by Jane Goodall
10. “twin sycamores flanked the eastern gate” “Of Knowing the Souls of the East,” Book of the Dead, Papyrus of Nu, spell 109 (British Museum 10477, sheet 12).
11. “Celtic tribes in ancient Britain also revered oak trees” James MacKillop, “Oak,” in A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
12. “sacred trees are the bar or banyan” W. J. Johnson, “Banyan,” in A Dictionary of Hinduism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
13. “and the peepal” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Bo Tree,” accessed July 12, 2013, http://library.eb.com/eb/article-9015801.
14. “Seedlings from the sacred Bodhi Tree” Damien Keown, “Bodhi Tree,” in A Dictionary of Buddhism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
15. “ ‘Madonna of the Forest’ ” Richard St. Barbe Baker, My Life—My Trees (London: Lutterworth Press, 1970), 13.
16. “a redwood called Luna” Julia Butterfly Hill, “About Julia,” accessed July 31, 2013, http://www.juliabutterfly.com/en/about_julia/portraits.
CHAPTER 5
1. “ ‘Good God! when I consider the melancholy fate’ ” Carolus Linnaeus, Glory of the Scientist (1737), quoted in Michael Tyler-Whittle, The Plant Hunters: Being an Examination of Collecting with an Account of the Careers & the Methods of a Number of Those Who Have Searched the World for Wild Plants (Philadelphia: Chilton, 1970), 57.
2. “third-generation Quaker John Bartram” Marc Rothenberg, “Bartram, John (1699–1777), botanist, father of William (1739–1823),” in The Oxford Companion to United States History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
3. “Bartram filled his boxes with seeds” The Bartram Trail Conference, A Study of the Life of William Bartram by the Bartram Trail Conference, Including the Report to the Heritage, Conservation and Recreation Service, US Department of the Interior (Montgomery, AL: Franklin Press, 1979), 10.
4. “two hundred new plants and trees were introduced” Ibid.
5. “Collinson remained enthusiastic” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 56.
6. “describes his collecting adventures” Samuel Pasfield Oliver, The Life of Philibert Commerson, D.M. Naturalist du Roi: An Old-World Story of French Travel and Science in the Days of Linnaeus, ed. G. F. Scott Elliot (London: J. Murray, 1909).
7. “scrambling down a steep valley” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 61.
8. “plant hunting high in the mountains” Ibid., 61.
9. “scant regard for law and order” Ibid., 60.
10. “king of France sent out an expedition” Ibid., 61.
11. “The ship, La Boudeuse” Ibid., 62.
12. “had secretly developed a liaison” Glynis Ridley, The Discovery of Jeanne Baret: A Story of Science, the High Seas, and the First Woman to Circumnavigate the Globe (New York: Crown Publishers, 2010), 43.
13. “Baret was known as an ‘herb woman’ ” Ibid., 23.
14. “Baret would disguise herself as a man” Ibid., 60.
15. “Baret assisted her ‘employer’ ” Ibid., 63.
16. “her true identity was discovered” Ibid., 11–13, 146, 210–11.
17. “identified some sixty new genera of plants” Oliver, op. cit., 223.
18. “when the ship left the island of Mauritius” Ridley, op. cit., 186.
19. “he was unanimously elected” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 67.
20. “Baret returned to France” Ridley, op. cit., 209–11.
21. “For four years they voyaged” “Cook, James,” in A Dictionary of World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
22. “its wealth and diversity of plant life” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Library Edition, s.v., “Botany Bay,” accessed August 3, 2013, http://library.eb.com/eb/article-9015851.
23. “British laying claim to eastern Australia” “European Discovery and the Colonisation of Australia: European Mariners,” Australia Government, accessed August 3, 2013, http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation.
24. “seventy-five of which are named for him” “Sir Joseph Banks,” The Natural History Museum (UK), accessed August 17, 2013, http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/biographies/joseph-banks/.
25. “when Endeavour was actually wrecked” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 70.
26. “ ‘The almost certainty of being eaten’ ” Ibid., 70.
27. “his health began to fail” “Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820),” Kew Royal Botanical Gardens, accessed June 21, 2013, http://www.kew.org/heritage/people/banks.html. See also “Sir Joseph Banks,” The Natural History Museum (UK), accessed June 21, 2013, http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/biographies/joseph-banks/.
28. “he hired, groomed, and inspired” Natural History Museum, op. cit., http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/biographies/joseph-banks/.
29. “Two of his most successful protégés” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 71–72.
30. “had to witness a human sacrifice” Ibid., 72.
31. “he was in the group attacked by natives” Ibid., 73.
32. “Nelson was also unfortunate enough” Ibid., 73.
33. “One of Banks’s most famous protégés” Maggie Campbell-Culver, “Masson, Francis,” in The Oxford Companion to the Garden (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
34. “He was sent first to South Africa” Ibid.
35. “One of his most terrifying experiences” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 71–72.
36. “forced into the local militia” Ibid., 72.
37. “Masson offered thirty-three years” Ibid., 71.
38. “Masson froze to death” Alexander Chalmers, The General Biographical Dictionary, vol. 21 (London: J. Nichols, 1812–1817), 448.
39. “left school when he was ten years old” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 88.
40. “Seven years later” Jack Nisbet, The Collector: David Douglas and the Natural History of the Northwest (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 2009), 14.
41. “Hooker recommended his young protégé” Ibid., 14.
42. “surrounded by a war party of eight” David Douglas, Travels in North America, 1823–1827 (London: Royal Horticultural Society, 1914), 230.
43. “Douglas lay unconscious for over five hours” Ibid., 225–26.
44. “his eyes became irritated” Nisbet, op. cit., 150.
45. “he had to cross a racing mountain river fourteen times” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 92.
46. “His first expedition to the US Pacific Coast” Ibid., 90.
47. “Billy, a little Yorkshire terrier” Nisbet, op. cit., 159.
48. “he met an untimely end” Ibid., 192–96. Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 105.
49. “his most famous contribution” Nisbet, op. cit., 98, 200. Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 102–103.
50. “Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt” Jules Janick, “Plant Exploration: From Queen Hatshepsut to Sir Joseph Banks,” HortScience 42, no. 2 (April 2007): 109.
51. “the Land of Punt” Kenneth A. Kitchen, “Punt,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
52. “used rolls of oilcloth” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 112.
53. “growing their plants in chests” Ibid., 114–15.
54. “frequently handed out generous bribes” David Gledhill, The Names of Plants, 4th ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 7.
55. “up to one thousand plants sent to England” John Livingstone quoted in Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 115.
56. “acclimatizing plants under close guard” Ibid., 116–17, 122.
57. “a caterpillar to pupate in mold” Ibid., 124.
58. “some English ferns and grasses were placed” Ibid., 127.
59. “The dahlia originated in Mexico” “Dahlia,” in A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, ed. Michael Allaby (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
60. “Specimens were sent to a French priest” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 5.
&nb
sp; 61. “it was the blooms that captivated French society” Ibid., 5–6.
62. “Napoleon’s Empress Josephine” Ibid., 6.
63. “was successfully grown in Berlin” Ibid., 6.
64. “bed of them was sold for 70,000 francs” Ibid., 6.
65. “Originating in Turkey” “Tulips,” in The Oxford Companion to the Garden (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
66. “were dispatched to scour the Levant” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 6.
67. “at the house of a wealthy family in Bruges” Ibid., 7.
68. “More than ten million” Ibid., 7.
69. “A single bulb was exchanged for a carriage” Ibid., 7.
70. “a fortune for a particularly rare bulb” Ibid., 7.
71. “gave the messenger a lavish tip” Ibid., 7.
72. “The high court ordered” Anne Goldgar, Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 243–44.
CHAPTER 6
1. “gardens evolved from the ancient ‘physic gardens’ ” Patrick Taylor, “Physic Garden,” in The Oxford Companion to the Garden (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
2. “ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Roman empire” Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), 20. “Gardens,” in Dictionary of the Ancient Near East, ed. Pietr Bienkowski and Alan Millard (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 124. Marina Heilmeyer, Ancient Herbs (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2007), 1.
3. “is said to have had one in Athens” Costas A. Thanos, “The Geography of Theophrastus’ Life and of His Botanical Writings (Περι Φυτwν),” in Biodiversity and Natural Heritage in the Aegean, Proceedings of the Conference ‘Theophrastus 2000’ (Eressos–Sigri, Lesbos, July 6–8, 2000), ed. A. J. Karamano and C. A. Thanos (Athens: Fragoudis, 2000), 23–45.
4. “known as the Father of Botany” Ibid., 4.
5. “propagated and tended by monks” Patrick Taylor, “Physic Garden,” in The Oxford Companion to the Garden (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
6. “Sir Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby” “History of the Botanic Garden,” University of Oxford, accessed September 11, 2013, http://www.botanic-garden.ox.ac.uk/history-botanic-garden.
7. “twelve thousand of the thirty-three thousand” “Why Do We Need Botanic Gardens?” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 7, 2013, http://www.kew.org/ucm/groups/public/documents/document/ppcont_018085.pdf.
8. “bought the property in 1712” Penelope Hunting, “Isaac Rand and the Apothecaries’ Physic Garden at Chelsea,” Garden History 30, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 1.
9. “Miller was a genius at growing the plants” Maggie Campbell-Culver, “Miller, Philip,” in The Oxford Companion to the Garden (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
10. “and the enthusiastic Rand began” Hunting, op. cit., 1.
11. “a very large book on ferns” Thomas Moore, The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland, ed. John Lindley (London: Bradbury and Evans, 1855).
12. “Moore’s fascination with ferns” P. D. A. Boyd, “The Victorian Fern Cult in South-West Britain,” in Fern Horticulture: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives: The Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Cultivation and Propagation of Pteridophytes, Held at London, England, 7–11 July 1991 on the Occasion of the Centenary of the British Pteridological Society, ed. Jennifer M. Ide, Anthony Cliver Jermy, and Alison M. Paul (Andover, UK: Intercept, 1992), 33–56.
13. “resisted initially, but finally capitulated” Dietrich Johann Heinrich Stöver, The Life of Sir Charles Linnæus, ed. Joseph Trapp (London: B. and J. White, 1794), 89–90.
14. “brought to renown” “Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820),” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 9, 2013, http://www.kew.org/heritage/people/banks.html. “Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865),” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 9, 2013, http://www.kew.org/heritage/people/hooker_w.html.
15. “designed to give the impression” “Palm House & Rose Garden,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 9, 2013, http://www.kew.org/visit-kew-gardens/garden-attractions-A-Z/Palm-House.htm.
16. “warm, steamy air and massive exotic palms” Ibid. “In Vitro Conservation of Bottle Palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis [L. Bailey] H. E. Moore),” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 9, 2013, http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/InVitroConsBottlePal.htm.
17. “it was collected in 1775” “Eastern Cape Giant Cycad,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 9, 2013, http://www.kew.org/visit-kew-gardens/garden-attractions-A-Z/eastern-cape-giant-cycad.htm.
18. “produced a cone” Ibid.
CHAPTER 7
1. “story begins with several seeds” Amy Maxmen, “Biblical Tree Brought Back to Life: Date Palm Seed Recovered from Masada Germinates,” Science News 74 (July 5, 2008): 13.
2. “found throughout the Jordan Valley” Kenneth E. Bailey, “Agriculture,” in The Oxford Companion to the Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
3. “believed to have medicinal value” Sarah Sallon et al., “Germination, Genetics and Growth of an Ancient Date Seed,” Science 320 (June 13, 2008): 1464. John Roach, “2000-Year-Old Seed Sprouts, Sapling Is Thriving,” National Geographic News, November 22, 2005, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1122_051122_old_seed.html
4. “Noah’s grandfather” Sallon, op. cit. Roach, op. cit. Gen. 5:27–29 (New Standard Revised Version).
5. “carbon-dated at about 1,300 years” J. Shen-Miller et al., “Long-Living Lotus: Germination and Soil Gamma-Irradiation of Centuries-Old Fruits, and Cultivation, Growth, and Phenotypic Abnormalities of Offspring,” American Journal of Botany 89 (2002): 236–47. J. Shen-Miller et al., “Exceptional Seed Longevity and Robust Growth: Ancient Sacred Lotus from China,” American Journal of Botany 82 (2005): 1367–80. Ray Ming et al., “Genome of the Long-Living Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.),” Genome Biology 14 (2013): in press, doi:10.1186/gp-2013-14-5-r41.
6. “carbon-dated at about 600 years old” J. C. Lerman and E. M. Cigliano, “New Carbon-14 Evidence for Six Hundred Years Old Canna Compacta Seed,” Nature 232 (August 20, 1971): 568–70.
7. “seeds collected in China in 1793” J. Derek Bewley et al., Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy (New York: Springer, 2012), 344.
8. “only one individual plant remained” “Cylindrocline lorencei,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 14, 2013, http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Cylindrocline-lorencei.htm.
9. “botanist Jean-Yves Lesouëf in 1980” Ibid.
10. “those three clones flowered” “Cylindrocline lorencei,” National Botanical Conservatory of Brest, in French, last modified September 3, 2012, http://www.cbnbrest.fr/site/html/International/plante_mencacees.html.
11. “regenerated a plant using fruit tissue” Svetlana Yashina et al., “Regeneration of Whole Fertile Plants from 30,000-Year-Old Fruit Tissue Buried in Siberian Permafrost,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 10 (March 6, 2012): 4008–13.
12. “species of campion” Ibid.
13. “fertile, able to bear viable seeds” Ibid.
14. “woolly rhinoceros, deer, and bison” Ibid.
15. “ ‘If we are lucky, we can find some frozen squirrel’ ” Vladimir Isachenkov, “Russians Revive Ice Age Flower from Frozen Burrow,” Yahoo News, February 20, 2012, http:news.yahoo.com/russians-revive-ice-age-flower-frozen-burrow-200642987.html.
16. “Kew and its partner institutions” “About Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank Partnership,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 9, 2013, http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/save-seed-prosper/millennium-seed-bank/about-the-msb/index.htm.
17. “David Douglas lost the field notebook” Tyler-Whittle, op. cit., 104.
18. “cones of the lodgepole” “Serotiny,” in A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, ed. Michael Allaby (New York: Oxford University Press, 20
06).
19. “uses fire in a different way” “Back from the Brink: The Return of Erica verticillata,” poster from Plant Stories, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 11, 2013, http://www.kew.org/ucm/groups/public/documents/document/kppcont_054563.pdf.
20. “is ignited and the smoke is collected” Anthony Hitchcock, “Erica verticillata,” South African National Biodiversity Institute, last modified February 2013, http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/ericaverticillata.htm.
21. “successfully reintroduced into the wild” Ibid. “Reintroducing the Extinct Cape Flats Erica (Erica verticillata),” Convention on Biological Diversity, October 29, 2010, http://www.cbd.int/doc/presentations/cities/mayors-01/mayors-01-southafrica-02-en.pdf.
22. “were discovered between 1891 and 1914” “Blushing Bride Serruria Florida, Trots van Franschhoek,” Protea Atlas Project, accessed August 15, 2013, http://www.proteaatlas.org.za/blushing.htm. There are some disputes with this date—the “rediscovery” has also been said to have taken place in 1891 and 1914 and at different locales.
23. “were destroyed by a bush fire” Ibid.
24. “accidental fire again swept through” Ibid.
25. “red leather wallet” Stephanie Pain, “Revival of the Fittest,” New Scientist 191, no. 2570 (September 2006): 52–53.
26. “thirty-two species of plants were represented” Ibid.
27. “ ‘If seed can survive that long in poor conditions’ ” “Plant Story—200-Year-Old Seeds Spring to Life,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, last modified December 1, 2009, http://www.kew.org/news/200-year-old-seeds.htm. See also M. I. Daws et al., “Two-Hundred-Year Seed Survival of Leucospermum and Two Other Woody Species from the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa,” Seed Science Research 17 (2002): 73–79.
28. “interrupted brome (Bromus interruptus)” Gail Vines, “Field of Dreams,” New Scientist 2296 (June 30, 2001): 48.
29. “brome of the Ardennes” Constance Holden, “Raising the Dead,” Science 310, no. 5749 (November 4, 2005): 773.
30. “both of the new bromes” Ibid. Vines, op. cit.
31. “In 2005, David Aplin” Holden, op. cit.