleness of religious culture.
Dante would link usury with sodomy: see Colin Spencer, Homo- sexuality: A History (London, 1995), Ironically, Dante's own family seems to have made their money from usury.
Money and cities: see Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society,
Méreaux and local currencies: once again, I am grateful to Bernard Lietaer for making some of his thinking, and the latest academic research on the subject of money, available to me. It can be found in Bernard Lietaer and Stephen M. Belgin, Of Human Wealth: Beyond Greed and Scarcity (Boulder, 2004). See also Luca Fantacci, 'Complementary Currencies: A Prospect on Money from a Retrospect on Pre-modern Practices', presented for publication to the Financial History Review; and Luca Fantacci, 'Moneta Universale e Locale', in Storia della moneta immaginaria (Venice, 2004).
Make it respectable: see R. N. Swanson, The Twelfth Century Renaissance (Manchester, 1999), The fourteenth century saw the first attempted revival of troubadour music in the annual Jeux Floraux festivals.
'It is no wonder to me . . .': quoted by Michael Routledge, 'The Later Troubadours', in Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay (eds), The Troubadours: An Introduction (Cambridge, 1999),
Bertran Carbonel: ibid. The full verse says: 'Like a man who takes a great risk with his money, out of a desire to make a fortune, and manages to put up with the misfortune he has to suffer because of the profit he hopes for, I have done likewise, lady, since I have given you my heart and body...'
Blondel's Chanson VIII: see L. Wiese, Die Lieder des Blondel (Dresden, 1904).
William the Marshal's death: see David Crouch, William Marshal:Court, Career and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire 1147—1219 (London, 1990),
She sang about love: see Page, The Owl and the Nightingale,
Postscript: The legend of Blondel reprise
'O Richard!': from Michel-Jean Sedaine, Richard Coeur de Lion, 1784 Theatre de Sedaine (Paris, 1878).
Gretry and Sedaine: see David Charlton, Gretry and the Growth of Opera-Comique (Cambridge, 1986).
' le style troubadour : see, for example, Alice MacKrell, An Illustrated History of Fashion (New York, 1997).
Jean de Notre Dame and Claude Fauchet: the development of the story's treatment by French historians is outlined in Prosper Tarbe, Les Oeuvres de Blondel de Neele (Reims, 1862).
Lord Baden-Powell: see Robert Baden-Powell, Scouting for Boys:A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship (new edn, Oxford, 2004).
James Russell Lowell: see 'Two Scenes from the Life of Blondel', Atlantic Monthly, November 1863,
Select Bibliography
Primary sources
Ambroise, UEstoire de la Guerre Sainte, ed. Gaston Paris, trans. M. J. Hubert and J. La Monte (New York, 1941)
Andreas Capellanus, On Love, trans, and ed. P. G. Walsh (London, 1982)
Beck, Johann, Les Chansonniers des Troubadours et trouvères, publies en facsimile, Vol. II 'Le Manuscrit du Roi' (London, Oxford and Philadelphia, 1938)
Bernard le Tresorier, Le Continuation de Guillaume de Tyr, ed. M. R. Morgan (Paris, 1982)
Bertran de Born, The Poems of the Troubadour Bertran de Born, trans. C. W. Wilson (London, 1897).
Chretien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances, trans. W. W. Kibber (Harmondsworth, 1991)
Chronica de Mailros, ed. J. Stevenson (Edinburgh, 1835)
Die Regesten der Grafen von G ö rz und Tirol, Pfalzgrafen von K ä rnten, Band I957-I271, ed. Hermann Wiesflecker (Innsbruck, 1949),
FitzStephen, William, A Description of London, trans. H. E. Butler (Historical Association Pamphlets, 1954).
Gesta Henrici Secundi in English Historical Documents 1042—1189, trans, and ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (London, 1953).
Giraldus Cambrensis, The Autobiography of Giraldus Cambrensis, trans, and ed. H. E. Butler (London, 1937)
Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal, ed. P. Meyer (Paris, 1897-1907)
Istore et Croniques de Flandres, ed. Mervyn de Lettenhove (Brussels, 1879)
Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi in Chronicles and Memorials
of the Reign of Richard I, ed. William Stubbs and trans. Helen Nicholson as Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Ashgate, 1997).
Marie de France, Lais, ed. Jean Rychner (Paris, 1973)
Ralph of Coggeshall, Chronicon Anglicanum, ed. J. Stevenson (Rolls Series, 1875)
Ralph of Diceto, The Historical Works of Master Ralph of Diceto, Deacon of London, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1876)
Recits d'un menestrel de Reims, ed. N. de Wailly and trans. E. N. Stone as Three Old French Chronicles of the Crusades (Seattle, 1939). Also trans. Robert Levine, A Thirteenth Century Minstrel's Chronicle (New York, 1990)
Richard of Devizes, Chronicon, ed. and trans. J. T. Appleby (London, 1963)
Roger of Howden, Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Hoveden, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1868-71)
Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici II et Ricardi I, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1867)
William of Malmesbury, Historia Novella, ed. K. R. Potter (London, 1955)
William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett (Rolls Series, 1884)
Secondary sources
Ackroyd, Peter, London: The Biography (London, 2002)
Akehurst, F. R. P., and Davis, Judith M., A Handbook of the Troubadours (Berkeley, 1995)
Allmand, C. T. (ed.), War, Literature and Politics in the Late Middle Ages (Liverpool, 1976)
Appleby, J. T., England without Richard (London, 1965)
Arnold, Benjamin, Medieval Germany 300-1300: A Political Interpretation (Basingstoke, 1997)
Baker, Timothy B., Medieval London (London, 1970)
Baldwin, J. W., The Government of Philip Augustus (Berkeley, 1986)
Baldwin, John W., The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 (Chicago, 1994)
— Aristocratic Life in Medieval France: The Romances of Jean Renart and Gerbert de Montreuil, 1190—1230 (Baltimore and London, 2000)
Barber, Richard, The Devivs Brood: A History of Henry II and His Sons (London, 1978)
Barlow, Frank, The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216 (London, 1961)
&nb
sp; Barratt, N., 'The English Revenue of Richard I', English Historical Review, Vol. 116, 2001,
Begg, Ean, The Cult of the Black Virgin (London and Boston, 1985)
Bingham, Caroline, The Crowned Lions: The Early Plantagenet Kings (Newton Abbot, 1978)
Bishop, Morris, The Penguin Book of the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, 1971)
Bjerken, Mildred Prica, Medieval Paris: The Town of Books (Metuchen, 1973)
Boyd, Douglas, Eleanor: April Queen of Aquitaine (Stroud, 2004)
Bradbury, Jim, Philip Augustus, King of France 1180-1223 (London, 1998)
Bridge, Antony, Richard the Lionheart (London, 1989)
Brooke, Christopher, The Twelfth Century Renaissance (London, 1969)
Broughton, Bradford B., The Legends of Richard I Coeur de Lion: A Study of Sources and Variations to the Year 1600 (The Hague, 1966)
Bullough, Vern L., and Brundage, James A. (eds), Handbook of Medieval Sexuality (New York, 1996)
Bumke, Joachim, Courtly Culture, Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Berkeley, 1991)
Burney, Charles, A General History of Music (London, 1789)
Byrne, Eugene H., Genoese Shipping in the 12th and 13th centuries (Cambridge, Mass., 1930)
Carpenter, Nan Cooke, Music in the Medieval and Renaissance Universities (Oklahoma, 1958)
Charlton, David, Gretry and the Growth of Opera-Comique (Cambridge, 1986)
Clanchy, M. T., Abelard: A Medieval Life (Oxford, 1997)
Coulton, G. G., Medieval Panorama: The English Scene from Conquest to Reformation (New York, 1955)
Crosland, Jessie, William Marshal: The Last Great Feudal Baron (London, 1962)
Crouch, David, William Marshal: Court, Career and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire 1147—1219 (London, 1990)
Crowest, Frederick, The Story of British Music (London, 1896)
Csendes, Peter, 'Die Babenberger und Wien', Wiener Geschichtsblatter, Vol. 31, 1976
— Geschichte Wiens (Vienna, 1981) Deacon, Richard, A History of the British Secret Service (London, 1969)
Dworschak, Fritz, and Schwengler, Willi (eds), Durnstein (Diirnstein, 1966)
Dyggve, Holger Petersen, trouvères et protecteurs de trouvères dans les cours seigneuriales de France (Helsinki, 1942)
Edbury, Peter W., The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191—1374 (Cambridge, 1991)
Edmondstoune, Duncan, The Story of Minstrelsy (London, 1907)
Feavearyear, Albert, The Pound Sterling: A History of English Money (2nd edn, Oxford, 1963)
Ferrante, Joan M., and Economou, Georges D., In Pursuit of Perfection:Courtly Love in Medieval Literature (Port Washington, 1975)
Fichtenau, H., 'Akkon, Zypern und das Losegeld fur Richard Low-enherz', Archiv fur Osterreichisches Geschichte, Vol. CXXV (Vienna, 1966)
Flores, Angel (ed.), An Anthology of Medieval Lyrics (New York, 1962)
Frappier,Jean, Chretien de Troyes: The Man and His Work, trans. Raymond J. Cormier (Athens, Ohio, 1982)
Gardiner, Robert (ed.), The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels since Pre-classical Times (London, 1975)
Garrett, George, and Hudson, John (eds), Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy (Cambridge, 1994)
Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah (eds), The Troubadours: An Introduction (Cambridge, 1999)
Gibb, Hamilton, The Life of Saladin (Oxford, 1973)
Gillingham, J. B., The Kingdom of Germany in the High Middle Ages 900-1200 (London, 1971)
Gillingham, John, The Life and Times of Richard I (London, 1973)
— Richard the Lionheart (2nd edn, London, 1978)
— Richard Coeur de Lion: Kingship, Chivalry and War in the Twelfth Century (London, 1994)
— 'Galley Warfare and Portsmouth: The Beginnings of a Royal Navy', in Thirteenth Century England VI, Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1993, ed. Michael Prestwich, R. H. Britnell and Robin Frame (Wood-bridge, 1997)
— Richard I (Yale, 1999)
— The English in the Twelfth Century: Imperialism, National Identity and Political Values (Woodbridge, 2000)
— The Angevin Empire (2nd edn, London, 2001)
Gimpel, Jean, The Cathedral Builders (Salisbury, 1983)
Hallam, Elizabeth (ed.), The Plantagenet Chronicles (New York and London, 2000)
Harvey, J. H., The Plantagenets (London, 1948)
Harvey, P. D. A., 'The English Inflation of 1180-1220', Past & Present, No. 61, November 1973
Haverkamp, Alfred, Medieval Germany 1036-1273, trans. Helga Braun and Richard Mortimer (Oxford, 1988)
Heer, Friedrich, The Medieval World: Europe 1100-1300, trans. Janet Sondheimer (London, 1962; paperback edition 1974)
Herbertson, Agnes Grozier, Heroic Legends (London, 1911)
Holmes, Urban Tigner, Jr, Daily Living in the Twelfth Century: Based on the Observations of Alexander Neckham in London and Paris (Madison, 1953)
Holt, J. O, Robin Hood (rev. edn, London, 1989)
Hutchinson, Gillian, Medieval Ships and Shipping (London, 1994)
Jacoby, D., 'Crusader Acre in the Thirteenth Century: Urban Layout and Topography', Studi Medieval!, series 3, Vol. 20, 1979
Jacoby, David (ed.), Trade, Commodities and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean (Aldershot, 1997)
James, B., St Bernard of Clairvaux (London, 1957)
Jeep, John M. (ed.), Medieval Germany: An Encyclopaedia (New York, 2001)
Jeffery, G., Cyprus under an English King in the 12th Century (Cyprus, 1926)
Jones, Terry, and Ereira, Alan, Medieval Lives (London, 2004)
Kallbrunner, Josef, and Oberwalder, Oskar, Durnstein an der Donau (Krems, 1910)
Keen, Maurice, Outlaws of Medieval Legend (rev. edn, London, 2000)
Kelly, Amy, Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings (Harvard and London, 1950)
Knight, Stephen, Robin Hood: A Complete Study of the English Outlaw (Oxford, 1994)
Landon, Lionel, Itinerary of Richard I (London, 1935)
Leeper, A. W. A., A History of Medieval Austria (London, 1941)
LePage, Yvan G., L'Oeuvre Lyrique de Blondel de Nesle (Paris, 1994)
Lewis, C. S., The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition (Oxford, 1936)
— The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature (Cambridge, 1967)
Leyser, K. J., 'Frederick Barbarossa, Henry II and the Hand of St James', English Historical Review, Vol. CCCLVI, July 1975
— Medieval Germany and Its Neighbours 900-1230 (London, 1982)
L'Heritier de Villandon, Marie-Jeanne, La Tour Tenebreuse et Les Jours Lumineux (Paris, 1705)
Lofts, Norah, The Lute Player (London, 1951)
Loxton, Howard, Pilgrimage to Canterbury (Newton Abbot, 1978)
Maalouf, A., The Crusades through Arab Eyes (London, 1984)
Marshall, Christopher, Warfare in the Latin East 1192-1291 (Cambridge, 1992)
Marshall, Fred, 'Blondel de Nesle and His Friends: The Early Tradition of Grand Chant reviewed', New Zealand Journal of French Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, November 1984
Mayer, H. E., The Crusades, trans. John Gillingham (Oxford, 1988)
— 'A Ghost Ship Called the Franche Nef. King Richard I's German Itinerary', English Historical Review, February 2000
McGrail, Sean, The Ship: Rafts, Boats and Ships from Prehistoric Times to the Medieval Era (London, 1981)
Meade, Marion, Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography (London, 1977)
Miller, David, Richard the Lionheart: The Mighty Crusader (London, 2003)
Miskimin, Harry, Herhily, David, and Udovitch, A. L. (eds), The Medieval City (Yale and London, 1977)
Mitchell, Marian, Berengaria: Enigmatic Queen of England (Burwash Weald, 1988)
Moore, R. I., The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe 930-1230 (Oxford, 1987)
Morris, Colin, The Discovery of the Individual 1030—1200 (London, 1972)
Nelson, Janet L., Richard Coeur de Lion in H
istory and Myth (London, 1992)
Newman, William, Les Seigneurs de Nesle en Picardie: Leurs chartes et leur histoire (Paris, 1971)