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Inventing Temperature

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by Hasok Chang


  Hutchison, Keith. 1976a. "Mayer's Hypothesis: A Study of the Early Years of Thermodynamics." Centaurus 20:279-304.

  ———. 1976b. "W. J. M. Rankine and the Rise of Thermodynamics." D. Phil. diss., Oxford University.

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  Joule, James Prescott, and William Thomson. [1852] 1882. "On the Thermal Effects Experienced by Air in Rushing through Small Apertures." In Thomson 1882, 333-345 (presented as "preliminary" of a composite article, Art. 49: "On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion"). Originally published in the Philosophical Magazine in 1852.

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  ———. [1862] 1882. "On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion, Part 4." In Thomson 1882, 415-431. Originally published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 152:579-589.

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  Jungnickel, Christa, and Russell McCormmach. 1999. Cavendish: The Experimental Life. Rev. ed. Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press.

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  Lakatos, Imre, and Alan Musgrave, eds. 1970. Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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  McCormmach, Russell: see Jungnickel and McCormmach.

  McKendrick, Neil. 1973. "The Rôle of Science in the Industrial Revolution: A Study of Josiah Wedgwood as a Scientist and Industrial Chemist." In Mikulás Teich and Robert Young, eds., Changing Perspectives in the History of Science: Essays in Honour of Joseph Needham, 274-319. London: Heinemann.

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  Marcet, François. 1842. "Recherches sur certaines circonstances qui influent sur la température du poin
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  Matousek, J. W. 1990. "Temperature Measurements in Olden Tymes." CIM Bulletin 83(940):110-115.

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  Matthews, Michael. 1994. Science Teaching: The Role of History and Philosophy of Science. New York: Routledge.

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  ———. 1842. "Thermometer." Encyclopaedia Britannica, 7th ed., 21:236-242.

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  Micheli du Crest: see Du Crest.

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  ———. 1964b. A History of the Barometer. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

  ———. 1965. A History of the Theories of Rain and Other Forms of Precipitation. London: Oldbourne.

  ———. 1966. A History of the Thermometer and Its Use in Meteorology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

  Morgan, Mary: see Morrison and Morgan.

  Morrell, J. B. 1972. "The Chemist Breeders: The Research Schools of Liebig and Thomas Thomson." Ambix 19:1-46.

  Morris, Robert J. 1972. "Lavoisier and the Caloric Theory." British Journal for the History of Science 6:1-38.

  Morrison, Margaret. 1998. "Modelling Nature: Between Physics and the Physical World." Philosophia Naturalis 35(1):65-85.

  Morrison, Margaret, and Mary S. Morgan. 1999. "Models as Mediating Instruments." In Mary S. Morgan and Margaret Morrison, eds., Models as Mediators, 10-37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Mortimer, Cromwell. [1735] 1746-47."A Discourse Concerning the Usefulness of Thermometers in Chemical Experiments. …" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 44:672-695.

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  Morveau: see Guyton de Morveau.

  Murray, John. 1819. A System of Chemistry. 4th ed. 4 vols. Edinburgh: Francis Pillans; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown.

  Musgrave, Alan: see also Lakatos and Musgrave.

  Musgrave, Alan. 1976. "Why Did Oxygen Supplant Phlogiston? Research Programmes in the Chemical Revolution." In C. Howson, ed., Method and Appraisal in the Physical Sciences, 181-209. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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  [Neurath, Otto, et al.] [1929] 1973. "Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung: Der Wiener Kreis [The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle]." In Otto Neurath,

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  Empiricism and Sociology, 299-318. Dordrecht: Reidel. This article was originally published in 1929 as a pamphlet.

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  Polanyi, Michael. 1958. Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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  ———. 1970. "Normal Science and its Dangers." In Lakatos and Musgrave 1970, 51-58.

  ———. 1974. "Replies to My Critics." In Paul A. Schilpp, ed., The Philosophy of Karl Popper, vol. 2, 961-1200. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court.

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  ———. 1836. "Recherches sur les hautes températures et sur plusieurs phénomènes qui en dépendent." Comptes rendus hebdomadaines 3:782-790.

  ———. 1837. "Déterminations des basses températures au moyen du pyromètre à air, du pyromètre magnétique et du thermomètre à alcool." Comptes rendus hebdomadaines 4:513-519.

  ———. 1856. Élémens de physique expérimentale et de météorologie. 7th ed. 2 vols. Paris: Hachette.

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  Réaumur, René Antoine Ferchault de. 1739. "Observations du thermomètre pendant l'année M.DCCXXXIX, faites à Paris et en différent pays." Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, avec les Mémoires de mathématique et de physique, vol. for 1739, 447-466.

  Regnault, (Henri) Victor. 1840. "Recherches sur la chaleur spécifique des corps simples et composés, premier mémoire." Annales de chimie et de physique, 2d ser., 73:5-72.

  ———. 1842a. "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz." Annales de chimie et de physique, 3d ser., 4:5-67.

  ———. 1842b. "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz, 2e mémoire." Annales de chimie et de physique, 3d ser., 5:52-83.

 
———. 1842c. "Sur la comparaison du thermomètre à air avec le thermomètre à mercure." Annales de chimie et de physique, 3d ser., 5:83-104.

  ———. 1847. "Relations des expériences entreprises par ordre de Monsieur le Ministre des Travaux Publics, et sur la proposition de la Commission Centrale des Machines à Vapeur, pour déterminer les principales lois et les données numériques qui entrent dans le calcul des machines à vapeur." Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France 21:1-748.

  Reiser, Stanley Joel. 1993. "The Science of Diagnosis: Diagnostic Technology." In W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter, eds., Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine 2:824-851. London: Routledge.

  Rider, Robin E.: see Frängsmyr et al.

  Rostoker, William, and David Rostoker. 1989. "The Wedgwood Temperature Scale." Archeomaterials 3:169-172.

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  Rowe, Julian: see Lafferty and Rowe.

  Rowlinson, J. S. 1969. Liquids and Liquid Mixtures. 2d ed. London: Butterworth.

  Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson). [1798] 1968. "An Experimental Inquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction." In Rumford 1968, 3-26. Originally published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 88:80-102.

  ———. [1804a] 1968. "Historical Review of the Various Experiments of the Author on the Subject of Heat." In Rumford 1968, 443-496. Originally published in Mémoires sur la chaleur (Paris: Firmin Didot), vii-lxviii.

  ———. [1804b] 1968. "An Inquiry Concerning the Nature of Heat, and the Mode of its Communication." In Rumford 1968, 323-433. Originally published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 94:77-182.

  ———. 1968. The Collected Works of Count Rumford. Vol. 1. Edited by Sanborn C. Brown. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

 

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