The Downing Street Years

by Margaret Thatcher

  Energy Act (1983), 682

  Engineering Employers’ Federation (EEF), 98

  Enniskillen bomb (1987), 406

  Enterprise Policy Group, 282

  Enterprise Zones, 44, 95

  Enthoven, Professor Alain, 607

  environment, 638–41; pollution issue, 563, 639

  ERM, see Exchange Rate Mechanism under EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY

  Estate Action programme, 605, 621

  European Commission on Human Rights, 391

  EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

  Agriculture Council, 85, 257, 732

  budget issues: British contribution, 62–4, 83–6, 91, 257, 537–45; Financial Mechanism, 62; agreement (1980), 78–86; financing, 313–14; discussion (1983), 336–8; deficit (1987), 728

  Central Bank proposals, 738, 740–1

  Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 728–37; Walker’s approach, 28; cost, 62, 336; wastefulness, 62; French approach, 62, 84; German approach, 62, 257. 313, 319, 544; British net contribution, 80, 257, 319; Bruges speech, 745

  Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 690–1; Lawson’s views, 554, 691, 708, 716; Delors Report, 707–8, 720–1, 723, 746, 750; Major’s views, 719; discussions (1990), 719–21; no compromise, 724–6; EC discussions (1988), 740–2, (1989), 759–60, (1990), 763, 765–6

  enlargement, 545–8, 769–70

  European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 759

  European Commission: budget settlement pressure, 80; Presidency, 547, 558–9, 740; water policies, 638; ERM, 691; federalist project, 728; rebate mechanism, 729; role, 743

  European Councils:

  Strasbourg (1979), 61–4, 79

  Dublin (1979), 79–82

  Luxemburg (1980), 83–5, 388, 390

  Venice (1980), 90

  Brussels (1982), 178

  Stuttgart (1983), 312–14, 319

  Athens (1983), 318, 319, 335–8, 537, 538

  Brussels (1984), 346, 538–41

  Fontainebleau (1984), 541–4, 728, 733

  Dublin (1984), 545–6

  Brussels (1985), 546–7

  Milan (1985), 401, 548–51

  Luxemburg (1985), 550, 551, 554–7

  Hague (1986), 519, 522

  London (1986), 557–9

  Brussels (1987), 729–31

  Copenhagen (1987), 729, 731–3, 736–7

  Brussels (1988), 733, 735–7

  Hanover (1988), 409–10, 707–8, 737, 740–1

  Rhodes (1988), 746–7, 784–5

  Madrid (1989), 710–13, 741, 750–2, 760

  Strasbourg (1989), 759–60, 796–7

  Dublin (1990), 726, 760–3

  Rome (1990), 764–7, 832, 837

  European Court of Justice (ECJ), 80, 743

  European Currency Unit (ecu), 63; ‘hard’, 720, 741, 750, 762, 765, 833

  European Democratic Group (EDG), 749

  European Democratic Union (EDU), 500

  European Magna Carta, 800, 808, 842

  European Monetary Fund proposals, 720, 721, 750

  European Monetary System (EMS), see Exchange Rate Mechanism

  European Parliament: elections (1979), 60, 61; elections (1984), 537, 540; powers, 554; MT’s speech (1986), 558; elections (1989), 711, 748–50, 754

  Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): MT’s attitude, 63, 554; German views, 63, 83, 692; Lawson’s attitude, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–13, 722; Major’s policy, 690; path to EMU, 690–1; discussions (1979–82), 691–3; arguments (1985), 693–8, (1989), 709–14; ‘Madrid conditions’, 712–13, 718, 719, 722, 723; discussion (1990), 719–21; entry of sterling, 721–4

  Falklands crisis, Argentina embargo, 190–1, 223, 548

  Franco-German axis, 61, 727–8, 759–63, 790, 814–15

  Integrated Mediterranean Programmes, 545, 546

  Inter-Governmental Conference (IGC), 549–51, 555, 711, 720, 725, 750–2, 759–61, 765–7

  Monetary Committee, 721

  monetary compensation amounts (MCAs), 336

  Political Union (federalist project), 727–8, 742, 760–3, 814–15, 833

  Single European Act, 555–7, 558, 741

  Single Market, 551–4; MT’s hopes, 545, 547, 549, 745; implementing, 557; EMU, 708; progress, 727; Bruges speech, 745; Social Charter, 751

  Social Charter, 750–2, 759–60

  South Africa sanctions issue, 515- 16, 521–2, 534

  sovereignty issue, 690

  European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (ECST), 401, 402–3, 405

  exchange controls, see MONETARY POLICY

  exchange rate, see MONETARY POLICY

  Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), see EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY

  Exocet missiles, 212, 216, 226–7, 233–4

  EXPO ’88, 505

  export markets, 5, 689

  Ezra, Sir Derek (Chairman NCB 1971–82), 140–1

  Face the Nation, 771

  Face the People, 586

  Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia (1982-), 818, 820–2

  Fair Trading, Director-General of, 40

  Falkland Islands: history, 174–5; Communications Agreement, 175, 197; lease-back proposals, 175–6; invasion, 177; retaken, 234–5; MT’s visit, 234

  Falklands War: significance, 173–4, 235; task force, 179, 183, 189, 194, 201; War Cabinet, 188–9, 200, 209, 212, 221, 223, 224, 234–5; Haig negotiations, 188, 190, 191–200, 202–8, 210–11, 216, 217, 222–3, 224, 229–30; Haig proposals, 194–5; bombing of runway at Port Stanley, 212; Belgrano sinking, 214–16; Peruvian peace proposals, 215, 216, 217; Sheffield sinking, 216–17; SAS raid, 222; UK final proposals, 222–3; taskforce landing, 223–5; Harriers, 226, 227–8; Atlantic Conveyor loss, 227–8; Darwin and Goose Green retaken, 229–30; media reporting, 229–30; Bluff Cove, 233; Port Stanley assault and retaking, 233–5; ‘Falklands factor’, 264, 266; financing, 270; MT’s experience useful for Gulf War, 817, 826

  Fallon, Michael, 856

  Family Health Service Authorities, 608n

  family policies, 282, 565, 628–32

  Family Policy Group, 279

  Fearless, HMS, 189, 248

  Federal Reserve, US, 693

  Fergusson, Sir Ewen (British Ambassador to France 1987–93), 843

  Fianna Fail Party, 388

  Fiat, 428, 430–1

  Fieldhouse, Sir John (C-in-C Fleet 1981–82, Chief of Naval Staff and First Sea Lord 1982–85), 189, 205, 214, 226

  Fieldhouse, Midge, Lady, 205

  Figaro, Le, 82

  Financial Services Act (1986), 311

  Financial Times, 138, 701, 715

  Finchley constituency: MT’s work, 22; work during Falklands crisis, 224–5; election campaign (1983), 302, 303; Jewish population, 509, 577; twinning, 512; Ugandan Asian population, 517; election campaign (1987), 577, 587–8; rates issue, 644

  Fine Gael, 388

  Fitt, Gerry (Leader SDLP 1970–79), 395

  FitzGerald, Garret (Irish Prime Minister 1981–82, 1983–87): EC budget, 337, 544; compared with Haughey, 388, 393; hunger strikes, 392; MT’s relationship, 393, 410; Northern Ireland discussions, 395–6, 398–402; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 402–5, 407; VAT issue, 538

  Fletcher, Michael, 371

  Fletcher, WPC Yvonne, 351, 442

  FI-II aircraft, 239, 443, 445, 447, 772

  Foot, Michael (Leader, Labour Party 1980–83): Falklands, 210, 224; Labour leadership, 265–6, 360; unilateralism, 267; election campaign (1983), 287, 295, 296; Maze hunger strikers, 391

  Ford of Europe, 439–41, 679

  Foreign Affairs Policy Group, 565

  Forsyth, Frederick, 362

  Forsyth, Michael, 620–3, 856

  Fowler, Norman (Transport Minister 1979–81, Health and Social Security Secretary 1981–87, Employment Secretary 1987–90): Transport, 29; DHSS, 151, 277; Family Policy Group, 279; BL debate, 440; health targets, 571; election campaign (’987), 583–4. 584; NHS discussions, 607; leadership election campaign (1990), 840

  France: e
conomy, 7; EC role, 61, 540–1; lamb imports, 80, 84, 85; nuclear energy, 140, 341; Polish crisis, 254; nuclear deterrent, 323; Lebanon involvement, 328, 333–4; Libya policy, 442–3, 446; educational system, 591; federalist project, 727–8, 760–3, 814–15; elections (1988), 731, 734; Revolution Bicentennial (1989), 752–4; German reunification, 796–7; attitude to US European presence, 815; Gulf crisis, 819; see also Mitterrand

  Francis of Assisi, St, 19

  Franks Committee, 177

  Fraser, Malcolm, 71, 76, 191, 519

  Frederick the Great, 191

  free enterprise, 6–7

  free trade, 739, 764

  Freight Rover (FR), 438, 441

  French Revolution, MT’s remarks (1989), 753

  Friedman, Professor Milton, 618, 710n, 804

  Frost, David, 584, 586

  Fulton Committee Report, 47

  Gaddafi, Colonel Muammar (Libyan ruler 1969-): NUM contact, 351, 368–9; IRA supporter, 384, 401; US bombing of Libya, 442–4, 446, 449

  Gaisman, Tessa, 285

  Gaitskell, Hugh, 6n

  Galtieri, General Leopoldo (Argentine President 1981–82): comes to power, 176; Reagan contacts, 179–80, 201–2; Haig diplomacy, 193, 197–8; proposals, 224

  Gandhi, Indira (Indian Prime Minister 1966–77, 1980–84), 161–2, 169, 368, 504

  Gandhi, Rajiv (Indian Prime Minister 1984–89), 426, 504, 517, 521, 523

  Gandhi, Sonia, 504

  Garda, 397–8

  Gardiner, Sir George, 855

  Garel-Jones, Tristan, 830, 850, 854

  gas: prices, 52; privatization, 681–2

  GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), 496, 732, 738–40, 745, 764–5

  GCHQ, Cheltenham, 139n

  Gdansk: Lenin Shipyard, 778, 779, 780–1; MT’s visit (1988), 780–2

  GEC, 431

  Gemayel, Amin (President of the Lebanon 1982–88), 327

  General and Municipal Workers’ Union (GMWU), 111

  General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 704

  General Belgrano, 214–16, 217, 296, 302

  General Council of British Shipping, 356

  General Motors (GM), 438, 439, 440–1

  Genscher, Hans-Dietrich (German Foreign Minister and Deputy Chancellor 1974–92), 335, 736, 740, 774, 785, 793

  George II, King, 24

  Germany: economy, 5, 7, 94; EC role, 61, 313, 552; NATO nuclear policies, 240, 241, 258–9, 268, 323, 335, 771–2, 774–5, 784–7; Polish crisis, 254; Berlin Wall, 263, 759, 789, 793; MT’s visit (1983), 318, 319; South African sanctions issue, 522; farmers, 544, 731, 732–3, 734, 736, 766; reunification, 552, 759, 769, 783, 792–6, 813; monetary union (EMU) policy, 554, 555, 720; European objectives, 556, 760–1; Bundesbank, 690, 696, 720, 740, 763, 814; hyperinflation experience, 707; interest rates, 707, 714, 814; Social Charter, 751; US relationship, 768, 783–4, 789; MT’s attitude to ‘German Question’, 769, 790–1, 813–15; Gorbachev’s influence, 783; fall of Honecker, 789; border with Poland, 797, 799; see also Kohl, Schmidt

  Gersons, 224

  Gibraltar: shooting of IRA terrorists (1988), 407, 409; discussions with Spain, 746

  Gilmour, Sir Ian (Lord Privy Seal 1979–81): Foreign Office, 28–9; EC budget, 86; trade union reform, 105; economic critique, 130; dismissed, 151

  Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry (French President 1974–81): Downing Street visit, 24; EC, 61–4, 552; G7, 69–70, 84; Trident, 246

  Glamorgan, HMS, 233–4

  glasnost, 475

  Glemp, Cardinal, 778

  Gleneagles Agreement, 166

  Glenholmes, Evelyn, 405

  global warming, 640

  Glover, Eleanor, Lady, 845

  González, Felipe (Spanish Prime Minister 1982-), 546, 746, 752, 767, 793

  Goodlad, Alastair, 835

  Goold, Sir James, 621, 647

  Gorbachev, Mikhail (Soviet President 1985–91): Trudeau’s impression, 321; NUM connection, 369; public image, 437. 453; MT’S attitude, 452–3, 770, 774, 800–1, 813; embassy deal, 458; Chequers visit (1984), 459- 63, 468, 474; Soviet leadership, 469, 475; Geneva summit with Reagan, 470; Reykjavik, 470–2; MT’s Moscow visit (1987), 474, 478–85; Perestroika, 475, 773, 803–4; de Klerk comparison, 532; ‘Gorby-mania’, 747; Delors meeting, 767; INF treaty (1987), 771, 774; MT’s discussions (1987), 772–4; Reagan Washington summit (1987), 774; Afghanistan withdrawal, 774; influence on Germany, 783; UK visit (1989), 786; Soviet changes, 790; MT’s visit (1989), 792, 802; German reunification, 798–9, 805; Yeltsin opposition, 803–4; MT’s Soviet visit (1990), 805–6; CSCE summit (1990), 843, 845; MT’s resignation, 858

  Gorbachev, Raisa, 459, 461, 470, 478, 480, 483–4, 773, 786

  Gordievsky, Oleg, 470, 476, 774

  Gormley, Joe (President NUM 1971–82), 140

  Gould, Bryan, 581

  Gow, Ian (PPS to Prime Minister 1979–83): PPS, 29–30; memo on backbench morale, 132;. Cabinet reshuffle, 151; frames quotations from Powell, 184n; Falklands, 185; election campaign (1983), 285, 288; Anglo-Irish proposals, 394; resignation, 403; murder, 414–15, 822; leadership election campaign (1989), 830

  Gow, Jane, 414–15

  Gowrie, Grey, Lord (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1984–85), 420

  Granada 500, 293

  grant-maintained schools, 570–1, 578, 592–3, 597

  grant-related expenditure assessments (GREAs), 643

  Greater London Council (GLC), 284, 305

  Greece: EC membership, 545–6; support for German EC proposals, 763

  Greenham Common, 243

  Grenada: Bishop government, 166; military coup, 328–9; US invasion, 328–32, 334–5, 818

  Griffiths, Professor Brian (Head of Prime Minister’s Policy Unit 1985–90): Strategy Group, 565; education proposals, 570, 592, 597–9; Manifesto Committee, 572; education in Scotland, 620–1; ERM question, 700

  Griffiths Report, 47

  Gromyko, Andrei (Soviet Foreign Minister 1957–85), 242, 458, 451, 468, 469

  G7 (Group of Seven) summits:

  Tokyo (1979), 65–71

  Ottawa (1981), 164–6, 739

  Versailles (1982), 192, 231–2, 256–8

  Williamsburg (1983), 290, 299–301, 586

  Tokyo (1986), 498–9

  Venice (1987), 586

  Toronto (1988), 737, 738–40

  Paris (1989), 752, 754, 759

  Houston (1990), 762, 763–4

  Guardian, 43, 52, 561

  Guise, George, 640

  Gulbenkian Collection, 633

  Gulf: British withdrawal from (1970), 8, 162; Armilla Patrol, 91, 164, 816; MT’s visit (1981), 162–4, 817

  Gulf Co-operation Council, 163

  Gulf War: Belgian policy, 414; scud missile attacks on Israel, 507; Anglo-American relations, 769; build-up to, 822–8

  Gummer, John (Party Chairman 1983–85, Agriculture Minister 1989–92): election campaign (1983), 292; Party Chairman, 310, 311, 421; Brighton bomb (1984), 380, 381; local government finance review, 646; Agriculture Minister, 757, 758; leadership election campaign (1990), 849, 851; MT’s resignation, 856

  Gummer, Penny, 379, 380

  Habibie, Professor BJ., 503

  Hadfields, 107, 112

  Hague, Professor Douglas, 126

  Haig, Alexander (Supreme Allied Commander in Europe 1974–79, US Secretary of State 1981–82): MT’s Washington visit (1981), 158; Falklands crisis, 176, 178; shuttle diplomacy, 181; Falklands negotiations, 188, 190, 191–200, 202–8, 210–11, 216, 217, 222–3, 224, 229–30; Falklands proposals, 194–8; Peruvian peace plan, 216, 217; British Falklands landings, 229, 230; UN vote, 232; NATO, 240; Polish crisis, 253, 255

  Hailsham, Quintin Hogg, Lord (Lord Chancellor 1979–87), 28, 37

  Hamilton, Archie (PPS to the Prime Minister 1987–88), 411, 822

  Hammond, Eric, 363

  Hanna, Vincent, 588

  Hanrahan, Brian, 214

  Harlech, Lord, 72–3

  Harper, Ross, 621


  Harris, Robin, 565, 570, 572

  Harrison, Margaret, 630

  Harrods bomb (1983), 397

  Hart, David, 365

  Hassan, King of Morocco (1961-), 526

  Hastings, Sir Stephen, 212

  Haughey, Charles (Irish Prime Minister 1979–81, 1982–83, 1987–92): relationship with MT, 388, 410; compared with FitzGerald, 388, 393; hunger strikers, 390; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 405, 409- 10; extradition issue, 407; US speech (1988), 408–9; EC, 760, 762

  Havel, Václav (President of Czechoslovakia 1989–92), 789–90, 808–9, 813, 826

  Havers, Michael (Attorney General 1979–87, Lord Chancellor 1987): picketing issue, 107, 346, 348; Falklands, 189, 214, 228–9; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346–8, 374; NUM funds, 374

  Hawke, Bob (Australian Prime Minister 1983–91), 504–5, 516–17, 519, 521, 530–1

  Hayek, Friedrich von, 12, 618, 716

  Healey, Denis (Chancellor of the Exchequer 1974–79), 26, 53, 210, 296, 301, 576

  health: hospitals, 47, 581–2, 608, 611, 613–14, 615–16, 617; MT’s approach to people’s concerns, 562; manifesto (1987), 571, 577; election campaign (1987), 585; private care, 585, 607; reform programme, 606–17; elderly people, 606; review (1988), 608–9; private insurance schemes, 610, 612; self-governing (trust) hospitals, 611, 613–14, 615–16, 617; medical audit, 613; GP budget holders, 614–15; see also National Health Service

  Heath, Edward (Conservative Prime Minister 1970–74): government, 7, 13–14, 20, 108, 162, 692; defeat, 14, 17; interventionist policies, 14, 167; CPRS, 30; Party Conference speech, 154–5; attack on MT, 167; Falklands Communications Agreement, 175; BL debate, 440; rates abolition pledge, 644; EC membership, 700; EMU approach, 741; European elections (1989), 749–50; leadership, 829

  Helms, Jesse, 160

  Helsinki Final Act (1975), 478, 794, 795

  Henderson, Sir Nicholas (Ambassador to Washington 1979-82), 182, 188, 191, 204, 211, 221–2

  Her Majesty’s Inspectorate (HMI), 593–4, 597

  Hermes, HMS, 179, 185, 202, 228

  Heseltine, Michael (Environment Secretary 1979–83, Defence Secretary 1983–86): Merseyside work, 144, 424; ‘dual key’ option, 268; Family Policy Group, 279; election campaign (1983), 296–7; Lebanon MNF, 326, 327; Grenada, 330, 331; Environment, 420, 424; Westland affair, 423–37; MT’s relationship with, 423–4, 829–30; Defence, 424; Gorbachev visit, 460; US visit (1985), 469; local government finance review, 643–4; community charge, 666–7; council tax, 667; suitability as successor to MT, 755; leadership challenge, 829, 834, 835–8, 839, 840; leadership campaign, 840, 841, 844, 847–50, 852–3, 860–1