64. www.atlantisquest.com
65. Ibid.
66. The Tunguska explosion. NASA Science News web site. science@NASAnews, 2008.
67. The Atlantis Blueprint, by Rand Flem Ath and Colin Wilson: Little, Brown and Company, 2000.
68. Underworld, Flooded Kingdoms of The Ice Age, by Graham Hancock: Penguin, 2003.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
69. Discovered at Largo Velho, Muges, in Portugal. Dated to the Mesolithic period.
70. Heyerdahl organized several investigations between 1991 and 1998 by teams of archaeologists who eventually contradicted his views. They thought the step pyramids were constructed by Spanish farmers using the rocks they were clearing from the fields. Heyerdahl pointed out that this did not account for the east-west astronomical alignment, the shaped corner stones, staircases, and flat platforms on the tops. The area containing the pyramids is now an ethnographic park devoted to Thor Heyerdahl and his beliefs.
71. From Marvelous Things Heard, one of several books that are attributed to Pseudo-Aristotle authors.
72. volcanoline.com/madeira. The last volcanic eruptions were in the west-central part of Madeira; they created cinder cones and lava flows.
73. The Atlantis Effect, by Dr. Roger Coghill: Ker Menez, Lower Race, Pontypool, UK.
74. Edgar Cayce’s Atlantis, by Drs. Greg and Lora Little and John Van Auken: ARE Press, 2006.
75. Ibid.
76. Underworld, Flooded Kingdoms of The Ice Age, by Graham Hancock: Penguin, 2003.
77. Edgar Cayce’s Atlantis, by Drs. Greg and Lora Little and John Van Auken: ARE Press, 2006.
78. Underworld, Flooded Kingdoms of The Ice Age, by Graham Hancock: Penguin, 2003.
79. Gateway to Atlantis, by Andrew Collins: Headline Book Publishing, 2000.
80. The Grave Creek Tablet was discovered in 1838 in West Virginia, U.S.A. It is a small sandstone disc and is inscribed on one side with alphabetic characters. It was found during excavations at the Grave Creek Mound (69 feet high and 295 feet in diameter). Although the tablet is now missing, a plaster cast and a photograph exist in the Smithsonian Museum.
81. ARE (Association for Research and Enlightenment) web site.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
82. Arganthonius was thought to have lived from 670 to 550 B.C. Although this sea battle is often referred to, I can find no suggested date for when it happened.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
83. http://www.whowerethephoenicians.com. Diodorus Siculus, Plato, and Tacitus all subscribed to the belief that the alphabetic letters were brought to Phoenicia from Egypt. Interestingly, Eusebius quotes a fragment from Sanchoniathon that Thoth, the Egyptian, was “the teacher of the Phoenicians in the art of writing.” In view of the ancient alphabetic characters found in Egypt by archaeologist William Flinders Petrie, and of the fact that the Egyptian god Thoth originally ruled in a western land, this is very significant.
84. Tacitus was a Roman historian who lived from A.D. 56 to 117.
85. Strabo recorded this, among many other interesting facts about southwest Iberia, in his Geographica. His descriptions are uncannily similar to Plato’s description of Atlantis.
86. This was carved on reindeer bone. That animal has not populated southern France and northern Spain since the glacial period, so the dating of this discovery can hardly be disputed.
87. Discovered in 1916 at Banca Deta, Corunna, in Galicia, northern Spain.
88. www.antiquos.com Georgeos Diaz Montexano.
89. William Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) was the pioneer of methodology in archaeology. He lived in Egypt for long periods and explored extensively throughout the country. The British Museum has a special Flinders Petrie section.
90. Manetho was an ancient Greek who lived in the third century B.C. and wrote the famous Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt).
91. The Turin King list is thought to date from the reign of Rameses II. It is now in the Egizio museum in Turin. It covers the period from the ancient god–kings of Egypt to the seventeenth dynasty.
92. Discovered in 1878 by Dr. Rene Verneau.
93. The Atlantis Effect, by Dr. Roger Coghill: Ker Menez, Lower Race, Pontypool, UK.
94. Mysteries of Ancient South America, by Harold T. Wilkins: Rider & Co., 1945.
95. Researches into the Early Inhabitants of Spain, by Wilhelm von Humboldt, 1821. The Basque Language: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
96. The ancient Indian book The Mahabharata records that the leaders of the Adityas, the very ancient Indian rulers, were white with light red or light brown hair.
97. There are many pyramids around Xian in Qui Chan Province in China. The pyramids are officially thought to be mausoleums of the Quin Dynasty. They are close to the Tarim Basin, where two tall, red-haired mummies were found, one female and one male. The Tarim Mummies, co-authored by Professor Victor Mair of the University of Pennsylvania.
98. Aku Aku, the Secrets of Easter Island, by Thor Heyerdahl: Penguin, 1972.
99. From the Ashes of Angels, by Andrew Collins: Michael Joseph, 1996.
CHAPTER NINETEEN
100. Uriel’s Machine, by Robert Lomas and Christopher Knight: Element Books, 2000.
101. From the Ashes of Angels, by Andrew Collins: Michael Joseph, 1996.
102. The Atlantis Encyclopedia, by Frank Joseph: New Age Books, 2005.
103. Treasures of Lost Races, by Rene Noobergen: Teach Services, 2001. Ancient Bulgaria’s Golden Treasures, by Colin Renfrew: National Geographic. Wikipedia: “Varna Necropolis.”
104. Temples of Ancient Gods, by Michael Tellinger: Zulu Planet Publications, 2010.
105. The 12th Planet, by Zecharia Sitchin: Avon, 1976. (Book 1 of “The Earth Chronicles” series.)
CHAPTER TWENTY
106. Atlantis, Lost Kingdom of the Andes, by Jim Allen: Floris Books, 2009.
107. Fingerprints of the Gods, by Graham Hancock: William Heinemann, 1995.
108. Keeper of Genesis, by Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock.
109. Fingerprints of the Gods, by Graham Hancock: William Heinemann, 1995.
110. Ibid.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
111. Atlantis Effect, by Dr. Roger Coghill: Ker Menez, Lower Race, Pontypool, UK.
112. These reliefs are referred to in many books and web sites, such as: “A Short History of Ancient Electricity,” www.bibliotecapleyades.net/; harunyaha.com/en/works/13770/light-bulbs-were-used-for
113. Ibid.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank the following who have assisted greatly in putting together over twenty years of research into what I hope is a persuasive and enjoyable book:
My Algarve editor, Elaine Edgely, and Jonathan Veale for his encouragement and sound advice. Neil Simpson for his invaluable help with the final shaping of the manuscript and my agent, Andrew Lownie, for his wise counseling, patience, and perseverance.
Particularly my wife, Margaret, for her help and tolerance.
INDEX
Page references in italics refer to illustrations.
A
Aaron, 208
Academos, 10
academy, Plato’s, 10, 13, 76
Acropolis, 19, 251
Aegean islands/seas, 59, 161, 167
Africa, 31, 35, 93, 94, 229–30
Age of Discoveries, 155
agriculture, 9, 88–89, 101, 139, 194, 200, 215
Akritori, Greece, 24, 25
Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island (Heyer-dahl), 198
Alaska (United States), 140–41
Alatuir, 214, 239
Albufeira, Algarve, Portugal, 101
Alcalar, Algarve, Portugal, 96, 213
Alexander the Great, 10
Algarve region (the Algarve), Portugal: agriculture in, 89; alphabet/script and, 177–78, 179, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189–90; Anibal, as boys’ name in, 94; Atlantis in, 59, 77, 169, 224; carob used in, 92; Celts and, 172, 234; climate in, 86, 147; earthquakes in, 6, 33
–39, 43, 87, 137, 138–39, 144; elephants in, 93–94; fault line in/near, 137, 150; floodplains in, 101–2; funeral slab found in, 56; grave uncovered in, 154; herons in, 198; Libyans in, 172; mines/mining in, 81, 82; the Moors and, 47, 110; mountains in, 73, 146–47; museum in, housing necropolis, 55; Muslims in, 46–47, 48; plains (planato) in seabeds off coast of, 68–69, 137; Plato’s description and, 144; precious metals in, 79; rock in, 100–101; script on Grave Creek Tablet and, 164; seismic activity in, 6, 7; standing stones (menhirs) in, 4, 5, 206, 209, 210, 211, 213; step-pyramids in, 146–47; submerged area in, 40–45, 44, 73, 145, 147; Tartessos’ reach to, 54, 171; timber in, 92; tribes in, 110, 172, 172; tsunamis in, 37, 40, 70, 138; wild Iberian lynx breeding centers in, 94
Algiers, Algeria, 35
Allen, Jim (Lost Kingdom of the Andes), 218
Allerød period, 87
Almodôvar, Portugal, 177, 189
Almohads, 47
almonds, 90
Almovarids, 47
Alonquian Indian tribe, 164–65
alphabet/characters/script: pre-10,600 b.c., 181, 181; 4000 b.c., 181–82; pre-3000 b.c, 183, 184; pre-1600 b.c., 185; 950 b.c., 186; 3500 b.c, 187; 2500 b.c. to 400 b.c., 189–91; Algarve region and, 177–78, 179, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189–90; of ancient cultures, 177; Basque language, 191; blond-haired/red-haired peoples and, 202; on bone dagger, 181, 181; on broken stone, 5, 175, 177; Castelo, Carlos Alberto Basilio, and, 179–81, 184, 185, 186, 190; of Coniis/Kuniis, 50, 82; on Crete, 230; on dolmen, 181; Egyptians and, 182, 183; on funerary slab, from Algarve region, 56; Futharc, 185; Germans and, 185; on Grave Creek Tablet, 164; Greeks and, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 190, 191; of Guanches, 152; on herouns, 189–90; Iberia and, 177–78, 183, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192; on Israeli pottery (“Goliath” shard), 186, 187; Leonard, R. Cedric, and, 63; Libyan, 187; mystery of, 133; northeastern script, 178; Philistines and, 186; Phoenicians and, 5, 50, 179, 184, 186, 188, 188–89, 190, 191; Plato’s clues about, 177; on pottery remains from India/Pakistan, 187–89, 188; Proto-Canaanite, 186; runes, 185; Scandinavians and, 185; Southwest Script/southwestern script, 50, 177–78, 187, 188, 189, 202; on stag bone, 181; on statue, on Corvo Island, 156; on stone splinters, 182; story about, 176; of Tartessians, 173; of Turditanians, 54; Western, 50, 177, 178, 191, 192
Altiplano, region in South America, 199, 218, 223
Alvão Natural Park, Portugal, 181
Alvor, Algarve, Portugal, 70, 93–94, 96, 123
Amazons (Greek female warriors), 154
America: Alonquian Indian tribe in, 164–65; Atlanteans’ migration/visit to, 6, 13, 61, 165, 167; Columbus, Christopher, sailing to, 155; DNA markers and, 165; fault line in, 37; Minoans trading with, 167; Phoenicians’ travel to, 61; Plato and, 174
the Americas, 74, 89, 155, 156, 166
Ampheres, 248
Ana River (presently Guadiana River), Portuguese/Spanish border, 51, 75, 81, 103, 145, 204
Anatolia region, 25, 28, 63, 76
Andalucía, southernmost region of Spain: Atalaya and, 239; Celts originating from, 234; climate in, 86; fault line through, 36; island and, 69; Plato and, 68, 71, 73, 77
Andes, mountain range in South America, 83
Andhakas, 238
Andros, island in Bahamas, 29, 161, 162, 164
Andros Platform, 161, 162
Anibal, as boys’ name, 94
animals, 16–17, 20, 22, 92–96, 140–41, 211, 249, 251. See also specific types of
Antarctica, 28, 63, 74, 75, 142
ante, 164
Antilia, “legendary” island in the Caribbean, 163–64
Antilles islands, 163, 198, 201
aqueducts, 119–20, 251
Arade River, Algarve, Portugal: battery technology and, 226; defensive emplacements and, 129; earlier coastline/plain and, 43, 73, 130, 131; flooding and, 212; as freshwater source, 140; geological activity and, 139; Phoenicians and, 123; Rocha Negra (“Black Rock”) and, 121; Silves and, 115
Arcachon, Gironde, France, 70
ARE (Association for Research and Enlightenment), 165
argan, 169, 173
Arganthonius, 53–54, 107, 168–71, 172–73, 182
Aristotle, 10, 153
Armação de Pêra, Silves, Portugal, 70
asclepius, 209, 210
Asia, 75, 76, 77, 92, 232, 243, 245
Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE), 165
asteroid strike, 141–42
astronomy, 55, 200, 201, 218
atala/Atala (The White Island), 182, 198, 238, 239
Atalaia/Atalaya, 239
Athens, Greece, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 247
Atlantic Ocean/the Atlantic: Algarve region coastline and, 39, 68; in ancient manuscripts, 63; Atlantean civilization/race and, 165, 166, 167, 202; Atlantis in, 63, 67; author’s theory about, 57, 234; Azores Islands’ mountaintops and, 27; Columbus, Christopher, and, 155–56; Egyptian priest’s reference to, 11, 26; fault line in, 36; genetic studies of populations in areas of, 202; Gorringe Bank submerged in, 36; Iberia and, 243; islands/isles in, 149, 150, 153; Kolaios in, 54; map of, from Order of Christ, 155; mountains in, 74; naming of, 16; Order of Christ map of, 155; Phoenicians in, 61, 174; in Plato’s accounts: Atlantean civilization size/spread across, 8, 13, 14, 60–61, 167, 245; Atlas and, 248; clues unified to support theory about, 231; Gades’ region and, 84; geography and, 13, 62, 63, 67, 68, 149; from Greek knowledge, 174; the Mediterranean and, 59; mountains in, 74; navigability and, 71; Santorini, Greece, and, 26; Spartel in, 241; root language spread and, 179; sediment samples from seabed of, 38; Straits of Gibraltar geography and, 166; tsunami in, 37; Western Ocean reference and, by Egyptians, 64
Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (Donnelly), 23 The Atlantis Blueprint (Flem-Ath and Wilson), 28
The Atlantis Effect (Coghill), 108, 185
Atlantis in Andalucía (reprinted as Atlantis in Spain) (Wishaw), 58
Atlantoi, 154
Atlas (king): Cádiz and, 105; defense of Atlantis and, 128; heirs of, 248–49, 255; map books and, 234; Plato’s clues and, 15, 16, 30, 62, 84, 104; as ruler, 248; Seville and, 107; standing stone (menhir) and, 217
Atlas Mountains, Morocco, North Africa: agriculture in, 166; Almohads from, 47; Atlantean race and, 202; Berbers from, 151, 166, 174, 190, 197; Libyans from, 55; water collection and, 100
atomic warfare, in ancient civilization, 237–38
Autochthon, 248
Avebury, 221
Aylattes, 186
Aymara Indians, 189
Azaes, 248
Azores Islands, Portugal, 27, 36, 149, 150, 156, 157, 167
Aztecs, 198, 220
Aztlán peoples, 198
B
Babylon, 52
Baghdad, Iraq, 225
The Bahamas, 158, 163, 196, 201
Balkans/Balkan region, 203, 214, 223
Bancal Deta, Galicia, Spain, 181
Basques, 165, 191, 202, 204
Bates, Oric, 219
battery technology, 225–26
Bauval, Robert, and Graham Hancock (Keeper of Genesis), 220
BBC documentary/Web site, 27, 187, 188
Beja, Alentejo, Portugal, 49
Belgrade, Serbia, 214
Berbers: alphabet/script and, 191; Atala and, 182, 238; Atlantean race and, 197, 198, 202–3; from Atlas Mountains, 151, 166, 174, 190, 197; Aztlan and, 198; Guanches and, 151, 190, 202, 203; Muslims and, 47
Bergman, Jonas, 78
Berlitz, Charles, 23
Bimini, islands in Bahamas, 29, 159, 160, 163
The Bimini Road, 159, 159–60, 161
Blackett, Baram, Adrian Gilbert, and Alan Wilson (The Holy Kingdom), 51
blond-haired/red-haired peoples: in ancient civilizations, 234; Atlanteans and, 196–99, 203, 205, 233; gene for, 202; Guanches, 151, 214; in Middle East, 204; Plato and, 201; Poseidon and, 203; Thracians, 203, 214
BMC Revolutionary Biology, 203
Bolivia, 218, 223
bone dagger, writing on, 181, 181
Bongard family, 4
The Book of Judges, 197
Book of the Dead, 68
The book of the taking of Ireland (Lebor Gabata Erre), 197
books about Atlantis, 23–24, 27. See also specific titles
Bosnia, 215, 221
boundaries of Atlantis: Algarve region and, 242; Bahamas and, 196; Egypt and, 16, 165, 185, 245, 248; Gades and, 62; Iberia and, 242; the Mediterranean and, 196, 201; Morocco and, 242; Spain and, 242; Tyrrhenia and, 16, 165, 245, 248
Bremen, Germany, 46
Britain/Great Britain/British Isles: alphabet/script and, 191; Atlantean race and, 202; Atlantis near, 27, 28; author in, 7; Celts and, 51, 202; Himilco voyage and, 71; military assistance to Portugal and, 46; standing stones (menhirs) in, 55; straits in, 71; trade with, 174; tsunami in, 37
Brittany, France, 51, 55, 191, 202
bronze production, in Iberia, 25, 52
Brutus, 51, 203
building construction/methods, 218–19
Bulgaria/Bulgarians, 203, 215
bulls, 22, 94–95, 167, 254
Buyan (or Bouyan), legendary island, 214
C
Cádiz, Andalucía, Spain: Arganthonius in/near, 52, 54, 170, 171; Atlantis near, 77; Carthaginians in, 52; as citadel, 105; earthquake in Bay of, 229; Gaderius and, 104; Gades’ region and, 62, 84, 166; geography of, 30; island near, 73; Keuhne, Rainer, theory about, 30; Niebla and, 108; Phoenicians in, 52, 54, 61, 174; Poseidon’s offspring near, 30; Sarmast, Robert, theory about, 24; sediment samples from, 38; Semites in, 171; Tartessians/Tartessos and, 53, 171, 172, 172; tsunami affecting, 138; wild life near, 95
caduceus, 209, 209, 210, 213
Caesar, Julius, 49, 50, 81
calçadas, 121
calcos, 82, 83
Caldas de Monchique, Algarve, Portugal, 93, 119
Cambay, Gulf of, India, 28–29, 187, 240
Canaanite script, 186
Canada, 25, 37, 167
canals/reservoirs (water channels), 97–103, 117, 139, 224, 226, 249–50, 251, 253
Canary Islands: alphabet/script and, 177, 185, 190; Atlantean race and, 196, 197, 202, 203; Atlantis extending to, 31, 149–52, 150, 166, 167; Guanches in, 214; pyramids in, 220, 233; submerged areas and, 69, 74
La Capella, 107
Caribbean/Caribbean Islands: Atlantean Empire and, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167; Catés statue pointed to, 159; Columbus, Christopher, in, 165; Plato and, 149; tsunami in, 37
Atlantis and the Silver City Page 28