The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception
Page 31
‘Fouilles au Khirbet Qumran’, Revue biblique, vol.lxi (1954), pp.206ff.
‘Fouilles de Khirbet Qumran’, Revue biblique, vol.lxiii (1956), pp. 533ff.
‘Les manuscrits de Qumran et l’archeologie’, Revue biblique, vol.lxvi (1959), pp.87ff.
Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, rev. edn (Oxford, 1977)
Vermes, G. ‘The Etymology of “Essenes”’, Revue de Qumran, no.7, vol.ii (1960), pp.427ff.
The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective (London, 1977) Jesus the Jew (London, 1977)
‘The Essenes and History’, Journal of Jewish Studies, vol.xxxii, no.l (1981), pp.l8ff.
Jesus and the World of Judaism (London, 1983)
The Dead Sea Scrolls in English, 3rd edn (Sheffield, 1987) Webb, J. The Flight from Reason (London, 1971)
The Harmonious Circle (London, 1980) Wilson, E. The Scrolls from the Dead Sea (London, 1955)
The Dead Sea Scrolls 1947-1969, rev. edn (Glasgow, 1977) Wright, G.E., ed. The Bible and the Ancient Near East (London, 1961)
Yadin, Y. The Message of the Scrolls (London, 1957)
‘What the Temple Scroll Reveals’, Daily Telegraph Magazine, 19 July 1968, pp.15ff.
Masada (London, 1975)
Bar-Kokhba (London, 1978)
The Temple Scroll (London, 1985)
Index
Aaron, priestly line of, 200-1, 204, 205, 207
Acts of the Apostles, xiii-xiv, 43, 132-3, 134,147,175-87;
on James, 188-9, 194
Agrippa, King, xiv
Albright, William F., 13, 23, 71
Albright Institute (American School of Oriental Research), 13, 14, 16, 20, 22, 28, 36, 75, 76, 113
Alexander the Great, 201
Allegro, John M., 21, 29, 30, 37, 39, 45-63, 67, 70, 72, 74, 100, 101-2, 113, 119, 231;
and the ‘Copper Scroll’, 51-6
AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy)
dating, 81, 83, 86
Ananas (high priest), 193, 194-5, 196, 199
Ancient Library qf Qumran (Cross), 33
animal sacrifices, 170
Antioch, Paul’s journey to, 180-1
Antoninus, Sonof Serverus, 229
archaeological research:
methodology, 103-7
Axel’s Castle (Wilson), 41
167-8; links with Qumran teaching,
Baillet, Father Maurice, 29
baptism, 132
Barnabas, 181
Baumgarten, Joseph, 77, 86
Bechtel Corporation, 36-7
Benoit, Father Pierre, 33, 34, 74, 76, 78, 88, 91, 120
Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR), 34, 38, 72, 73, 87, 88-9, 90, 101, 102, 145, 226
biblical texts, 40, 82
Biran, Professor, 26, 31
Birnbaum, Solomon, 161-2, 163
Black, Matthew, 173,174
Blavatsky, H.P., 167
Brooke Kerith, The, 168
Broshi, Magen, 28, 76-7
Burrows, Millan, 14
Carmignac, Jean, 69
Catholic Church, 108-17;
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 120-6;
Modernist Movement, 109-11,112-13
Charles, R.H., 145
Christianity, xvi, xviii, 235-6;
Allegro’s writings on, 61-3;
and the Essenes, 42-7, 65-6, 67,130-7 see also Catholic Church
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 10, 11, 37
Clement, Bishop of Alexandria, 191
‘Community Rule’, 8, 132, 134, 135, 140-1,146,147,169
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 120-6
Copeland, Miles, 10-11
‘Copper Scroll’, 21, 36, 51-6, 119, 138-40
Cross, Frank, 28, 29-30, 33, 38, 39, 49, 52, 72, 100;
Allegro’s letters to, 55, 57, 58;
on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 160, 161;
palaeographic dating of texts, 115, 116;
on Roman coins at Qumran, 155;
and Strugnell, 95 ‘Crucifixion Before Christ’ (Time Magazine), 47
Crucifixion by an Eye-Witness, The, 167-8
Dajani, Awni, 57-8, 60
‘Damascus Document’, 143,144-9, 150,
179,185, 209 Daniel: concept of resurrection in, 214-15
Danielou, Cardinal Jean, 123, 136, 159
Darwin, Charles, 108
David, Messiah of, 200, 204, 205
Davies, Philip, 43, 76, 77, 79-80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89, 102;
on palaeographic dating, 162
Dayan, Moshe, 24
Dead Sea Scrolls, The (Allegro), 45, 56
Dead Sea Scrolls and Primitive Christianity, The (Danielou), 123
Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective (Vermes), 64
De Vaux,
see Vaux, Father Roland de Discoveries in thejudaean Desert of Jordan, 27, 36-8, 39, 45, 74, 94
Doors of Perception, The (Huxley), 62
Driver, Godfrey R., 29, 45, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75,152;
on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 156, 159,160, 161; on the Zealots, 171
Drori, Amir, 78-9, 80, 81, 88, 89, 90, 93
Dupont-Sommer, Andre, 44-5, 46, 51
Eco, Umberto, xix, xviii Ecole Biblique et Archeologique Franqaise de Jerusalem, 9, 16, 22, 27, 28, 29, 33, 84;
and the Catholic Church, 102-3, 111, 112,113,114-15, 116, 125-6;
and the international team, 99-101, 102-3;
and the Pontifical Biblical Commission, 118-19,120, 124
Eisenman, Robert, xix, xvii-xviii, 19, 32, 38, 40, 51, 71, 73, 75-83, 84-5, 99, 102;
archaeological explorations, 226-7, 228, 229;
on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 154, 155, 156, 158,161, 162;
on the calligraphy in the Dead Sea Scrolls, 163;
on the ‘Damascus Document’, 145, 185;
on the Essenes, 173;
on the ‘Habakkuk Commentary’, 172, 195, 196;
on James, 187, 188,189-90,191-2;
on the ‘Liar’ and the ‘Wicked Priest’, 149;
on the Messiah, 141-2; on Paul, 181, 186, 197, 218, 220, 221;
and the Qumran community, 199-200, 202;
on the rebuilding of Qumran, 154;
on the Saducees, 203; on the Temple Scroll, 143;
on the Zealots, 201, 205, 207, 208-9, 215
Eleazar ben Jair, 206, 212, 213, 214, 216
Epiphanius, 172,173,192
Essenes, xvi; and Masada, 216;
Pliny’s writings on, 19-20,165, 168, 169, 170,173;
and the Qumran community, 40, 67, 68, 69, 70,146, 148,153,165-74,199
Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, 190-1,192,193, 229
Ezekiel: concept of resurrection in, 214,215
Fitzmyer, Joseph, 89,119 264
Flinders Petrie, William Matthew, 106
Fogazzaro, Antonio, 110
Frederick II, King of Prussia (the Great), 167
Freedman, David Noel, 86,89
Galatians, Paul’s letter to, 135,180,
183,188-9,197
Gamaliel, 184
Gaster,T.H.,72,89
Georgi, Dieter, 89
Gladstone, William, 230
Gnostic Gospels, see Nag Hammadi Scrolls
Golb, Norman, 33, 86, 89,103,115-17,160
Gospels, the, 43,175,176
Graves, Robert, 168
Greenfield, Jonas, 93, 94
Groningen, University of, 84
‘Habakkuk Commentary’, 146, 149-50, 151,152,172,174, 195,196,197, 219
Hadrian, Emperor, 210
Harding, Gerald Lankester, 15, 16, 17,18, 22, 54-5,106
Hasidaeans, 201
Hegesippus, 191,192
Herod Agrippa II, 220
Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee, xiv,207
Herod the Great, 153, 154,169,170,203, 205
Herodian, 220
Historical Background of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Roth), 68-9
Hunzinger, Dr Claus-Hunno, 28-9
Hussei
n, King of Jordan, 60
Huxley, Aldous, 62
Huxley, Thomas, 108
Infallible? (Kiing), 122-3
Irgun (Jewish terrorist organisation), 15
Isaiah, George, 7, 8, 9
Israel: and the Catholic Church, 60-1;
government, 31, 72-5, 87-8, 89-90, 95, 101-2, 234;
Six Day War (1967), 23, 26, 60,102, 233
Italy, unification of, 108
James, Saint (brother of Jesus), xviii, 133,174,177, 178,181,186-7,188-98;
death, 190-1, 192-4, 196;
and Paul, 182, 183, 188, 189,194,197-8, 217, 218-19
James the Just in the Habakkuk Pesher (Eisenman), 75
Jerusalem: Temple of, 142, 149-50, 193, 202
Jesus Christ: Allegro’s writings on, 61;
in the desert, 202; and the Essenes, 167-8;
in the Gospels, 175, 177;
as historical individual, xii-xiii, xiv-xvi; and James, 188;
and Paul, 181-2, 183;
and the Qumran texts, 56, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135-7;
and Qumran’s ‘Teacher of Righteousness’, 44, 140-1;
Renan’s Life of Jesus, 107-8;
and the Zealots, 211-12
Jesus: An Experiment in Christology (Schillebeeckx), 122
John (Apostle), 133
John Paul II, Pope, 122,123
John the Baptist, xv, 132, 202, 207, 211
John XXIII, Pope, 60-1, 122
Jonathan Maccabaeus, 151
Josephus, Flavius, 67, 69, 142, 150,154, 155, 178;
on the Essenes, 165, 166-7, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173;
on James, 190,193-4,195,1%;
on the mass suicide at Masada, 213, 214;
on the Zealots, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209
Judaean Scrolls, The (Driver), 70, 71
Judas Iscariot, xv, 206
Judas Maccabaeus, 201-2
Judas of Galilee, 205, 206, 207, 212
Kando (Khalil Iskander Shahin), 7, 8, 17-18, 26
Kapera, Z.J.,85, 89
‘Keepers of the Covenant’, 172, 173-4
Kesey, Ken, 62
Khirbet Qumran, see Qumran
King, Philip, 89
Kingsford, Anna, 167
Koenen, Ludwig, 86
Koldeway, Robert, 107
Kiing, Hans, 122-4
Lagrange, Father Albert, 111-13, 118
Last Supper, timing of, 135-6
Leary, Timothy, 62
Leo XIII, Pope, 110, HI, 112, H8
‘Liar, the’, 149, 146-7, 195-6, 219
Life of Jesus, The (Renan), 107-8, 167
Lippens, Captain Philippe, 16
Loisy, Alfred, 109-10, 112
Lozajose, 119
Lucceius Albinus, 190
Luke’s Gospel, 66,176-7
Mogilany Resolution, 85-6, 90
Moore, George, 168
Moses, 120,145
Muhammad adh-Dhib (Muhammad the
Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome, 1W
Nabokov, Vladimir, xvii, 41
Nag Hammadi Scrolls, 32, 35-6, 37, 86, 129-30
Name of the Rose, The (Eco), xviii, 32
Nazoreans (Nazarenes), 174, 217
Ne’eman,Yuval,73,74-5,76
Neusner, Jacob, 89
New Testament, 43;
on James, 188-V
New York Times: ‘The Vanity of Scholars’, 85
Nietzsche, F., 108
North, Robert, 32, 153
’Notes in the Margin’ (Sturgill), 51
Maccabeans, 201-3
Maccabees, Zadokites, Christians and
Qumran (Eisenman), xvii, 75
Mark’s Gospel, 175
Martyr, Justin, 65-6
Masada, fortress of, xvi, 69, 132,193,199, 208;
mass suicide at, 206, 212-14, 216
Mattathias Maccabaeus, 201, 204
Mayhew, Christopher, 62
Menahem, 205-6, 212
Messiah figure, 133,141-2,147;
Of Aaron and of David, 200, 204, 205
Metternich, Prince, 109
Milik, Father Josef, 29, 32, 34, 35, 38, 48, 49, 58, 85, 88, 91;
and the ‘Copper Scroll’, 53, 54, 55-6;
on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 154-5;
controls and withholds Qumran material, 66, 86-7, 99-100, 116,117
Ministry: A Case for Change
(Schillebeeckx), 122
MMT document, 77, 78, 91
Old Testament, 112,113-14
Origen, 193, 229
Origin of Species, The (Darwin), 108
Orlinsky, Harry, 24
Oversight Committee, 89-90, 91, 92, 93-4, 95, 225, 226
palaeography, dating by, 160-4
Palestine Archaeological Museum, see
Rockefeller Museum Palestine Exploration Fund, 106
Paul, Saint, xiii-xiv, xviii, 134-5, 176, 177,178-87,199, 218-21;
as ‘the Liar’, 195; conversion of, 147-8,179-80;
and James, 182,183,188,189,194,197-8, 217, 218-19;
and Jesus, 212
Paul VI, Pope, 121
Peter, Saint, 133,181,182,185
Philo Judaeus: on the Essenes, 165,168,169,170,171,173
Phineas, Covenant of, 202-3
Pius IX, Pope, 109
PiusX, Pope, 110,120
Pius XII, Pope, 114
Pliny, 19-20, 67,165,168,169,170,173
Pontifical Biblical Commission, 113, 118-19, 120, 121, 124, 126
Pryce-Jones, David, 26, 28
Puech, Father Emile, 33, 65, 66, 100
Pynchon, Thomas, xvii
Qumran: archaeological evidence at, 152-64;
coins found at, 155-9, 210;
destruction of, 153-5;
and the Essenes, 168-74;
and Masada, 216;
ruins of, 4-5;
teachings, and Christianity, 65-6, 67, 130-7
Ratzinger, Joseph, 120, 121-2, 124-5
‘Recognitions of Clement’, 189-90
Reed, William, 20, 21
Renan, Ernest, 107-8, 167
resurrection, Zealot concept of, 214-16
Revue biblique, 27, 100, 112, 113
Revue de Qumran, 84, 100
’Righteous One’, 177-8
Robinson, James, M., 32, 35, 36, 86
Rockefeller Museum (Palestine
Archaeological Museum), 7, 18, 22-3, 25, 28, 31-2, 34, 36, 60, 101, 102;
Scrollery, 22, 30, 32, 45,46, 57, 60, 71
Roth, Cecil, 68-70, 71, 72, 75, 171;
on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 155, 156, 161, 163-4
Saad, Joseph, 18-19
Sacred Mushroom and the Cross (Allegro), 61, 62-3
Sadducees, 193, 203-4 Saint, The (Fogazzaro), 110
sainthood, concept of, 134
Salammbd (Flaubert), 104, 107
Samuel, Athanasius Yeshua (Metropolitan Samuel), 7-8, 9, 11, 12,13, 14, 17, 23, 24
Sanders, James A., 36
Saul of Tarsus, see Paul Schechter, Solomon, 145
Schillebeeckx, Father Edward, 122
Schliemann, Heinrich, 104-6, 107
Schopenhauer, A., 108
Schure, Edouard, 167
Scientific American, 95
Scrolls from the Dead Sea (Wilson), 42
sectarian texts, 40, 82-3
Sermon on the Mount, 65, 133-4, 135
Severus, Julius, 210
Shanks, Hershel, 38, 78, 87
Shapira, Moses William, 229-31
Sharon, Ariel, 24
Sicarii, 167,184,185,199,200,204,208
Simeon bar Kochba, 19, 70, 142, 158,208, 209-10, 217, 234
Simon Maccabaeus, 151
Simon Zealotes (Simon the Zealot), xv, 206
SIR (Subsurface Interface Radar), 228-9, 234
Skehan, Father Patrick, 28, 33, 49, 100, 113-15, 116-17
Smith, Morton, 38, 72-3, 74, 89
Solomon, 200
Spencer, Herbert, 108
‘Star’ pr
ophecy, 141-2, 208-9
Starcky, Father Jean, 28, 30, 33, 34, 49,58, 65, 100, 117
Stephen, Saint, 111, 147,177-9,184,190
Stern Gang (Jewish terrorist organisation), 15
stratigraphy, 106
Strugnell, John, 29, 32, 33-5, 38, 39, 46,47, 48, 49, 52, 58, 72, 116, 145;
Allegro’s letters to, 46, 50-1;
Denies outside access to Qumran material, 77, 78, 79-80, 81-2;
and Judaism, 95-6;
television interview, 88-9
Suez crisis (1956), 22, 35
Sukenik, Eleazar, 11-13, 24, 31, 168
Sussman, Ayala, 89, 90-1, 93-4
Syrian Jacobite Church, 7, 9
Talmon, Shemaryahu, 34, 44, 91, 92-3, 94
’Teacher of Righteousness’, 44, 131,
’Teacher of Righteousness’ (Cont.) 132,133,140-1,145,149,151,178, 197-8;
James as, 191, 192, 195, 196
Teachings ofDonJuan, The (Castaneda), 62
Temple Scroll’, 26, 142-4, 150, 170, 226, 233
Timotheus, Patriarch of Seleucia, 229
To the Finland Station (Wilson), 41
Tov, Emmanuel, 95
Troy, excavation of, 104-5
Ulrich, Eugene, 33,116
underground scroll trade, 232-4
VanderKamm, James, 87
Vaux, Father Roland de, 15-16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 29, 30, 31, 33, 70-1;
and Allegro, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 57, 58, 60;
and the ‘Copper Scroll’, 52, 53, 54, 55;
and the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 152-60, 161;
claims Qumran community are Essenes, 146,168-9; interviewed by Pryce-
Jones, 26, 27-8;
and the Pontifical
Biblical Commission, 119
Vermes, Geza, 63, 64-5, 67, 68, 75, 89, 171
Vesco, Father Jean-Luc, 119, 120,126 Vespasian, 192-3
Wall Street Journal: scrolls advertised in, 1, 2, 23-4
‘War Scroll’, 28-9,134, 141-2, 150, 217
‘Wicked Priest’, 149-50, 151, 157, 1%
Wilson, Sir Charles, 106
Wilson, Edmund, 7-8, 41-4, 48-9, 51, 56, 63-4, 67,101
Wolfe, Tom, 62 Wright-Baker, H., 52
Yadin, Yigael, 12, 23-4, 25, 26, 31, 64-5,142, 233
Zealots, xv, xvi, 167,194,199, 200, 204-7, 208, 211-17, 219-20;
and the Qumran community, 69, 70, 171
Praise for THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS DECEPTION
“An engrossing read…. A racy tale of archaeological sins, religious bigotry, academic megalomania, misconduct and possible criminality, along with bizarre political intrigue.”
—Antiquity (U.K.)
“Crystalline, well-documented… Baigent and Leigh advance startling theories that should change the way we view ancient Judaism and nascent Christianity…”
—Publishers Weekly
“A wonder of savage detail…The reading of the archaeological, historical and analytic-textual evidence is always ingenious.”