Liberated Spirits

by Hugh Ambrose

  60. Albert Warner, “New York to Vote Solidly for Hoover,” New York Times, June 14, 1928, 1.

  61. Republican National Committee, Official Report of the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Republican National Convention, June 12–15, 1928, 127.

  62. “No Fee Mention,” Kansas City Times, June 14, 1928, 1; Republican National Committee, Official Report of the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Republican National Convention, June 12–15, 1928, 171–73.

  63. Republican National Committee, Official Report of the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Republican National Convention, June 12–15, 1928, 172–73.

  64. Republican National Committee, Official Report of the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Republican National Convention, June 12–15, 1928, 139, 253.

  65. Maxine Davis, “For Woman in Cabinet,” Kansas City Star, June 14, 1928, 13.

  66. Herbert Corey, “A Woman as the Mate,” Kansas City Star, June 14, 1928, 15.

  67. “Crown to Parent Pride,” Kansas City Star, June 15, 1928, 6.

  68. “So the Women Go Home,” Kansas City Star, June 16, 1928, 4.

  69. “Women to Earn Place,” Kansas City Times, June 6, 1928, 6.

  Chapter 11

  1. Pauline Morton Sabin, “I Change My Mind on Prohibition,” Outlook, June 13, 1928, 254, 277.

  2. Pauline Morton Sabin, “I Change My Mind on Prohibition,” Outlook, June 13, 1928, 277.

  3. “Mrs. Sabin’s Address,” Suffolk County News, August 31, 1928, 12.

  4. “Broadway Raiding to Go On, Is Word; 100 Arrests Made,” Washington Post, June 30, 1928, 5.

  5. “Dry Raids Result in 113 New York Indictments,” Washington Post, July 31, 1928, 5; “31 More Indicted in New York as Dry Law Conspirators,” Washington Post, August 1, 1928, 4.

  6. “U.S. Attorney Abruptly Halts New York Night Club Quiz,” Washington Post, August 21, 1928, 1.

  7. “Jurors Quiz Police About Night Clubs,” Washington Post, August 23, 1928, 1.

  8. Carlisle Bargeron, “New York Dry Row Is Placed Before Hoover,” Washington Post, August 31, 1928, 1.

  9. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, July 4, 1928, Box 272, Folder 15, and William Whitney to Wesley Jones, July 7, 1928, Box 272, File 14, WJP.

  10. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, July 7, 1928, Box 272, File 14, WJP.

  11. Roy Lyle to Wesley Jones, August 6, 1928, Box 272, Folder 20, WJP.

  12. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, August 8, 1928, Box 272, File 14, WJP.

  13. “Lyle, Whitney Transfers Seen as Possibility,” Seattle Times, August 2, 1928, 9.

  14. “Women Plan Fight to Elect Hoover,” New York Times, July 25, 1928, 2.

  15. “Women Organize New Hoover Drive,” New York Times, July 26, 1928, 3.

  16. Eunice Fuller Barnard, “The Woman Voter Gains Power,” New York Times, August 12, 1928, SM1.

  17. Richard V. Oulahan, “New Hoover Group Seeks Kitchen Vote,” New York Times, August 17, 1928, 2.

  18. “Women to Aid Hoover in Parlor and Street,” New York Times, September 5, 1928, 3; “Mrs. Robinson Head of Women Orators,” New York Times, September 23, 1928, 7.

  19. Republican National Committee, Press Release, October 3, 1928, Folder: Women’s National Republican Club, Box 73, General Correspondence, Herbert Hoover Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, IA (hereafter abbreviated as HHP).

  20. New York Republican State Committee, Miscellaneous Press Releases, September 8, 1928, to October 3, 1928, Folder: Women’s National Republican Club, Box 73, General Correspondence, HHP.

  21. No title, New York Times, September 3, 1928, 28.

  22. “100 Women Leaders Plan to Beat Smith,” New York Times, September 6, 1928, 5.

  23. “Trend to Hoover by Women Is Seen,” New York Times, September 16, 1928, 10.

  24. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Hubert Work, September 6, 1928, Box 72, Folder: Willebrandt, Mabel Walker, General Correspondence Series, Campaign & Transition Papers, HHP.

  25. Carlisle Bargeron, “Roles of G.O.P. Leaders Shifted,” Washington Post, September 9, 1928, 4.

  26. Carlisle Bargeron, “Work Denounces Whisper Campaign,” Washington Post, September 10, 1928, 1.

  27. “Mrs. Willebrandt Assails Gov. Smith,” Washington Post, September 24, 1928, 1.

  28. “Mrs. Willebrandt Hits Smith Again,” Washington Post, September 25, 1928, 1.

  29. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to George Akerson, September 24, 1928, Box 72, Folder: Willebrandt, Mabel Walker, General Correspondence, Campaign & Transition Papers, HHP.

  30. Untitled article, dateline Chicago, Washington Post, September 25, 1928, 2.

  31. Harriet Taylor Upton to Herbert Hoover, September 26, 1928, Box 69, Folder: Upton, Harriet Taylor, General Correspondence, Campaign & Transition Papers, HHP.

  32. “Hilles Repudiates Support by Bigots; Stresses Dry Issue,” New York Times, September 25, 1928, 1.

  33. “Mrs. Willebrandt Confers in Chicago on Future Speeches,” New York Times, September 26, 1928, 1.

  34. “Attacks on Mrs. Willebrandt Not to End Speeches,” Sandusky Star-Journal, September 27, 1928, 2.

  35. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Hubert Work, September 27, 1928, Box 72, Folder: Willebrandt, Mabel Walker, General Correspondence, Campaign & Transition Papers, HHP.

  36. “Mrs. Willebrandt Denies Church Slur,” Washington Post, October 9, 1928, 10.

  37. “Willebrandt Name Hissed by Women,” Washington Post, October 3, 1928, 2; “Mrs. Willebrandt Denies Church Slur,” Washington Post, October 9, 1928, 10; “Davis Would Hush Mrs. Willebrandt,” Washington Post, October 12, 1928, 3.

  38. “Mrs. Willebrandt Denies She Is a Bigot,” Washington Post, November 4, 1928, M3.

  39. “Fisher Analyzes Hoover’s Victory,” New York Times, November 25, 1928, N1.

  40. “Figures 39,000,000 Voted on Tuesday,” New York Times, November 11, 1928, 11.

  41. The quotation is cited from the original report in Anna L. Harvey, Votes Without Leverage: Women in American Electoral Politics, 1920–1970 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 146.

  42. “Republicans Here Exult at Victory,” New York Times, November 7, 1928, 22.

  43. “Mrs. Sabin Resigns Republican Post,” New York Times, March 9, 1929, 3.

  44. Various persons to Herbert Hoover, January 1929, Box 90, Folder: Cabinet Appointments—Willebrandt, Mabel Walker, Subject Series, Campaign & Transition Papers, HHP.

  45. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Lawrence Richey, January 9, 1929, Box 72, Folder: Willebrandt, Mabel Walker, General Correspondence, Campaign & Transition Papers, HHP; Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, February 3, 1929, Folder: Correspondence, Box 2, MWWP.

  46. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, February 3, 1929, Folder: Correspondence, Box 2, MWWP.

  47. J. M. Doran, Commissioner, to Roy C. Lyle, December 6, 1928, Box 272, Folder 21, WJP.

  48. Roy Lyle to J. M Doran, December 20, 1928, Box 272, Folder 21, WJP.

  49. Roy Lyle to Wesley Jones, December 20, 1928, Box 272, Folder 21, WJP.

  50. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Herbert Hoover, February 8, 1929, Box 90, Folder: Cabinet Appointments—Miscellaneous, Inquiries—Willebrandt, Mabel W., Subject Series, Campaign & Transition Papers, HHP.

  51. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, February 12, 1929, Folder: Correspondence, Box 2, MWWP.

  52. John S. Martin, “Mrs. Firebrand,” New Yorker, February 16, 1929, 13–14, 25–26

  53. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, February 22, 1929, Folder: Correspondence, Box 2, MWWP.

  54. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, March 29, 1929, Folder: Correspondence, Box 2, MWWP.

  55. Wesley Jones to William Whitney, Febr
uary 11, 1929, Box 272, Folder 36, WJP.

  56. Alf Oftedal to William Whitney, February 16, 1929, attached to William Whitney to Wesley Jones, February 22, 1929, Box 273, Folder 13, WJP.

  57. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, February 22, 1929, Box 273, Folder 13, WJP.

  58. “Plot Is Laid to Hubbard and Whitney,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 9, 1930.

  59. J. Edgar Hoover to Mabel Walker Willebrandt, May 16, 1929, File 1183412-000 62-Hq-21578, Case File 62-625 re U.S. v. William M. Whitney et al., Record/Information Dissemination Section, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Winchester, VA.

  60. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Attorney General, April 4, 1929, Box 54E, Folder: Treasury, Prohibition Commissioner, Correspondence, 1929, March–May, Cabinet Office Series, HHP.

  61. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to David and Myrtle Walker, April 21, 1929, Folder: Correspondence, Box 2, MWWP.

  62. “Juries Will Not Convict,” Washington Post, April 21, 1929, S1.

  63. An Act to Amend the National Prohibition Act, Public Law 899, 70th Cong., 2nd sess. (March 2, 1929), 1446.

  64. “Juries Will Not Convict,” Washington Post, April 21, 1929, S1.

  65. Mabel Walker Willebrandt to Herbert Hoover, May 26, 1929, Box 21, Folder: Willebrandt, Mabel W., March–June 1929, Cabinet Office Series, HHP.

  66. Herbert Hoover to Mabel Walker Willebrandt, May 28, 1929, Box 21, Folder: Willebrandt, Mabel W., March–June 1929, Cabinet Office Series, HHP.

  Chapter 12

  1. Mrs. Courtlandt Nicoll, “Statement made by Mrs. Courtlandt Nicoll at the Meeting of the New York County Advisory Council at the Plaza Hotel, June twelfth,” 1929, Folder 443, Box 25, Mrs. William Lowell Putnam Papers, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

  2. Mrs. Courtlandt Nicoll, “Statement made by Mrs. Courtlandt Nicoll at Southampton, L.I., July 26,” 1929, Folder 443, Box 25, Mrs. William Lowell Putnam Papers, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (hereafter abbreviated as MWLPP).

  3. Mrs. Courtlandt Nicoll, “Statement made by Mrs. Courtlandt Nicoll at the Meeting of the New York County Advisory Council at the Plaza Hotel, June twelfth,” 1929, Folder 443, Box 25, MWLPP.

  4. Pauline Sabin to Florence Hyde, June 13, 1929, Folder 1921–1929, Box 1, Hyde Family Papers, #1670, Division of Rare Books and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.

  5. Mrs. Charles H. Sabin, “Address made by Mrs. Charles H. Sabin at a Meeting of the Massachusetts Branch of the National Civic Federation,” November 18, 1929, Box 3, Mrs. J. S. Sheppard Papers, New York State Library, Albany, NY (hereafter abbreviated as MJSSP).

  6. Dayton E. Heckman, “Prohibition Passes: The Story of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment,” Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1939, 214.

  7. J. S. Cullinan to Pauline Sabin, December 31, 1929; and J. S. Cullinan to Pauline Sabin, January 2, 1930, both letters from Folder: (AAPA) Women’s Committee 1930 (Reel 11), Records of the Women’s Organization for National Prohibition Repeal, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (hereafter abbreviated as RWONPR).

  8. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Lobby Investigation, 71st Cong., 2nd sess., 1930, 4060–61, 4121, 4170–72.

  9. Dayton E. Heckman, “Prohibition Passes: The Story of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment,” Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1939, 379 (see footnote 38).

  10. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “Smart Washington After Six O’Clock,” Ladies’ Home Journal, July 1929, 11.

  11. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “The Inside of Prohibition,” New York Times, August 5, 1929, 23.

  12. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “The Inside of Prohibition,” New York Times, August 8, 1929, 19.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “The Inside of Prohibition,” New York Times, August 9, 1929, 13.

  15. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “The Inside of Prohibition,” New York Times, August 11, 1929, N1.

  16. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “The Inside of Prohibition,” New York Times, August 14, 1929, 17.

  17. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “The Inside of Prohibition,” New York Times, August 20, 1929, 23.

  18. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “The Inside of Prohibition,” New York Times, August 21, 1929, 29.

  19. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “The Inside of Prohibition,” New York Times, August 24, 1929, 15.

  20. Ibid.

  21. “Attempt to Hush Olmstead Told,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 11, 1930.

  22. “Mysterious Investigation of Seattle Prohibition Office,” Seattle Post- Intelligencer, October 4, 1929, 1, a clipping attached to letter, Roy Lyle to Wesley Jones, October 11, 1929, Box 277, Folder 24, WJP.

  23. Roy Lyle to Wesley Jones, October 11, 1929, Box 277, Folder 24, WJP.

  24. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, November 24, 1929, Box 274, Folder 4, WJP.

  25. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, December 10, 1929, Box 274, Folder 5, WJP.

  26. “Dry Personally, He Says,” New York Times, November 2, 1929, 1.

  27. “Dyer Carries Plea for Beer to Hoover,” New York Times, January 1, 1930, 1.

  28. “Ignore Sex in Jobs, Women Are Told,” New York Times, September 30, 1929, 2.

  29. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, “Give Women a Fighting Chance!” Smart Set Magazine, February 1930, 23–24, 27.

  30. House Committee on the Judiciary, The Prohibition Amendment: Hearings on H.J. Res. 11, 38, 99, 114, 219, and 246, 71st Cong., 2nd sess., 1930, 1481–83.

  31. House Committee on the Judiciary, The Prohibition Amendment: Hearings on H.J. Res. 11, 38, 99, 114, 219, and 246, 71st Cong., 2nd sess., 1930, 41–44.

  32. House Committee on the Judiciary, The Prohibition Amendment: Hearings on H.J. Res. 11, 38, 99, 114, 219, and 246, 71st Cong., 2nd sess., 1930, 1223–30.

  33. “Women Wets Here Heckle Mrs. Boole,” New York Times, April 9, 1930, 19.

  34. Women’s Organization for National Prohibition Reform, “Declaration of Principles,” 1930, Folder 443, Box 25, MWLPP.

  35. Mrs. B. G. du Pont, “Report of Cleveland Meeting given at meeting at Mrs. Wm. C. Spruance’s,” May 8, 1930, Folder: Appointments for Cleveland meeting (Reel 13), RWONPR.

  36. “The Wet Label,” New York World, May 27, 1930 (as reprinted by the Women’s Organization for National Prohibition Reform), Elizabeth Tilton Papers, 1914–1949, Folder 343, Box 12, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

  37. “Questions asked by Mr. Henry W. Farnham,” July 8, 1930, Box 3, MJSSP.

  38. Unknown author, “Copy of a Response to a Letter Stating that Prohibition Has Not Been Given a Fair Trial in New York,” circa 1930, Box 3, MJSSP.

  39. Wesley Jones to Roy Lyle, May 14, 1930, Box 276, Folder 26, WJP.

  40. Wesley Jones to William Whitney, May 19, 1930, Box 13, Folder 26, WJP.

  41. Wesley Jones to Roy Lyle, May 27, 1930, Box 276, Folder 25, WJP.

  42. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, May 30, 1930, Box 277, Folder 7, WJP.

  43. “Jones Wants Modification, if State Does,” Seattle Times, May 27, 1930, 1.

  44. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, May 30, 1930, Box 277, Folder 7, WJP.

  45. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, June 11, 1930, Box 276, Folder 24, WJP.

  46. Wesley Jones to William Whitney, June 16, 1930, Box 276, Folder 24, WJP.

  47. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, June 23, 1930, Box 272, Folder 22, WJP.

  48. “Attack on Lyle Begins,” Seattle Times, August 14, 1930, 1.

  49. “Where Did All of the Millions of Dollars Supposed to Have Been Handled by Olmstead and Other Liquor Rings Go?” Seattle Times, August 14, 1930.

  50. “Booze Brought in by Rail, Sail, Freight, Court Tol
d,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 19, 1930.

  51. “Yes! Times Do Change!” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 19, 1930.

  52. “$95,000 in Graft Paid to Drys, Says Hubbard,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 19, 1930.

  53. “Defense Gets Hubbard,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 19, 1930.

  54. “Whitney Denies Hubbard’s Story of Graft Ring ‘Greasing,’” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 9, 1930.

  55. “Attempt to Hush Olmstead Told,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 11, 1930.

  56. “Wire Messages Between U.S. Attorney and Mrs. Willebrandt Introduced at Trial of Four Officials Accused as Conspirators,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 11, 1930.

  57. “Bribers Hard to Catch,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 11, 1930.

  58. “Wire Messages Between U.S. Attorney and Mrs. Willebrandt Introduced at Trial of Four Officials Accused as Conspirators,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 11, 1930.

  59. “Jones Admits Part in Hiring Hubbard,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 18, 1930.

  60. “Jury Gets Lyle Case Today,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 20, 1930.

  61. “Lyle-Whitney Victims of Wet Trend—Moriarty,” Seattle Times, September 21, 1930, 14.

  62. “Jury Gets Lyle Case Today,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 20, 1930; “Lyle-Whitney Victims of Wet Trend—Moriarty,” Seattle Times, September 21, 1930, 14.

  63. “Lyle-Whitney Victims of Wet Trend—Moriarty,” Seattle Times, September 21, 1930, 14.

  64. “Jury Instructed by Norcross to ‘Use Great Care,’” Seattle Times, September 21, 1930, 14.

  65. William Whitney to J. M. Doran, January 17, 1931; and William Whitney to Wesley Jones, January 19, 1931 (the second of two dated January 19) Box 277, Folder 3, WJP.

  66. “Lyle Named as Alcohol Permit Director Here,” Seattle Times, January 1, 1931, 21.

  67. William Whitney to Wesley Jones, January 19, 1931, Box 277, Folder 3, WJP.

  Chapter 13

  1. “Some Punch Recipes for the Law-Abiding,” New York Times, September 14, 1930, 117.

  2. “Mrs. Willebrandt in Denial,” New York Times, August 19, 1930, 14.

  3. “Wine Juice Makers Ask Gangster Curb,” New York Times, November 20, 1930, 1.