computers 387;
see also Cold War
Rylands, G. 371
sagas and saga-ettes 484—5
sailing see boats
St Leonards-on-Sea 6–10
St Michael’s (pre-prep. school) 7, 10
Sark 59, 67–8
Sayers, Dorothy 211, 377–8
Sayre, David 410–1
‘scanner’ of Turing machine 97–9
Scharnhorst (ship) 189, 222, 269
Scholz, H. 124, 152, 216, 253n
schools see St Michael’s; Hazelhurst; Sherborne; also learning
Schrodinger, E. 40, 79, 86, 252, 431
science, philosophy of: AMT’s 418–9;
see also levels of description; determinism
Science Museum, London 52, 109
Science News 494–5
Scotland 7, 9, 10, 11
SCU3 (Special Communications Unit No. 3) 270; see Hanslope Park
Second World War: AMT anticipates 138, 144, 146;
declared 158–9;
fall of France 191–3;
attack on Russia 205–6;
entry of USA 221–2;
El Alamein 240;
turning of tide 251–9;
Normandy landing 276–8, 287–8;
victory 289, 313;
see also Atlantic, battle of;
implications of 289–90, 311, 347, 362, 364, 512;
see also Cold War; atomic fission
secret service (British) (SIS or MI6):
vis à vis GC and CS 146, 163, 177, 191, 201, 205, 221, 237–8, 242;
and Hanslope 270–1;
and CIA 498, 507
secret service (French) 170
security risk, homosexuals defined as 254n, 497–8, 500–3, 506–7
Security Service (British) (MI5) 270, 497, 502
self-reference 84, 103, 215; see also
Godei; types, logical; self-reference
Senate, United States 142, 497–8, 501
sequential analysis 197, 202, 204, 231, 266, 344, 474n
sets, theory of 83–5, 90–1, 95, 215
sexuality, homosexuality:
as natural wonder 12;
at public schools 27–9, 77, 158, 461;
as first love 35–45;
pre-war desires 57–8, 62, 75–8, 115, 122, 127, 129, 132–3, 136, 193, 440;
liberal King’s College ambience 74, 78, 371;
broken wartime engagement 206, 216, 264;
post-war desires 282–4, 309, 370–1, 373–4, 386, 396–7;
AMT as man in the street 428–9, 448–50, 452–5, 519;
legal and medical reaction 458–63, 467–73;
raised consciousness 475—6, 480–2, 484—7;
and politics of insecurity 254n, 500–6
and feminism 516–8
Shakespeare 32, 405
Shannon, Claude E. 250–1, 274, 308, 355, 360, 410–1
Shaw, George Bernard 72, 74, 78–9, 127, 207, 266, 308, 417, 424–5
Shelley 439, 521
Shenley (near Bletchley): AMT lodges at 160, 264, 279;
silver bars at 193, 279, 344–5, 479
Sherborne School:
AMT cycles to 20–1;
finds unscientific 21–3;
is reported upon poorly at 24–6;
studies Einstein at 32–4;
is redeemed by Christopher 35;
AMT is prefect of 54;
is praised for loyalty to 59;
revisits 69, 484;
recalls 132, 158, 369, 381, 427, 447;
compares with trial 473
Sierpinski, W. 62
Sigint see GC and CS
silver bars 193, 279, 344–5, 479
Sinkov, A. 165, 167
Skewes, S., Skewes number 135, 154
Smith, R. A. 349–50
Smith’s Prize, Cambridge 114
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 149, 489
socialism 308, 362, 527;
see also Labour party
sociology 130, 384–5, 460–1
sonnets, appreciation of, lack of 29, 405–6, 423
Soviet Union 71–3, 280;
communications 147;
computers 387;
see also Cold War
Spain 48–9;
communications in 147–8, 176
speech, AMT’s manner of 24, 61, 68, 209, 249, 396
speech, encipherment of 236–7, 245; then see
X-system; Delilah
spinors 495, 495n
Spirit: AMT on nature of 63–4;
related to Eddington 64–6;
and to Shaw’s Life Force 78;
also as Morcom hymn 76;
other references 108, 362
see also after-life; religion
spying see secret service; CIA
stack (for sub-routines) 326n
statistics see probability
Stead, Christopher 122
Stephenson, William see BSC
Stibitz, G. 299, 326
Stoney, origins of family 3, 16
Stoney, Edward Waller (grandfather) 3–5, 11
Stoney, George Johnstone 16, 225, 317, 439
Stoney, Sarah (née Crawford) (grandmother) 3
Stopford, J. 465–6
storage, for computer:
general problem 295, 302–3, 314–5, 319, 321, 334, 384–5;
see also delay line; cathode ray tube; magnetic core; magnetic drum; magnetic tape
Strachey, Christopher 442–3, 446–7, 477–8
Strachey, Oliver and Ray 147, 442
Strange Brother (Niles) 468n
Strauss, E. B. 483n
strikes, general 20; anti-war 71–2
sub-routine 325–6, 367, 400, 401n, 407, 446
suicide 129, 452, 487–492, 520
Sunday Dispatch 501
Sunday Empire News 346
Sunday Express 77, 525n
Sunday Pictorial 460–1, 469, 502–3
Sunday Times 525n
Swan, Joseph 38
Switzerland 10, 387
tables of behaviour see instructions; programming
tape, of Turing machine 97–9;
see also storage
tape, paper, for teleprinter 228–9, 231, 267, 270, 321, 334, 398–9, 409, 482n
Taylor, G. I. 300
Teddington (London suburb) 305;
AMT lodges in 317;
see under NPL
Telecommunications Research Establishment
see TRE
telephone, AMT uses neighbours’ 427
telephone industry see Post Office Research Station; Bell Laboratories; also relays
teleprinter, teleprinter tape 109, 228–9, 231, 267, 270, 321, 334;
at Manchester 398–9, 409, 482n
telescopes 39, 40, 44–5, 48, 50, 132
television 109, 321n, 382, 402, 486
‘Ten Club’ (King’s College) 75, 371
‘Test Assembly’, for ACE 365, 372
The Cloven Pine (F. C.) 264, 368, 370, 458, 460, 487
The Green Bay Tree (Sharp) 74, 467
The Loom of Youth (Waugh) 21, 27–8, 132, 458
The Nature of the Physical World (Eddington) 34, 40, 51, 64–6
The Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan) 9, 515
The Road to Wigan Pier (Orwell) 7, 8, 310, 449
The Small Back Room (Balchin) 286, 422
Thomas, H. A. 366, 372, 407–8
Thompson, D’Arcy 12, 207–8, 430
Through the Looking Glass (Carroll) 66, 140n, 482
tides, tide prediction 141–2, 156, 158
Tiltman, J. H. 204
Times, The 347–8, 357, 386, 405–6
Titchmarsh, E. C. 141–2, 155, 409
Tizard, H. 392
Tolstoy 308, 475–6
Tootill, G. C. (Geoff) 390, 392, 398–9, 402
topology 90, 118, 341, 441, 495
Toulmin, S. 482, note 6. 50
transistor 391n, 478
Travis, E. 1
77–8, 195, 204, 220–1, 223, 231, 265, 333, 342, 376
TRE (Telecommunications Research Establishment) 225–6, 340, 342, 349–50, 353, 390, 411–2
treasure hunts 128, 142, 149, 397, 489
Treasury 147, 161, 337, 342, 367
trees, for decisions 213–4, 293, 360, 401n
Trethowan, Illtyd 406
Trinity College, Cambridge 41–4, 57, 71, 126
Tripos (Cambridge degree) 60–1, 67, 88
Trollope 287, 426, 475
Trustram Eve, Herbert (uncle) 2, 8
Trustram Eve, Jean (aunt) 2, 73n
tube, vacuum see electronic; cathode ray tube
Turing, origins of family 1, 14
Turing, Alan Mathison:
conceived in British India, born in London (1912)5;
has primitive love of science 19;
but is sent to public school (1926) 20;
beats the system 32;
and studies Einstein 33–4;
loves Christopher, and joins human race 35;
suffers death of Christopher (1930) 45;
writes ‘Nature of Spirit’ at Cambridge 63
is not of the Cambridge élite 74;
but is Anti-war (1933) 71, 87;
and has first affair 75–6;
studies quantum mechanics and mathematical logic 79–86, 90–94;
and becomes King’s College Fellow 94;
invents Turing machine 96–98;
to dispose of Entscheidungsproblem, deep result in mathematics 102;
with implications for nature of mind and for the computer of the future 105–10;
is drawn into world mathematics at Princeton (1936) 112–3, 117;
but suffers frustrations 129;
electrifies multiplication with cryptographic ideas 138;
while pursuing abstruse ‘ordinal logics’ 142–3;
also tackles the problems of prime numbers 135, 140–1;
with a mechanical device 141, 155;
turns down American opportunity (1938) 145–6;
and is recruited to British government cryptanalysis, as its first mathematician 146;
sponsors boy refugee 150–1;
joins up at Bletchley Park (1939) 160;
helps make machines to break Enigma, key to all German communications 181;
heads work on naval Enigma 187, 195;
develops new statistical methods 196–7
with direct impact on Atlantic war (1941) 198;
engaged to fellow cryptanalyst, breaks off 206, 216;
is chief analyst at Bletchley Park in 1942 crises 227–8;
is highest level liaison between Britain and United States, visiting Washington and New York 244, 247;
returns amidst Atlantic convoy fiasco (March 1943) 253, 260;
turns away from Bletchley Park 268;
takes on advanced speech scrambler of his own 273;
has claim as originator of electronic digital computer 295;
but comes second to American developments 304–5;
is recruited to National Physical Laboratory (1945)307;
submits report with detailed, original, ambitious computer plan 333;
persuades NPL of plan (1946) 336;
but sees nothing happen 356;
meanwhile develops ideas of ‘intelligent machinery’ and robots 357–61, 377–82;
becomes Marthon runner 369;
returns for refreshment and another affair at Cambridge (1947–8) 370–3;
then cuts losses at NPL 376–7;
and takes up difficult position at Manchester (1948) 390;
turns aside from computers, uncertain of direction 394, 403, 413;
writes classic paper on machine intelligence with ‘imitation game’ as Turing Test (1950)415–26;
finds new field in biology 429–30;
for which computer is used 445;
but breaks laws of sex and class 448–50;
is found out after burglary 455;
goes to trial (March 1952) 471;
is treated scientifically, with female hormones 473;
seems to beat the system again 476;
and analyses dreams 481;
but fails to explain sinister ‘Kjell crisis’ (1953)483;
sends messages from the unseen world 512;
and dies of cyanide poisoning (June 1954) 487;
without revealing the secret world 502–3
Turing, Arthur (uncle) 2, 496
Turing, Ethel Sara (née Stoney) (mother):
early life 3–4;
and AMT’s schooling 7, 10, 19–20;
school letters and holidays 11–21, 387n;
independence of husband 16, 25, 369;
has Stoney view of science 16, 41, 120, 520;
links with Mrs Morcom 46–51, 53, 59;
and AMT’s ideas 111n, 114, 120, 152, 294, 439;
social manners, presents, relations, church etc. 73n, 126, 132, 151–2, 206, 208, 268, 346;
and AMT’s war work 239–40, 242;
takes in AMT’s washing 354;
and AMT’s Manchester life 439–40, 454, 484, 490, 509;
and trial 463–4, 481;
reaction to AMT’s death 488–9, 491, 491n, 496, 523, 528
biographer and memorialist 531–3, 536, 536n
Turing, Fanny (née Boyd) (grandmother) 2
Turing, Harvey D. (uncle) 2
Turing, John F. (brother): birth 5;
boyhood relation with AMT 8–11, 18, 19, 33;
later tenuous contacts 114, 239, 369;
and trial 463–4;
and AMT’s death 488, 491, 528
Turing, John Robert (grandfather) 2, 369, 488
Turing, Julius Mathison (father):
early life 2–3;
as ICS father 7–10;
premature resignation 15;
and AMT’s schooling 25, 32, 41;
visits Morcoms 63;
life after illness 88, 144, 151;
death 369;
also 377, 464, 464n, 481–2
Turing machines 96–99; used to define a ‘mechanical process’ 100–2;
‘state of mind’ interpretation 105–6;
‘instruction note’ interpretation 106–7;
related to Post’s ‘worker’ 125;
and relay multiplier 139–40;
and cipher work 120, 164, 211;
and to fundamentals of computer and machine intelligence 107–8, 290–3, 296–7, 383–4, 419;
regarded as programs for Universal Turing Machine (q.v.) 102–3, 292–3, 319–20, 360, 381
Turing, Sybil (aunt holding Relations Merit Diploma) 2, 132, 447, 454
Turing Test 266, 415, 417
Turingismus 230–1, 266
Tutte, W. T. 230, 332n
Twinn, Peter 151, 161, 193, 195
types, logical theory of 85, 92, 119;
AMT describes 215;
further work on 355, 428, 454, 479, 491, 494
typewriters, typing, AMT poor at 14, 145, 279, 283
Typex l65, 166, 262
U-boats see Atlantic, battle of
Ulam, S. 129, 145
Underhill, F. 128
United States of America:
early impact of 11, 86, 95;
AMT’s prejudices 116;
war changes relation with Britain 222, 235–6, 263;
AMT is vital British liaison with 244, 247;
is cleared for innermost secrets of 245, note 5.4;
AMT in second place to 305;
AMT sees as crude in problem-solving 352;
further changes of relations 364, 386, 393, 506–7;
AMT as American problem 508–9;
see also Princeton; Bell Laboratories; Harvard, for AMT’s visits
see also EDVAC, for origin of computer in
Universal Turing Machine 102–3, 109–10, 124, 181n;
related to computer 293–5, 297, 303–4, 307;
AMT’s own references 318–21, 360, 381n
Uttley, A. 349–50, 411
valve, electronic see electronic
Vernam, G. S., Vernam ciphers 228, 246, 270
vetting, positive 502, 502n, 511
‘Victor’ see Beuttell, Victor F.
Vienna 150–1, 193, 264
violin, AMT plays 89, 414, 452, 463
Virginia 142
Vocoder 245–6, 274, 290
voice, AMT’s strange 24, 61, 68, 209, 249, 396
von Neumann, John:
background 86, 95;
contact with AMT 95, 117–8, 124, 126, 129–32, 145n, 355, 413, note 2.36, note 5.26;
offers AMT post 144–5;
compared with AMT 95, 441, 519;
and nuclear weapons 302, 312, 363n, 519;
and brain 343, 388, 403;
and origin of computer 299–300, 302–5, 321, 324, 326, 328, 408;
and development of computer 341–3, 353—6, 390n, 413; see also EDVAC; IAS;
and game theory 212–3;
and group theory 94–5, 129–30;
and logic 85, 413;
and numerical analysis 355;
and quantum mechanics 67, 79–80, 107–8, 495–6;
death 519n
Waddington, C. H. 430, 477
Waismann, F. 150
Wald, A. 344
Wales 17, 26, 193, 216, 387n, 388–9
Walsh, Bernard 279, 345
Walton Athletic Club 345, 395
Wannier, G. H. 128
war: Anti-War movement 70–1, 87;
AMT not militarist 71, 87, 120;
not pacifist 87, 120;
G. H. Hardy’s views on 120–1;
E. M. Forster’s on 254, 524;
AMT as enigma of 253–5, 520, 526–7;
see First World War; Second World War; Cold War
War and Peace (Tolstoy) 475
Ward, Colonel and Mrs 6, 8, 10
Ward, Hazel 6, 447
Wardlaw, C. W. 477
Washington D. C. 142, 243–4, 248, 252
Watson, Alister G. D. 109, 136, 153, 366, 495
Watson, J. 410, 431
Waugh, Alec 21, 27, 28, 309n
Waugh, Evelyn 264, 309n
Weaver, W. 300, 302
Webb, Roy V. B. and Mrs Webb 427, 435, 454, 466, 490
Alan Turing: The Enigma The Centenary Edition Page 93