Seeds of Hope

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by Jane Goodall


  38. “one slave ship left Britain” “Tobacco and Slavery: The Vile Weed,” Slavery in America, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.slave-studies.net/history/hs_es_tobacco_slavery.html.

  39. “destined to toil” Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998).

  40. “captured to work in the tobacco fields” Kenneth Morgan, Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 18–21.

  41. “death rate among them was high” Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the British Empire in the American South, 1670–1717 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002).

  42. “many of the tribes of the southeastern United States” Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 101.

  43. “formed a confederation to resist capture” Donald Fixico, “A Native Nations Perspective on the War of 1812,” Public Broadcasting System, accessed October 28, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/native-nations-perspective/.

  44. “ ‘green gold’ ” Thomas Ayres, That’s Not in My American History Book: A Compilation of Little-Known Events and Forgotten Heroes (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2000), 58.

  45. “China, India, Brazil, Malawi” Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), accessed August 17, 2013, http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html.

  46. “hazards to the laborers who apply them” S. A. Snipes et al., “ ‘Pesticides Protect the Fruit, but Not the People’: Using Community-Based Ethnography to Understand Farmworker Pesticide-Exposure Risks,” American Journal of Public Health 99, suppl. 3 (2009): S616–21.

  47. “Children, in particular, are harmed” P. I. Beamer et al., “Relative Pesticide and Exposure Route Contribution to Aggregate and Cumulative Dose in Young Farmworker Children,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (2012): 73–96.

  48. “sixty million trees per year” Peter Taylor, Smoke Ring: The Politics of Tobacco (London: Bodley Head Ltd., 1984), 252–53.

  49. “increasingly dependent on fertilizers” Moore, op. cit., http://www.caes.uga.edu/commodities/fieldcrops/tobacco/guide/documents/5%20Fertilization.pdf.

  50. “along with the pesticides and herbicides” “Proper Use of Pesticides, Herbicides, and Fertilizers,” University of Michigan Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.oseh.umich.edu/environment/pesticidesandfertilizers.shtml.

  51. “most important cereal staple” J. L. Maclean, D. C. Dawe, B. Harder, and G. P. Hettel, eds., Rice Almanac: Source Book for the Most Important Economic Activity on Earth, 3rd ed. (Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, 2002).

  52. “90 percent of the total global rice production” “Rice Production and Processing,” International Rice Research Institute, accessed August 19, 2013, http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=9151&lang=en.

  53. “first domesticated about nine thousand years ago” Li Liu, Gyoung-Ah Lee, Leping Jiang, and Juzhong Zhang, “Evidence for the Early Beginning (c. 9000 cal. BP) of Rice Domestication in China: A Response,” The Holocene 17 (2007): 1059–68. Jeanmaire Molina et al., “Molecular Evidence for a Single Evolutionary Origin of Domesticated Rice,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (2011): 8351–56.

  54. “a food to Europe during medieval times” Judith Ann Carney, Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 12.

  55. “originated in the Niger Delta” Tinde Van Andel, “African Rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.): Lost Crop of the Enslaved Africans Discovered in Suriname,” Economic Botany 64 (2010): 110.

  56. “grown on a small scale in Suriname” Ibid.

  57. “Asian rice was introduced to Africa” Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhild Conee Ornelas, “Rice,” in The Cambridge World History of Food, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/rice.htm.

  58. “organic matter, buried underwater” C. C. Delwiche and R. J. Cicerone, “Factors Affecting Methane Production Under Rice,” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7 (1993): 143–55.

  59. “paddy fields will remain submerged” Ibid. Tom Price, “Cambodian Farmers Battle Rising Sea Levels,” Catholic Relief Services, accessed August 19, 2013, http://crs.org/cambodia/cambodian-farmers-battle-rising-sea-levels/.

  60. “Murray-Darling Basin river system” “Murray-Darling Basin Drought Is Getting Worse,” Murray-Darling Basin Commission, last modified July 10, 2007, http://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/archived/mdbc-media-releases/Drought-Update-July-2008-MR.pdf. Robert Draper, “Australia’s Dry Run,” National Geographic, April 2009, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/04/murray-darling/draper-text.

  61. “washed the saline water back into the sea” Murray-Darling Basin Commission, op. cit. Draper, op. cit.

  62. “In some countries, such as the Philippines” Leocadio S. Sebastian, Pedro A. Alviola, and Sergio R. Francisco, “Bridging the Rice Yield Gap in the Philippines,” FAO, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6905e/x6905e0b.htm.

  63. “Thailand, governments seeking” Tawee Kupkanchanakul, “Bridging the Rice Yield Gap in Thailand,” FAO, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6905e/x6905e0d.htm.

  64. “ignored the wisdom of growing rice” C. C. Delwiche and R. J. Cicerone, op. cit., 143–55. John Fowler, Rachael Whitworth, Mark Stevens, and Mark Stevens, “Rice Crop Protection Guide 2012,” NSW Government Department of Primary Industries, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/243589/Rice-crop-protection-guide-2012.pdf. “Control of Rice Insect Pests,” accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.vegetableipmasia.org/docs/Rice/Control_of_rice_insect_pests.pdf. M. Sarom, “Crop Management Research and Recommendations for Rainfed Lowland Rice Production in Cambodia,” National Rice Programs, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.vegetableipmasia.org/docs/Rice/Control_of_rice_insect_pests.pdf.

  65. “ ‘There grew there [India] a wonderful tree’ ” “John Mandeville,” accessed July 29, 2013, http://medlibrary.org/medwiki/John_Mandeville.

  66. “Wild cotton plants grow in subtropical regions” Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, “The Biology of Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium barbadense L. (Cotton),” 2 (February 2008), http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/cotton-3/$FILE/biologycotton08.pdf. Jonathan F. Wendel and Richard C. Cronn, “Polyploidy and the Evolutionary History of Cotton,” Advances in Agronomy 78 (2003): 139–86. C. L. Brubaker, F. M. Bourland, and J. F. Wendel, “The Origin and Domestication of Cotton,” in C. W. Smith and J. T. Cothren, eds., Cotton: Origin, History, Technology and Production (New York: Wiley, 1999). Chandrakanth Emani, “Gossypium,” Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources (2011): 109–22.

  67. “dating around 6000 BC were discovered in Pakistan” Christophe Moulherat, Margareta Tengberg, Jérôme-F. Haquet, and Benoit Mille, “First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead,” Journal of Archaeological Science 29 (2002): 1393–401.

  68. “fibers dating around 5000 BC” “The Biology of Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium barbadense L. (Cotton),” Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, v.2, February 2008, http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/content/cotton-3/$FILE/biologycotton08.pdf. “Cotton: Early Uses,” UK National Museum of History, accessed July 29, 2013, http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/plants-fungi/seeds-of-trade/page.dsml?section=regions®ion_ID=6&page=early_uses&ref=cotton.

  69. “fabric was in high demand” Howard Dodson, “How Slavery Helped Build a World Economy,” National Geographic News, February 3, 2003, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/70090580.html. Stephen Yafa, Cotton: The Biography of
a Revolutionary Fiber (New York: Penguin Books, 2005).

  70. “Britain depended on India for its supply of cotton” Frenise A. Logan, “A British East India Company Agent in the United States, 1839–1840,” Agricultural History 48 (April 1974): 267–76. Yaya, op. cit. “The Caribbean and the Trade,” UK National Archives, accessed July 29, 2013, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/africa_caribbean/caribbean_trade.htm. Beverly Lemire, Cotton (Textiles That Changed the World), ed. Linda Welters and Ruth Barnes (New York: Berg, 2011).

  71. “became a steady importer of cotton” Yaya, op. cit. Lemire, op. cit.

  72. “the Northern states imposed embargoes on cotton” Yaya, op. cit. Gene Dattel, “Cotton, the Oil of the Nineteenth Century: Important Lessons of History,” The International Economy (Winter 2010): 60–63.

  73. “Britain and France had to buy their supplies” Dambisa Moyo, How the West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly—And the Stark Choices Ahead (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011).

  74. “able to annex Egypt into its mighty empire” Ibid. Mona Russell, “Competing, Overlapping, and Contradictory Agendas: Egyptian Education Under British Occupation, 1882–1922,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 21 (2001): 50–60.

  75. “cotton sales from the Southern states” Gene Dattel, op. cit.

  76. “2.5 million slaves” Howard Dodson, op. cit.

  77. “just over 70 percent” Ibid.

  78. “many of the cotton-producing countries” “Cotton: Where Is Cotton Produced with Forced Labor?” Verite, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.verite.org/Commodities/Cotton.

  79. “schools are closed during the cotton harvest” Ibid.

  80. “children as young as seven are forced” Ibid. “Child Labour in Uzbekistan,” Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights, accessed August 19, 2013, http://uzbekgermanforum.org/child-labour-in-uzbekistan/.

  81. “international clothing companies” James Kilner, “Global Clothing Brands Boycott Uzbek Cotton,” The Telegraph, September 18, 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/uzbekistan/8771473/Global-clothing-brands-boycott-Uzbek-cotton.html.

  82. “Millions of metric tons of pesticides” “Healthy Environments for Children Alliance: Pesticides,” World Health Organization, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.who.int/heca/infomaterials/pesticides.pdf.

  83. “more than 40 percent are labeled ‘hazardous’ ” “The Deadly Chemicals in Cotton,” Environmental Justice Foundation, Pesticide Action Network UK, 2007, http://www.pan-uk.org/attachments/125_the_deadly_chemicals_in_cotton_part1.pdf. WHO, op. cit., http://www.who.int/heca/infomaterials/pesticides.pdf.

  84. “Endosulfan can cause paralysis, coma” Ibid.

  85. “most widely used pesticide in the world” Ibid.

  86. “ ‘dirtiest crop’ ” Edward Humes, Force of Nature: The Unlikely Story of Wal-Mart’s Green Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 2011).

  87. “water used for irrigating the cotton fields” “Living Waters: Conserving the Source of Life,” World Wildlife Federation, January 15, 2013, http://worldwildlife.org/publications/thirsty-crops-our-food-and-clothes-eating-up-nature-and-wearing-out-the-environment.

  88. “most valuable nonfood agricultural product” James Ridgeway, It’s All for Sale: The Control of Global Resources (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004).

  89. “demand for it, at present, outstrips” Leonie Barrie, “Organic Cotton Demand Rises but Production Falls,” Just Style, November 9, 2012, http://www.just-style.com/news/organic-cotton-demand-rises-but-production-falls_id116085.aspx.

  CHAPTER 13

  1. “Maize comes first” “Production, Crops,” Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), accessed August 17, 2013, http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html.

  2. “43 percent of the maize produced” “Ethanol Usage Projections & Corn Balance Sheet (mil. bu.),” Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, accessed August 18, 2013, http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/crops/outlook/cornbalancesheet.pdf.

  3. “grown on the first-known farms” Nicholas Birch, “Turkey: Ancient Pagan Temple Site Yields New Archeological Clues on Origins of Farming,” EURASIANET, last modified December 8, 2008, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav120908d.shtml.

  4. “four species of wild wheat” Naoki Mori et al., “Variation in coxII Intron in the Wild Ancestral Species of Wheat,” Hereditas 126 (1997): 281–88.

  5. “first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent” Irene Holst, Dani Nadel, Dolores R. Piperno, and Ehud Weiss, “Processing of Wild Cereal Grains in the Upper Palaeolithic Revealed by Starch Grain Analysis,” Nature 430 (August 5, 2004): 670.

  6. “cultivation of wheat began to spread” Jared Diamond, op. cit., 101.

  7. “cultivated in England and Scandinavia” S. T. Grundas, “Wheat: The Crop,” in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Philadelphia: Elsevier Science, 2003), 6130.

  8. “a thousand years later it had reached China” Gyoung Lee, Gary W. Crawford, Li Liu, and Xingcan Chen, “Plants and People from the Early Neolithic to Shang Periods in North China,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (January 16, 2007): 1087–92.

  9. “could live permanently in one place” Diamond, op. cit., 134–35.

  10. “about 535 million acres” FAO, op. cit., http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html.

  11. “thrives in amazingly diverse habitats” “Wheat Production by Country in 1000 MT—Map,” Index Mundi, accessed August 18, 2013, http://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?commodity=wheat&graph=production&display=map. “Fodder Production and Double Cropping in Tibet,” FAO, accessed August 18, 2013, http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/publicat/field2/TCPCPR2907.htm.

  12. “leading source of vegetable protein” “SR25—Reports by Single Nutrients,” USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25, 2012, accessed August 18, 2013, http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl.

  13. “can drink Scotch whisky” “What You Need to Know about the Gluten-Free Diet,” American Celiac Disease Alliance, accessed August 17, 2013, http://americanceliac.org/living-with-cd/gluten-free-diet/.

  14. “potato is the starchy tuber of a plant” “Potato,” The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, 4th ed., ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner (Detroit: Gale, 2008).

  15. “originated in the South American Andes” Charles C. Mann, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created (New York: Knopf, 2011), 217, 225–27. Tom Standage, An Edible History of Humanity (New York: Walker and Co., 2009), 114.

  16. “It was ‘discovered’ by the Spanish conquerors” Standage, op. cit., 114.

  17. “suspicious of the strange new food” Ibid., 115. Mann, op. cit., 225–27.

  18. “given a bouquet of potato flowers” Standage, op. cit., 118. John Reader, Potato: A History of the Propitious Esculent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 121.

  19. “introduction of this staple food” Reader, op. cit., 120–21. Mann, op. cit., 230–32.

  20. “known as ‘the Lumper’ ” Mann, op. cit., 227.

  21. “Phytophthora infestans began infecting” Jean B. Ristaino, “The Importance of Archival and Herbarium Materials in Understanding the Role of Oospores in Late Blight Epidemics of the Past,” Phytopathology 88 (1998): 1120–30. Jean Beagle Ristaino, “Tracking Historic Migrations of the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen, Phytophthora infestans,” Microbes and Infection 3 (2002): 1369–77. E. Charles Nelson and Jean Beagle Ristaino, “The Potato Late Blight Pathogen in Ireland, 1846: Reconnecting Irish Specimens with the Moore–Berkeley Correspondence,” Archives of Natural History 38 (October 2011): 356–59. See also John Roach, “DNA Study Sheds Light on Irish Potato Famine,” National Geographic News, May 5, 2004, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0505_040505_potatofamine.html. Michael D. Martin et al., “Reconstructing Genome Evolution in Historic Samples of the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen,” Nature Communications 4 (2013): 2172.<
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  22. “a million people died” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Irish Potato Famine,” accessed August 18, 2013, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294137/Irish-Potato-Famine.

  23. “all varieties are descended from an ancestor” David M. Spooner et al., “A Single Domestication for Potato Based on Multilocus Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 41 (2005): 14694–99.

  24. “China and India are the main growers” FAO, op. cit., http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html.

  25. “Canada has taken the lead in producing” “Canadian Potato Situation and Trends 2006–2007,” Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, last modified July 19, 2013, http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-product-sector/horticulture/horticulture-canadian-industry/sector-reports/canadian-potato-situation-and-trends-2006-2007-1-of-9/?id=1192551138431.

  26. “especially in eastern and central Europe” FAO, op. cit., http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html.

  27. “first domesticated from its wild-grass ancestor” Anthony J. Ranere et al., “The Cultural and Chronological Context of Early Holocene Maize and Squash Domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 13 (March 31, 2009): 5014–18.

  28. “somewhere around 2000 BC” Lynn V. Foster, Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 21.

  29. “wasn’t until about 2,700 years ago” Alex Chepstow-Lusty, “Agro-Pastoralism and Social Change in the Cuzco Heartland of Peru: A Brief History Using Environmental Proxies,” Antiquity 85, no. 328 (June 2011): 570–82.

  30. “maize began its travels to Europe” Standage, op. cit., 110.

  31. “cultivated by several Native American tribes” Jonathan R. Schultheis, “Sweet Corn Production,” North Carolina State University, last modified December 1994, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-13.html. See also Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Corn (Zea mays),” accessed August 18, 2013, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137741/corn.

 

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