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72. Ibid.
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82. Pat Sharkey and Rob Sampson’s work on ethnicity, violence, neighborhoods, and verbal ability has been confined to African-Americans and Hispanics because exposure to homicide was rare among Caucasians in their sample. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that the same negative effects on cognitive ability—and, by proxy, brain functioning—could equally apply to Caucasians.
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140. Norris, Serial Killers.
141. Ibid.
142. Lucas was released after serving only ten years of his twenty-year sentence, apparently due to prison overcrowding.
143. Norris, Serial Killers.
144. Hare, R. D. (1999). Without Conscience. New York: Guilford Press.
145. Norris, Serial Killers, p. 109.
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9. CURING CRIME
1. Moir, A. (1996). A Mind to Crime: The Dangerous Few. TV documentary.
2. Ibid.
3. Raine, A., Venables, P. H. & Williams, M. (1990). Relationships between central and autonomic measures of arousal at age 15 years and criminality at age 24 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 1003–7.
4. Bouchard, T. J. (2004). Genetic influence on human psychological traits: A survey. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13, 148–51.
5. Räsänen, P., Hakko, H., Isohanni, M., Hodgins, S., Järvelin, M. R., et al. (1999). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of criminal behavior among adult male offspring in the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 857–62.
6. Liu, J., Raine, A., Wuerker, A., Venables, P. H. & Mednick, S. (2009). The association of birth complications and externalizing behavior in early adolescents: Direct and mediating effects. Journal of Research on Adolescence 19, 93–111.