by Jane Goodall
16. “archaeological sites in western and central Europe” Leonor Pena-Chocarro, “Early Agriculture in Central and Southern Spain,” in S. Colledge and J. Connolly, eds., The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007), 179–81.
17. “mentioned in the Ebers and Smith Papyri” Ana Maria Rosso, “Poppy and Opium in Ancient Times: Remedy or Narcotic?” Biomedicine International 1 (2010): 81–87.
18. “Venetian physician Prosper Alpinus” Charles John Samuel Thompson, Poison Mysteries in History, Romance and Crime (London: Scientific Press, 1923).
19. “until the years of the Inquisition” “Opium throughout History,” Frontline, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html.
20. “containing varying amounts of opium” H. Tuck, The Family Doctor, Being a Complete Encyclopaedia of Domestic Medicine and Household Surgery (London: Houlston and Wright, 1865).
21. “every condition under the sun” Patrick, op. cit.
22. “coral, ground-up bits of Egyptian mummies” Barbara Hodgson, In the Arms of Morpheus: The Tragic History of Morphine, Laudanum and Patent Medicines (Vancouver, BC: Greystone Books, 2001).
23. “writers and musicians who became addicted” Danillo F. Duarte, “Opium and Opioids: A Brief History,” Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 55 (2005), http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-70942005000100015&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en/. Hodgson, op. cit. Frank Sanello, “Laudanum: The Heroin of the 19th Century,” accessed July 13, 2012, http://redroom.com/member/frank-sanello/writing/laudanum-the-heroin-of-the-19th-century.
24. “most likely by an Arab trader” Frontline, op. cit., http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html. “A Century of International Drug Control,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in World Drug Report 2008, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2008/WDR2008_100years_drug_control_origins.pdf.
25. “became active in the 1600s” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, op. cit., http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2008/WDR2008_100years_drug_control_origins.pdf.
26. “6,500 metric tons of opium per year” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, op. cit., Figure 2, http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2008/WDR2008_100years_drug_control_origins.pdf.
27. “growing of opium poppies was banned” Raphael F. Perl, “Taliban and the Drug Trade,” CRS Report for Congress, October 5, 2001, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/6210.pdf.
28. “cultivation gradually increased” Ibid.
29. “believed that coca was of divine origin” John U. Lloyd and John T. Loyid, “Coca: The Divine Plant of the Incas,” accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.swsbm.com/ManualsOther/Coca.pdf. W. Golden Mortimer, Peru: History of Coca, the “Divine Plant” of the Incas (New York: J. H. Vail and Co., 1901).
30. “sometimes with a little bicarbonate of soda” Luis M. Llosa, Brief Review of Oral Cocaine for the Treatment of Cocaine Dependence (New York: European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies, 2010).
31. “a variety of ‘coca wines’ were produced” James Hamblin, “Why We Took Cocaine Out of Soda,” The Atlantic, January 31, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/01/why-we-took-cocaine-out-of-soda/272694/.
32. “fields of coca plants were sprayed repeatedly” Judith Walcott, “Spraying Crops, Eradicating People,” Cultural Survival, May 5, 2010, http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/spraying-crops-eradicating-people. “Peru: Coca-Cola to Increase Market Share in Northern Region,” South American Business Information, May 25, 2001, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-75239400.html.
33. “In 2008 the United Nations monitoring body” Jean Friedman-Rudovsky, “Fighting for the Right to Chew Coca,” Time Magazine, March 17, 2008, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1722893,00.html. “Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961,” United Nations International Narcotics Control Board, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/1961-Convention/convention_1961_en.pdf.
34. “President Evo Moralis of Bolivia” “Major Victory for President Morales: UN Accepts ‘Coca Leaf Chewing’ in Bolivia,” MercoPress, January 14, 2013, http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/14/major-victory-for-president-morales-un-accepts-coca-leaf-chewing-in-bolivia.
35. “ban its cultivation and to destroy all wild plants” Friedman-Rudovsky, op. cit., http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1722893,00.html. United Nations International Narcotics Control Board, op. cit., http://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/1961-Convention/convention_1961_en.pdf.
36. “Native Americans in religious ceremonies” Richard E. Schultes, “The Appeal of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) as a Medicine,” American Anthropologist 40 (October–December 1938): 698–715.
37. “chew peyote and rub it on their legs” “Peyote,” Texas beyond History, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/st-plains/nature/images/peyote.html.
38. “indigenous to the Great Plains” Schultes, op. cit., 698–715.
39. “same destruction of forests is true” Helmut J. Geist, “Global Assessment of Deforestation Related to Tobacco Farming,” Tobacco Control 8 (1999): 18–28. Babere Kerata Chacha, “From Pastoralists to Tobacco Peasants: The British American Tobacco (B.A.T.) and Socio-Ecological Change in Kuria District Kenya, 1969–1999,” Research for International Tobacco Control, accessed July 18, 2013, http://archive.idrc.ca/ritc/winner2.pdf. Natacha Lecours, Guilherme E. G. Almeida, Jumanne M. Abdallah, and Thomas E. Novotny, “Environmental Health Impacts of Tobacco Farming: A Review of the Literature,” Tobacco Control 21 (2012): 191–96.
40. “fevers, skin burns, insect bites” Anne Charlton, “Medicinal Uses of Tobacco in History,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 97 (June 2004): 292–96.
41. “accompanied Columbus on his second voyage” Joseph C. Winter, ed., Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent Killer (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000).
42. “advocated the smoking of this ‘weed’ in pipes” G. L. Apperson, The Social History of Smoking (London: Ballantyne Press, 1914).
43. “is said that a manservant” Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall, “Elizabeth: The Story of Sir Walter Raleigh,” in An Island Story: A History of England for Boys and Girls (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1920).
44. “commercial production of cigarettes” Colette Vidal, “Historical Background on Tobacco,” accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.niichro.com/Tobacco/Tobac1.html.
45. “tobacco causes more deaths each year” “Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last modified July 9, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/#definition. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures 2013 (Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2013).
46. “Britain’s King James I in 1604” King James I, “A Counter-Blaste to Tobacco,” James I. Essays in Poesie, 1585. A Counterblaste to Tobacco, 1604, trans. R. S. Bear (Arber, 1869).
47. “wine was made in ancient Egypt” Patrick E. McGovern, “Ancient Wine,” Biomolecular Archaeology Laboratory, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=19. Patrick E. McGovern, Armen Mirzoian, and Gretchen R. Hall, “Ancient Egyptian Herbal Wines,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2013): 10147–52.
48. “first sustainable vineyard in California” Ed McCarthy and Mary Ewing Mulligan, California Wine for Dummies (Hoboken: Wiley, 2009).
49. “a member of the cannabis family” Russo, Chemistry and Biodiversity, op. cit., 1614–48.
50. “plants retreat into rhizomes” Brady Smith, “Hop Rhizome Growing Guide,” Great Fermentations, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.greatfermentations.com/downloads/instructions/hop-rhizomes/hop_rhizome_growing_guide.pdf. Scott Russell, “Grow Your Own Hops,” Brew Magaz
ine, March 1996, http://www.byo.com/stories/item/723-grow-your-own-hops. “Growing Hops,” Lagers Club, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.lagersclub.com/resources/growing%20hops.pdf.
51. “Hops originated in China” Jeanine S. DeNorma, “Humulus Genetic Resources,” USDA ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository, last modified August 16, 2010, http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/docs.htm?docid=11069.
52. “they were being grown in Bavaria” “Three Millennia of German Brewing,” German Beer Institute, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/history.html.
53. “ ‘bittering’ agent in the making of beer” Njies Pedjie, “Determination of alpha-acids in Hops and Beers,” accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.perkinelmer.com/CMSResources/Images/44-147584APP_AAcids_in_Hops_Beers.pdf.
54. “dandelions, burdock root, marigold, and heather” “The History of Hops,” Hops & Wine Beverage, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.hopandwine.com/the-history-of-hops/.
55. “pombe is made from millet seeds” “About Pombe,” University of Southern California Department of Biological Sciences, accessed July 12, 2013, http://www.bcf.usc.edu/~forsburg/main.html.
56. “local drink of choice is palm wine” L. Mbuagbaw and S. G. Noorduyn, “The Palm Wine Trade: Occupational and Health Hazards,” The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3 (October 2012), http://www.theijoem.com/ijoem/index.php/ijoem/article/viewArticle/177/304.
CHAPTER 12
1. “population dynamics of the countries” Laird W. Bergad, The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007). B. W. Higman, Slave Populations of the British Caribbean, 1807–1834 (Kingston, Jam.: University of the West Indies Press, 1995).
2. “helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War” Cindy Weinstein, “Introduction,” in The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe, ed. C. Weinstein (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 3. “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, accessed August 16, 2013, http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/utc/.
3. “minerals, timber, and so forth” G. Whiting, W. Archer, and E. S. Hall, The Products and Resources of Tasmania as Illustrated in the International Exhibition (London: Hobart, 1862). Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton, “The Tentacles of Empire: The New Imperialism and New Nationalism in Asia, Africa, and the Americas,” in In the Balance: Themes in Global History (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998). James Beattie, “Recent Themes in the Environmental History of the British Empire,” History Compass 10 (February 2012): 129–39.
4. “Britain, France, Holland” David Ormrod, The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650–1770 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Robert Tigner et al., “Reordering the World, 1750–1850,” in Worlds Together, Worlds Apart (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), 3rd ed. Philip D. Curtin, Essays in Atlantic History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 2nd ed.
5. “Portuguese in the sixteenth century” “Voyage 46474, ship name unknown (1526),” accessed August 16, 2013, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/database/voyage.faces?voyageId=46474. Thomas Clarkson, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the Slave-Trade, by the British Parliament (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1839). “Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade,” UK National Archives, accessed August 16, 2013, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/africa_caribbean/africa_trade.htm.
6. “12.5 million people” Ibid. “Assessing the Slave Trade: Estimates,” Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, accessed August 16, 2013, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces.
7. “mainly from West and Central Africa” David Eltis, “A Brief Overview of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade,” last modified 2007, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/essays-intro-04.faces.
8. “were forced to work on plantations” Ibid.
9. “sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, rice” Ibid. “Agricultural Slavery,” in The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, ed. Junius P. Rodriguez (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1997), 22–24.
10. “demand for it is growing in the United States and Europe” “Indonesia: Palm Oil Production Prospects Continue to Grow,” US Department of Agriculture, December 21, 2007, http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2007/12/Indonesia_palmoil/. “Indonesia: Palm Oil Expansion Unaffected by Forest Moratorium,” US Department of Agriculture, June 26, 2013, http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2013/06/indonesia/. Robin McDowell, “Borneo’s Orangutans Losing Land Each Day,” January 19, 2009, NBC News, http://www.nbcnews.com/?id=28693558&page=2&.
11. “top producer of palm oil is Indonesia” Earl Saxon and Sarah Roquemore, “Palm Oil,” in Doug Boucher et al., The Root of the Problem: What’s Driving Tropical Deforestation Today (June 2011): 51–63.
12. “increasing since 2009” “Crude Palm Oil Price Chart, 2009–2012,” PalmOil HQ, accessed August 16, 2013, http://www.palmoilhq.com/palm-oil-prices/.
13. “palm oil plantations are notorious” Eric Palola and Nathalie Walker, “Food, Fuel, or Forests? Charting a Responsible U.S. Role in Global Palm Oil Expansion,” National Wildlife Federation, November 2010, https://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Energy-and-Climate/www.nwf.org/~/media/PDFs/Global-Warming/Policy-Solutions/NWF_Palm_Oil2.ashx. Douglas Sheil et al., “The Impacts and Opportunities of Oil Palm in Southeast Asia: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?” Center for International Forestry Research Occasional Paper 51 (2009), http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-51.pdf.
14. “fend off poachers, miners, and loggers” Robin McDowell, op. cit., http://www.nbcnews.com/?id=28693558&page=2&.
15. “ ‘When you get up in the air’ ” Ibid.
16. “Portuguese colonists found tobacco in Brazil” Sander L. Gilman and Zhou Xun, eds., Smoke: A Global History of Smoking (London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2004), 77.
17. “enslaved the native tribes, seized their land” Leslie Bethell, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
18. “Jamestown, Virginia, in 1612” Bruce Roberts and Elizabeth Kedash, Plantation Homes of the James River (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 4. The Tobacco Industry and Louisville and Kentucky (Louisville: US National Youth Administration, 1938). Edward Duffield Neill, Early Settlement of Virginia and Virginiola (Minneapolis: Johnson, Smith & Harrison, 1878), vol. 121.
19. “twenty-five thousand Algonquian Indians” Edward Roach and the US National Park Service, Prince William Forest Park (Triangle, VA: US Department of the Interior, 2002),http://www.nps.gov/prwi/planyourvisit/upload/Algonquian.pdf.
20. “wife of the Englishman John Rolfe” Edward D. Neill, Pocahontas and Her Companions (Albany, NY: Joel Munsell, 1869).
21. “learned to ‘drink’ tobacco” Charles C. Mann, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created (New York: Random House, 2012), 51–53.
22. “organized a shipment of N. tabacum seeds” Ibid.
23. “Rolfe returned from the New World six years later” Ibid.
24. “successful method for producing tobacco” Charles E. Hatch Jr., The First Seventeen Years: Virginia 1607–1624, 10th ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991), 17–18.
25. “went crazy over this new crop” Ibid.
26. “even the cemetery!” “The Growth of the Tobacco Trade,” Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.ushistory.org/us/2d.asp.
27. “most people stopped growing other crops” Hatch, op. cit., 17–18.
28. “everyone who grew tobacco” “Patuxent River Watershed,” US Geological Survey, last modified December 2012, http://landcover.usgs.gov/urban/cbay/ag/aghist.php.
29. “exhausts the soil of nutrients” J. Michael Moore and Glendon H. Harris, “Nutrient Uptake by Tobacco,” accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.caes.uga.edu/commodities/fieldcrops/tobacco/guide/documents/5%20Fer
tilization.pdf.
30. “systematically taking over Indian land” Hatch, op. cit., 17–18. Edward Waterhouse, “A Declaration of the State of the Colony and… a Relation of the Barbarous Massacre,” US Library of Congress, accessed August 19, 2013, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib026605.
31. “exploitation of natural resources” “The Indispensible Role of Women at Jamestown,” US National Park Service, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/the-indispensible-role-of-women-at-jamestown.htm.
32. “Before the African slave trade was established” “History of Jamestown,” Preservation Virginia, accessed August 19, 2013,http://apva.org/rediscovery/page.php?page_id=6. Gene Borio, “A Brief History of Jamestown, Virginia,” Tobacco BBS, accessed August 19, 2013, http://archive.tobacco.org/History/jamestown.html. Crandall Shifflett, “Indentured Servants and the Pursuits of Happiness,” Folger Institute, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.folger.edu/html/folger_institute/jamestown/c_shifflet.htm.
33. “early settlers also lured young men” Preservation Virginia, op. cit. Borio, op. cit. Shifflett, op. cit. Folger Institute, op. cit.
34. “import a wife from England” “Women as Wives,” National Women’s History Museum, accessed August 19, 2013, http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/jamestownwomen/14.htm.
35. “twenty African slaves were sold” John Rolf, letter to Sir Edwin Sandys, ed. Susan Myra Kingsbury, Records of the Virginia Company, Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 8, 1606–26, Series 3, 241–45, 247–48. “Virginia’s First Africans,” Encyclopedia Virginia (Charlottesville: Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2012), http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Virginia_s_First_Africans.
36. “only three hundred or so working” Evarts Boutell Greene and Virginia D. Harrington, American Population before the Federal Census of 1790 (Baltimore: Columbia University Press, 1981), 136.
37. “crash in sugar prices came” Susan Dwyer Amussen, Caribbean Exchanges: Slavery and the Transformation of English Society, 1640–1700 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).