Everyone Is African
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54. Gould, Mismeasure of Man, rev. ed., p. 187.
55. Benyamin et al., “Childhood Intelligence Is Heritable”; Davies et al., “Genome-Wide Association Studies.”
56. For instance, using an analogy of growing corn in Iowa as opposed to the Mojave Desert to illustrate environmental differences, Herrnstein and Murray write in The Bell Curve, “The environment for American Blacks has been closer to the Mojave and the environment for American whites has been closer to Iowa” (p. 298).
CHAPTER 7: THE PERCEPTION OF RACE
1. G. Hellenthal et al., “A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History,” Science 343, no. 6172 (2014): 747–51.
2. B. M. Henn et al., “Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations,” PLoS Genetics 8, no. 1 (2012): e1002397.
3. “Companion website for ‘A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History,’” http://admixturemap.paintmychromosomes.com (accessed February 23, 2014).
4. All dates for mitochondrial divergences listed in this chapter are from Soares et al., “Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock,” American Journal of Human Genetics 84, no. 6 (2009): 740–59.
5. A. Zoutendyk, A. C. Kopec, and A. E. Mourant, “The Blood Groups of the Hottentots,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 13, no. 4 (1955): 691–97.
6. South African History Online, “The Battle of Blood River,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/battle-blood-river (accessed April 28, 2014).
7. G. Chin and E. Culotta, “The Science of Inequality,” Science 344 (2014): 819–21.
8. M. Rassmussen et al., “An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia,” Science 334 (2011): pp. 94–98.
9. G. R. Summerhayes et al., “Human Adaptation and Plant Use in Highland New Guinea 49,000 to 44,000 Years Ago,” Science 330, no. 6186 (2010): 78–81.
10. C. N. Johnson and B. W. Brook, “Reconstructing the Dynamics of Ancient Human Populations from Radiocarbon Dates: 10,000 Years of Population Growth in Australia,” Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 278 (2011): 3748–54.
11. Clements, N, “The Tasmanian Black War: A Tragic Case Lest We Remember?” The Conversation, http://theconversation.com/tasmanias-black-war-a-tragic-case-of-lest-we-remember-25663 (accessed June 22, 2014).
12. Australian Government, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, “Fact Sheet 8. Abolition of the ‘White Australia’ Policy,” http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm (accessed April 19, 2014).
13. Ibid.
14. M. Raghavan et al., “Upper Palaeolithic Siberian Genome Reveals Dual Ancestry of Native Americans,” Nature 505 (2014): 87–91; M. C. Dulik et al., “Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians,” American Journal of Human Genetics 90, no. 2 (2012): 229–46; M. V. Derenko et al., “The Presence of Mitochondrial Haplogroup X in Altaians from South Siberia,” American Journal of Human Genetics 69, no. 1 (2001): 237–41.
15. For a photograph of the document, see http://people.umass.edu/derrico/amherst/34_41_114_fn.jpeg (accessed April 27, 2014). See also P. D'Errico, “Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets,” http://people.umass.edu/derrico/amherst/lord_jeff.html (accessed April 27, 2014).
16. “Voyages,” Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/index.faces (accessed December 24, 2013).
17. For texts of the original documents, see http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/18%20stat%20477.pdf, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=47, http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/history/1892gearyact.html, http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/39%20stat%20874.pdf (accessed May 3, 2014).
18. Except where otherwise noted, the examples described in this paragraph are derived from Hellenthal et al., “Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History.”
19. Statement by Alan Goodman in the transcript from episode 1 of the PBS series Race: The Power of an Illusion, https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-about-01-01.htm (accessed April 19, 2014).
20. Ibid. (accessed July 15, 2012).
21. United States Census Bureau, “Race,” http://www.census.gov/topics/population/race.html (accessed June 25, 2014).
22. P. N. Ossorio, “Myth and Mystification: The Science of Race and IQ,” in Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture, eds. S. Krimsky and K. Sloan (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).
23. Ibid. The portions in quotation marks are quoted by Ossorio from N. J. Smelser, W. J. Wilson, and F. Mitchell, eds., introduction to America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, v. 1 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001), p. 4.
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