The Downing Street Years
Page 120
Lord Mayor’s Banquet: MT’s speech (1984), 370; MT’s speech (1990), 838
Lord’s Taverners reception (1990), 835
lottery proposals, 610n
Louis Jnr, J.J. (US Ambassador to Britain 1981–83), 331
Louvre Accord (1987), 699, 783
Lubbers, Ruud (Dutch Prime Minister 1982-): MT’s visit (1983), 318–19; CAP, 733, 735–7; Commission Presidency, 740; GATT issues, 766; German reunification, 797; CSCE summit, 843
Luce, Richard, 179, 186, 330
Lygo, Sir Raymond, 433–4
Lynch, Jack (Irish Prime Minister 1966–73, 1977–79), 57–8
Lynk, Roy, 686
Maastricht Treaty (1991), 314, 720, 723
McAlpine, Alistair (Conservative Party Hon. Treasurer 1975–90), 37, 382, 414, 569, 841
Macfarlane, Neil, 279
McFarlane, Robert (US envoy to the Middle East 1983, National Security Adviser 1983–85), 467
McGibbon, Mrs (working miner’s wife), 365
MacGregor, Ian (Chairman BSC 1980–83, NCB 1983–86): BSC, 114, 342; NCB, 342; pit closure plans, 343, 344; miners’ strike, 352, 354, 360–1, 363–4, 366, 377
MacGregor, John (Chief Secretary 1985–87, Agriculture Secretary 1987–89, Education Secretary 1989–90, Leader HC 1990–92): Chief Secretary to Treasury, 420; manifesto (1987), 571–2; Education, 596–7, 756, 758; community charge, 666; Leader of the House, 835; leadership election campaign (1990), 846, 847–8, 854; MT’s resignation, 856
Machel, Samora, 77, 514
Mackay, James (Lord Chancellor 1987-), 851, 857
McLean, Muriel, 383
Macmillan, Harold (Conservative Prime Minister 1957–63): government, 13, 20; leadership style, 37, 66; Falklands advice, 188; critical of miners’ strike handling, 370; Polaris agreement, 517
McNee, Sir David (Commissioner Metropolitan Police 1977–82), 145
MacShane case, 100, 102–3, 105, 106
Maekawa, Haruo, 498
Maginnis, Ken, 406, 411
Magnox power stations, 685
Maguire, Frank, 3
Mahathir Bin Mohamad, Dr, 502, 530–1
Major, John (Chief Secretary 1987–89, Foreign Secretary 1989, Chancellor 1989–90, Prime Minister 1990-): Whips’ Office, 422; DHSS junior minister, 422–3; Foreign Secretary, 530, 757; Kuala Lumpur (1989), 530–1; Health review, 609; health funding proposals (‘top- slicing’), 612; budget (1990), 622, 675–6; community charge, 655–6, 659–60, 664, 666; monetary policy, 690; EMU question, 716, 720–1, 724–6; Chancellor of Exchequer, 717–19, 758; ERM approach, 719–20; ERM entry, 722–3; suitability as successor to MT, 755, 757, 831–2; leadership election campaign (1990). 840, 844, 847, 850–4, 856, 858, 860–1; MT’s resignation, 856
Malawi, MT’s visit (1989), 527–8
Malaysia, MT’s visit (1985), 502
Manchester, HMS, 506–7
Mandela, Nelson (Vice-President ANC 1989–91 President 1991-), 514, 520, 531–4
Manifesto Committee, 571–2
Manley, Michael (Jamaican Prime Minister 1972–80, 1989–92), 76
Manpower Services Commission (MSC), 31, 421
Maritime Exclusion Zone (MEZ), 190, 209
Marjai, Jozsef, 454
Marks and Spencer, 31
Marsh, Lord, 113
Marshall, Sir Walter (Chairman, CEGB 1982–89), 358–9, 683–4, 685
Martens, Wilfried (Belgian Prime Minister 1979–81, 1981–85, 1985–92), 241, 413–14, 729, 746
Marxism, 265, 339, 370–1, 801
Mates, Michael, 653
Maude, Angus (Paymaster General 1979–81): Cabinet post, 29; trade union reform, 104; leaves Cabinet, 131; election campaign (1983), 286
Maude, Francis, 851–2, 860
Maxwell, Robert, 362, 372
Mayhew, Sir Patrick (Solicitor General 1983–87, Attorney General 1987–92), 431, 434, 822
Maze Prison, 388, 389–92
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (Polish Prime Minister 1989–90), 799
MBB, 428
Meciar, Vladimir, 808
Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS): origins and aims, 96–7; Lawson’s role, 96, 309, 566, 688; money supply target exceeded, 125; Biffen’s views, 130; PSBR, 132, 673; £M3 problems, 694
Mercury, 680
Metal Box, 112
Metropolitan County Councils, 284, 305
Meyer, Sir Anthony, 830
Middle East, see under individual countries, also Arab-Israeli dispute, Gulf
Millar, Ronnie, 122, 292, 382, 379, 586
Mill Hill bomb (1988), 410
Mindszenty, Cardinal, 454, 813
miners’ strike (1984–5), 344–78, see also coal industry, National Coal Board, National Union of Mineworkers
Miners’ Wives Back to Work Campaign, 364
Minford, Professor Patrick, 138
Minimum Lending Rate (MLR), see interest rates under MONETARY POLICY
Mitterrand, François (French President 1981-): EC, 61, 337–8, 537–44, 546, 552, 736–7, 751, 760–1, 763, 766–7; G7, 164, 256–7, 300, 738, 754; Falklands, 182, 223, 227, 232, 548; Lebanon, 334; attitude to Libya, 442; hospitality, 476; Soviet policy, 476–7; Moscow visit, 540, 542; Fontainebleau European Council, 541–4, 733; socialist policies, 547; MT’s relationship, 557, 730, 733, 753; French elections (1988), 731, 734; London visit (1988), 734; MT’s visit (1988), 737; IGC deadlines, 751–2; EBRD, 759; Franco-German axis, 790; German reunification concerns, 793, 796–8; achievements, 813; Gulf crisis, 819; CSCE summit (1990), 843, 845
Moi, Daniel Arap (President of Kenya 1978-), 524–5
Moiseev, Marshal Mikhail, 805
Molesworth, 243
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 483
Molyneaux, James (Leader Ulster Unionist Party 1979-), 404, 406, 857
Monde, Le, 753
monetarism, see MONETARY POLICY monetary compensation amounts (MCAs), 336
MONETARY POLICY
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 690–1; Lawson’s views, 554, 69, 7091, 708, 716; Delors Report, 707–8, 720–1, 723, 746, 750; Major’s views, 719; discussions (1990), 719–21; no compromise, 724–6; EC discussions (1988), 740–2; EC discussions (1989), 759–60; EC discussions (1990), 763, 765–6
European Currency Unit (ecu), 63; ‘hard’, 720, 741, 750, 762, 765, 833
European Monetary System (EMS), 63, 554, 691
exchange controls, abolition, 44, 741
exchange rate, 93, 272, 688–90, 694, 701, 705
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): MT’s attitude, 63, 554; German views, 63, 83, 692; Lawson’s attitude, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–13, 722; Major’s policy, 690; path to EMU, 690–1; discussions (1979–82), 691–3; arguments (1985), 693–8; arguments (1989), 709–14; ‘Madrid conditions’, 712–13, 718, 719, 722, 723; discussion (1990), 719–21; entry of sterling, 721–4
interest rates: US, 165, 693; mortgages, 315, 698; influences, 673; controlling inflation, 690; under Major, 690; MT’s attitude, 698–9; Lawson’s attitude, 698–9, 701; nominal and real, 699n; German, 707, 714, 814; by year -
(1979), 42, 53, 54
(1980), 129
(1981), 137, 148, 153- 165, 693
(1982), 271–2
(1983). 315
(1985), 694
(1986), 698–9
(1988), 702, 705, 706, 713n
(1989), 707, 713n, 714, 718, 830
(1990), 718–19, 724, 831
Lawson budgets, 672–5
monetarism, 96–7n, 123, 688–90
monetary base, 126, 133–4
money supply, 96–7, 125–6, 272, 688–90
£M3, 96, 125–6, 134, 694–6
M3, 694
M0, 694, 699, 706
sterling: strength, 42, 126, 133–4; ERM question, 63, 83; exchange rate effects, 689; petro-currency, 692; speculative pressure, 694, 695; cost of defending, 696–7, 702; ERM entry, 721–4
Monopolies and Mergers Commission, 40, 343, 682
Moore, Charles, 840
&nb
sp; Moore, Henry, 24, 557
Moore, Major-General Jeremy (Commander of Falklands Land Forces), 189, 232
Moore, John (Transport Secretary 1986–87, Health and Social Security Secretary 1987–88, Social Security Secretary 1988–89): Transport, 563; young people policy group, 566; election campaign (1987), 584; DHSS, 589; Health review, 608–14; illness, 608–14, 756; DSS, 614; gas privatization, 681; leaves Cabinet, 756, 758; leadership election campaign (1990), 840–1, 847, 849
Moore, Sir Philip, 18
Morning Star, 350, 365
Moro, Aldo, 83
Morocco, MT’s visit (1989), 526
Morrison, Sir Peter (PPS to the Prime Minister 1990), 572, 836–7, 840–1, 843–7, 856
mortgage: interest rates, 315, 698; tax relief, 600, 671, 672, 674
Mortimer, Jim, 298
Moss Side riots (1981), 144
Mount, Ferdinand, 278, 283, 288, 292
Mountbatten, Lord, 56, 57
Mozambique, 527
M3, £M3, see MONETARY POLICY
Mubarak, Hosni (President of Egypt 1981-), 509, 817
Mugabe, Robert (Prime Minister of Zimbabwe 1980-): Patriotic Front, 72–3; Rhodesia/Zimbabwe elections, 77–8; Melbourne CHOGM, 166; US Grenada invasion, 332; South Africa sanctions, 516, 521; MT’s visit (1989), 526–7
Muldoon, Robert (Prime Minister of New Zealand 1975–84), 166, 191, 290
Mulroney, Brian (Prime Minister of Canada 1984–93): MT’s Canadian visit (1983), 320, 321; South Africa debate, 516–17, 521, 522, 523, 531; G7, 738, 764
Murphy, Sir Leslie, 116
Murphy, Richard, 508
Murray, Len, 107, 111
Muscat, 163–4
Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund, 633
Muzorewa, Bishop Abel, 72–3, 75, 77–8
Nagy, Imre, 454
Nakasone, Yasuhiro (Japanese Prime Minister 1982–87), 299–300, 497–9
Nally, Dermot, 395
Namibia, 78, 158, 166, 514; MT’s visit (1989), 528–9
National Armaments Directors (NADs), 427–8, 430
National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS), 363, 365–8, 375–6
National Bus Company, 284, 678
National Coal Board (NCB): coal dispute (1981), 139–42; pit closure plans, 139–41, 342–3, 344, 357, 377, 686; attitudes to industry, 340, 342; MacGregor Chairmanship, 340, 353; NUM strike (1984–5), 344, 347, 349, 351–2, 354, 357, 360, 363–5, 369, 373–6; NACODS dispute, 363, 365–8, 375–6; electricity privatization effects, 685
National Curriculum Council, 594
National Dock Labour Board, 355, 361
National Dock Labour Scheme (NDLS), 355–7, 669
National Economic Development Council (NEDC), 94
National Enterprise Board (NEB), 39, 115–16
National Freight Corporation, 678
National Front, 296
National Graphical Association (NGA), 98, 348
National Grid, 682–3
National Health Service (NHS): management, 47; spending, 49, 128; strike (1982), 275; finances, 277; question of reform, 571, 589; Fowler’s presentation, 581; reform, 606–17; press horror stories, 608; review, 608–9; funding proposals, 610; structure reform proposals, 610–11
National Insurance Contribution, 128
National Insurance Surcharge (NIS), 95, 133, 134, 271, 673
Nationality Bill, see British Nationality Bill nationalization, 6, 676
nationalized industries, 127; policy group, 282
National Reporting Centre (NRC), 347
National Rivers Authority, 682
National Union of Boilermakers (NUB), 110
National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 382
National Union of Journalists (NUJ), 102–3
National Union of Mineworkers (NUM): dispute (1981), 140–3, 341; Scargill leadership, 339–44; overtime ban (1983), 342; strike (1984–5), 344–78; sequestration of assets, 360, 368, 374
National Union of Teachers, 595
National Working Miners’ Committee, 365
Nationwide, 296
NATO: forces, 9; resistance to Soviet threat, 12; defence spending, 125; deployment of cruise and Pershing missiles, see cruise; MT’s policies, 237; military balance, 237–8; intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF), 239–43, 269–70, 322, 324, 771; Bonn summit (1982), 258–9; arms control policy, 269; strategy discussions, 472–3; Bruges speech, 745; Short-Range Nuclear Forces (SNF), 771, 775, 782, 784–9, 811; Brussels summit (1988), 774–5, 795; alternatives, 799; Eastern European NATO–cont. membership question, 809; Anglo-American differences, 810–12
Nawala Case, 103
Neale, Gerry, 840, 841
Neave, Airey (Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary 1975–79), 22, 56, 385–6, 414
Nelson, Lord, 24, 731
Nemeth, Miklos, 809
Netherlands: cruise missiles, 241, 242–4; MT’s visit (1983), 318–19; South African debate, 519; farming subsidies, 544; European objectives, 556
Neubert, Michael, 840, 841
Newcastle, MT’s visit (1987), 583
New Ireland Forum, 396, 400
Newton, Tony, 603, 609, 630, 756, 855
New York Times, 197, 462
Next Steps programme, 49
NH90 helicopter, 429
Niehans, Professor Jurg, 133–4
Nigeria: oil nationalization, 74; MT’s visit (1988), 525–6; MT’s visit (1989), 526
Nimrod Airborne Early Warning System, 424
1922 Committee, 33–4, 54, 130, 370, 435, 563, 848
Nissan, 300, 496–7
Nitze, Paul, 270
Nkomo, Joshua, 72–3, 77
NORAID, 166, 415
Northern Ireland: terrorism, 56–9, 383–4; NORAID, 166, 415; political situation, 385–7; devolution attempts, 387–8; all-party conference (1980), 387; hunger strikes, 388–93; Assembly elections (1982), 394; Anglo- Irish talks, 393–402; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 402–6, 409–10, 413, 415; Enniskillen bomb (1987), 406; extradition problems, 407; Milltown funeral, 407–8; Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411; broadcasting ban (1988), 412; Deal bomb (1989), 414; Gow murder (1990), 414–15
North Sea oil, 44, 63, 67n, 128, 678, 692
Nott, John (Trade Secretary 1979–81, Defence Secretary 1981–83): Trade, 26–7, 39; trade union reform, 104; BL, 117; Defence, 131; public spending cuts, 149; Falklands crisis, 179, 185; resignation offer, 186; War Cabinet, 188, 214; MEZ announcement, 190; Haig discussions, 192, 196; Falklands, 193, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 225, 227, 234; Defence Review, 249–51; ‘dual key’ question, 268; leaves Parliament, 424; attitude to ERM, 691–2
No Turning Back Group, 841
Novak, Michael, 627
nuclear energy, 140, 341, 640, 683–5
nuclear weapons: SALT II, 65, 245; cruise and Pershing missiles, see cruise; Soviet TNF proposals, 159; MT’s UN speech, 236–7; Soviet defences, 238; intermediate-range (INF), 239–44, 269–70, 321, 322, 324, 470–1, 771–2; ‘dual track’ approach, 240; ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCM), 240, 241, 242–3; unilateralism, 243, 265, 267–8, 290; Trident, 244–8, 267, 471; SDI, 247, 450, 462, 463–8, 470–1, 776, 782, 818; ‘dual key’ question, 268, 332; ‘nuclear winter’, 462; anti-satellite (ASAT) capability, 462; Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM), 464–5; Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD), 464–5, 467; MAD, 465; Reykjavik summit, 465, 470–2, 473, 482; ‘Air Breathing Systems’, 472; Labour Party policy, 568; Aldermaston, 716; INF treaty (1987), 771, 773, 774, 784; SS20 missiles, 771; Short-Range Nuclear Forces (SNF), 771–2, 775, 782, 784–9, 811; Follow-On to Lance (FOTL) missiles, 772, 785, 787–8, 810; Tactical Air to Surface Missile (TASM), 772, 810; MT’s attitude, 773; START Agreement, 773, 774–5; Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles (SLCMs), 776
Nujoma, Sam, 529
Nyerere, Julius (President of Tanzania 1964–85), 76, 77, 169–70
Obasanjo, General Olusegun, 519
O’Brien, Sir Richard, 31
Observer, 277
Office of Telecommunications (OFTEL), 681
Official Unionist Party (OUP) now Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), 387, 394
O’Fiaich, Cardinal, 392
Ogilvy, Angus, 331
Ohira, Masayoshi (Japanese Prime Minister 1978–80), 68, 70, 71
oil: prices, 42, 54, 67, 123, 424; North Sea, 44, 63, 67n, 128, 678, 692; EC imports, 64; Nigerian nationalization, 74; Gulf crisis, 819–20, 823
Olympic Games, Moscow, 88
‘One Nation’, 8
Onslow, Sir Cranley (Chairman, 1922 Committee 1984–92), 448, 836, 840, 846, 847–9
Operation Hunger, 530
opinion polls: SDP-Liberal support (1981), 153; Falklands factor, 265; election campaign (1983), 291, 292, 297, 302, 303; Labour lead (1985), 416; Labour lead (1986), 560; ‘caring issues’, 562; Conservative rise, 567; fake, 574; election campaign (1987), 584, 585–6, 587; attitude to Soviet Union, 785; (1990), 832, 836
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 73
Organization of American States (OAS), 210, 229
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), 328, 330, 332
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 67
Orgreave Coke Works picketing, 352–3, 375
Orlov, Yuri, 476
Orme, Stan, 362
Ostia cargo, 361–2
O’Sullivan, John, 572, 579
Outer Space Treaty (1967), 467
overfunding, 695, 696
Owen, David (Leader SDP 1983–90), 332, 573–4, 578
Ozal, Turgut (Turkish Prime Minister 1983–89, President 1989–93), 819, 823, 843
Paisley, Ian (Leader Democratic Unionist Party 1972-), 387, 394, 403, 404
Paisley Grammar School, 620
Pakistan, MT’s visit (1981), 167–8
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 90, 508–9, 511
Palmerston, Lord, 461, 643
Panorama, 83, 111, 209, 291, 351
Papandreou, Andreas (Greek Prime Minister 1981–89), 336–7, 545, 746–7
parents, single, 628–9
Parents’ Charter (1980), 591
Paris, Charter of, 800
Parkinson, Ann, 311
Parkinson, Cecil (Conservative Party Chairman 1981–83, Trade and Industry Secretary 1983, Energy Secretary 1987–89, Transport Secretary 1989–90): junior minister, 29; Cabinet reshuffle (1981), 151; Party Chairman, 152, 287; War Cabinet, 188, 214; election manifesto (1983), 281, 283; election campaign (1983), 285, 288–9, 296, 302; Sara Keays affair, 310–11; DTI, 310, 311; resignation, 311; abilities, 418; question of return, 419; Energy, 589; electricity privatization, 683–5; coal industry, 686; BR privatization plans, 686; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Transport, 765; leadership election (1990), 851