The Anatomy of Violence

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The Anatomy of Violence Page 62

by Adrian Raine


  ventral prefrontal cortex, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1

  ventricles, 5.1, 7.1

  verbal aggression

  verbal skills, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1, 9.1

  Vietnam War, 7.1, 7.2

  Villella, Giuseppe, autopsy on skull of, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1

  violence

  attraction to

  author’s personal experience with

  biological interventions in

  birth complications as precursors of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2

  and brain, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1

  brain damage and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  brain malfunction in, 3.1, 5.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 11.1

  cancer compared to, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5

  and control, 1.1, 4.1

  death rates from

  decline of, 7.1, 11.1

  as destiny

  difference in worldwide rates of

  early life experiences as predictors of, itr.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1

  evil and, 11.1, 11.2

  evolutionary theory of

  evolving perspective on, prf.1, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 11.1

  exponential increase in

  family environment and

  genes, brain and, 8.1, 8.2

  genetics and social interaction in, 2.1, 8.1

  genetic survival and

  heavy metal exposure and

  heritability of, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 10.1, 11.1

  hypothetical future scenarios for

  ideological basis of, 4.1, 7.1

  interaction of social and biological factors in, see biosocial model

  malnutrition and

  mental illness and

  moderation in

  monetary cost of, 6.1, 9.1

  and neuroanatomy, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1

  neurotransmitter levels and

  omega-3 and

  peak age for, 1.1, 4.1, 7.1

  physical anomalies in

  as predominant in men, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2

  and proactive aggression

  as public-health problem, 6.1, 9.1, 11.1

  recipe for

  schizophrenia and, 7.1, 9.1

  treatment for, itr.1, 11.1

  XYY chromosomes and

  see also crime

  violence prevention, biological interventions in, 8.1, 9.1

  Virginia Tech massacre

  Virkkunen, Matti

  visual cortex, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2

  voices, hearing of, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1

  “voluptuous delight” 3.1, 3.2

  waist-to-hip ratio

  waiteri (fierce)

  war

  killing in

  men as predominant in

  political aggression and

  Warhol, Andy

  warrior gene, MAOA as

  Washington Post

  Weinberger, Linda

  Weinstein, Barbara

  Weinstein, Herbert, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  welders, heavy metal exposure in, 7.1, 7.2

  “What is it?” response

  White, Dan

  white-collar crimes, 4.1, 5.1, 10.1

  white matter, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1

  in lying, 5.1, 5.2

  Whiting, Roy

  Widom, Cathy

  Wille, Reinhard

  Wilson, Margo

  Wisconsin card-sorting task, 5.1, 10.1

  witchcraft

  Without Conscience (Hare)

  Wolfgang, Marvin

  women

  attractiveness of, 1.1, 1.2

  evolutionary survival role for, 1.1, 1.2

  fearfulness in

  fertility and rape of

  heart rate in

  mental illness in, 7.1, 7.2

  mindfulness training in

  parental investment of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1

  physical abuse of

  prefrontal cortex in

  prenatal education for

  as serial killers

  as sex slaves

  “soft” aggression in

  as victims of serial killers, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

  viewed as dangerous

  World Health Organization (WHO), 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 11.1

  World Trade Center, September 11, 2001, attack on, 8.1

  World War II, 6.1, 7.1

  X chromosome

  XYY chromosomes, 2.1, 8.1

  Yang, Yaling, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

  Yanomamo Indians

  York University, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1

  Young, Roland

  zinc deficiency, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1

  zygote

  Illustrations

  FIGURE 3.1: Positron-emission tomography (PET) scans showing a bird’s-eye view of reduced prefrontal functioning in murderers (top of scan) compared with controls. Red and yellow indicate higher brain functioning.

  FIGURE 3.2: Bird’s-eye view of PET scans showing reduced orbitofrontal activation (very top of scan) in the impulsive murderer Antonio Bustamante compared with a normal control

  FIGURE 3.3: Bird’s-eye view of functional brain scans (PET scans) of a normal control (bottom left), serial killer Randy Kraft (middle), a onetime impulsive murderer (right), and the author (top)

  FIGURE 3.4: Bird’s-eye view showing reduced prefrontal functioning (top of PET scan), specifically in a reactive murderer compared with a proactive murderer and a normal control. Red and yellow indicate higher brain functioning.

  FIGURE 3.5: Side view (top), head-on view (middle), and bird’s-eye view (bottom) of MRI slices showing brain regions associated only with moral decision-making (green), only with violence (red), and areas associated with both violence and moral decision-making (yellow)

  FIGURE 5.1: Structural MRI scan exposing the prefrontal cortex (right), and on the left a prefrontal head-on slice showing separation of neuronal matter (green) from axonal white matter

  FIGURE 5.4: Head-on view of the brain showing segmentation of the prefrontal cortex into gyral sectors to calculate brain volumes in those with antisocial personality disorder

  FIGURE 8.4: Bird’s-eye view of PET scans showing reduced prefrontal functioning (top of scan) in murderers from good homes. Red and yellow indicate higher brain functioning.

  FIGURE 10.1: PET scans showing reduced ventral prefrontal functioning in the murderer Donta Page compared with normal controls. The right column shows a bird’s-eye view. In the left column, you are looking head-on and slightly up at the brain.

  ALSO BY ADRIAN RAINE

  The Psychopathology of Crime

  Violence and Psychopathy

  Crime and Schizophrenia

 

 

 


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