79. Vaillant GE: Addictions over the life course. In Psychotherapy, Psychological Treatments and the Addictions. Edited by Edwards G, Dare C. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
80. Vaillant GE: A long-term follow-up of male alcohol abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1996; 53:243–249.
81. Vaillant GE, Orav J, Meyer SE, McCullough-Vaillant L, Roston D: Late life consequences of affective spectrum disorder. International Psychogeriatrics, 1996; 8:1–20.
82. Cui X, Vaillant GE: The antecedents and consequences of negative life events in adulthood: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1996; 152:21–26.
83. Vaillant GE, Gerber PD: Natural history of male psychological health: XIII. Who develops high blood pressure and who responds to treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1996; 153:24–29.
84. Cui X, Vaillant GE: Does depression generate negative life events? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1997; 185:145–150.
85. Vaillant GE: The natural history of alcoholism and its relationship to liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation and Surgery, 1997; 3:304–310.
86. Vaillant GE: Poverty and paternalism: A psychiatric viewpoint. In The New Paternalism: Supervisory Approaches to Poverty, 279–304. Edited by L. Meade. Washington, D.C., Brookings, 1998.
87. Vaillant GE: Natural history of male psychological health: XIV. Relationship of mood disorder vulnerability to physical health. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1998; 155:184–191.
88. Soldz S, Vaillant GE: A 50-year longitudinal study of defense use among inner city men: A validation of the DSM-IV defense axis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1998; 186:104–111.
89. Vaillant GE, Meyer SE, Mukamal K, Soldz S: Are social supports in late midlife a cause or a result of successful physical aging? Psychological Medicine, 1998; 28:1159–1168.
90. Wulsin LR, Vaillant GE, Wells VE: A systematic review of the mortality of depression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1999; 61:6–17.
91. Vaillant GE: Lessons learned from living. Scientific American Presents, 1999; 10:32–37.
92. Soldz S, Vaillant GE: The big five personality traits and the life course: A 45-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 1999; 33:208–232 [1999 Best Article].
93. Laub JH, Vaillant GE: Delinquency and mortality: A 50-year follow-up study of 1000 delinquent and nondelinquent boys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2000; 157:96–102.
94. Vaillant GE: Adaptive mental mechanisms: Their role in a positive psychology. American Psychologist, 2000; 55:89–98.
95. Vaillant GE: Prevention of alcoholism: Reflections of a naturalist. In Childhood Onset of Adult Psychopathology. Ed. by JL Rapoport. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 2000.
96. Vaillant GE, Davis JT: Social/emotional intelligence and midlife resilience in schoolboys with low tested intelligence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2000; 70:215–222.
97. Vaillant GE: If addiction is involuntary, how can punishment help? In Drug Addiction and Drug Policy. Edited by PB Heymann and WN Brownsberger. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2001, pp. 144–167.
98. Cui X and Vaillant GE: Stressful life events and late adulthood adaptation. In Aging in Good Health. Edited by SE Levkoff, YK Cheej, and S Noguchi. New York, Springer, 2001.
99. Vaillant GE and K Mukamal: Successful aging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2001; 158:839–847.
100. Vaillant GE: The value of a hierarchy of defenses. In Entwick-lung und Risiko. Edited by G. Roper, G. Noam, and C. von Hagen. Berlin, Kohlhammer, 2001.
101. Vaillant GE, Vaillant CO: The Study of Adult Development. In Landmark Studies in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Anne Colby and Erin Phelps. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 2002.
102. Vaillant GE: Healthy aging among inner-city men. International Psychogeriatrics, 2002; 13:425–437.
103. Vaillant GE: Natural history of addiction and pathways to recovery. In Principles of Addiction Medicine, 3rd edition. Edited by AW Graham et al., Chevy Chase, MD, American Society of Addiction Medicine, 2003.
104. Vaillant GE: Mental health. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003; 160:1373–1384.
105. Vaillant GE: A 60-year follow-up of male alcoholism. Addiction, 2003; 98:1043–1051.
106. Isaacowitz DM, Vaillant GE, Seligman MEP: Strength and satisfaction across the adult lifespan. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 2003; 27:181–201.
107. Vaillant GE: Mental health. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 8th edition. Edited by BJ Sadock and VA Sadock. Philadelphia, Williams and Wilkins, 2004.
108. Vaillant GE: Positive aging. In Positive Psychology in Practice. Edited by Linley PA and Joseph S. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
Robert Waldinger, Director
1. Vaillant GE, Batalden MB, Orav J, Roston D, Barrett JE: Evidence for an X-linked personality trait related to affective illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2005; 39:730–735.
2. Vaillant GE: Alcoholics Anonymous: Cult or cure. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2005; 39: 431–436.
3. Vaillant GE, DiRago AC, Mukamal K: Natural history of male psychological health XV: Retirement satisfaction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2006; 163:682–688.
4. Vaillant GE, DiRago AC: Satisfaction with retirement in men’s lives. In Charting a New Life: The Crown of Life Dynamics of the Early Retirement Period. Edited by J James and P Wink. New York: Springer, 2006.
5. Waldinger RJ, Vaillant GE, Orav EJ: Childhood sibling relationships as predictors of major depression in adulthood: A thirty-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2006; 164:949–954.
6. Vaillant GE: Generativity—A form of unconditional love. In Altruism and Health. Edited by S. Post. New York, Oxford University Press, 2007.
7. DiRago AC, Vaillant GE (2007). Resilience in Inner City youth: Childhood predictors of occupational status across the lifespan. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36:61–70.
8. Vaillant GE, Templeton J, Ardelt M, Meyer S: Natural history of male mental health: Health and religious involvement. Social Science and Medicine, 2008, 66:221–231.
9. Koenig L and Vaillant GE: A prospective study of church attendance and health over the lifespan. Health Psychology, 28, 2009:117–124.
10. Frosch ZA, Dierker LC, Rose JS, and Waldinger RJ: Smoking trajectories, health, and mortality across the adult lifespan. Addictive Behaviors, 2009, 34:701–704.
11. Beardslee WR, Vaillant GE: Adult development. In Psychiatry, 2nd ed. Edited by Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman J. New York, Saunders, 2008.
12. DiRago A, Vaillant GE: Mature defense mechanisms. In The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology. Edited by SJ Lopez. 2:600–605. Malden, MA, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
13. Grenfield EA, Vaillant GE, Marks NF: Do formal religious participation and spiritual perceptions have independent linkages with diverse dimensions of psychological well-being? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2009; 50:196–212.
14. Vaillant GE, Vaillant CO: Normality and mental health. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th edition. Edited by BJ Sadock, VA Sadock, and P. Ruiz. Philadelphia, Williams and Wilkins, 2009.
15. Martin-Joy J and George E. Vaillant: Recognizing and promoting resilience. In Successful Cognitive and Emotional Aging. Edited by C Depp and DV Jeste. Arlington VA: American Psychiatric Press, 2010.
16. Katie A McLaughlin, Laura D Kubzansky, Erin C Dunn, Robert Waldinger, George Vaillant, and Karestan C Koenen: Childhood social environment, emotional reactivity to stress, and mood and anxiety disorders across the life course. Depression and Anxiety, 2010; 27: 1087–1094 (2010).
17. Waldinger RA and MS Schulz: Facing the music or burying our heads in the sand? Adaptive emotion regulation in midlife and late life. Research in Human Development, 2010; 7:292–306.
18. Waldinger RJ, Schulz MS: What’s love got to do with it? Social connections, perceived health stressors, and daily mood in married octogenarians. P
sychology and Aging, 2010, 25: 422–431.
19. Pergakis MB, Hasan NS, Heller NR, Waldinger RJ: Octogenarian reports of lifetime spiritual experiences: Types of experience and early life predictors. Journal of Religion, Spirituality, and Aging, 2010; 22: 220–238.
20. Waldinger RJ, Schulz MS: Linking hearts and minds in couple interactions: Intentions, attributions and overriding sentiments. Journal of Family Psychology, 2006, 20:494–504.
21. Waldinger RJ, Kensinger EA, Schulz MS: Neural activity, neural connectivity, and the processing of emotionally-valenced information in older adults: Links with life satisfaction. Cognitive, Affective & Behaviorial Neuroscience, 2011, 11:426–436.
22. Liu L, Cohen S, Schulz MS, Waldinger RJ: Sources of somatization: Exploring the roles of insecurity in relationships and styles of anger experience and expression. Social Science & Medicine, 2011, 73:1436–1443.
23. Cohen S, Schulz MS, Weiss E, Waldinger RJ: “A” for effort: The individual and dyadic contributions of empathic accuracy and empathic effort to relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 2012, 26:236–245.
NOTES
1. MATURATION MAKES LIARS OF US ALL
(Epigraph) Popular adage attributed to Heraclitus.
1. Gail Sheehy, Passages (New York: Dutton, 1976); Daniel J. Levinson, Seasons of a Man’s Life (New York: Knopf, 1978).
2. Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck, Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency (New York: Commonwealth Fund, 1950).
3. Lewis M. Terman and Melita H. Oden, The Gifted Child Grows Up: Genetic Studies of Genius, vol. 4 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1947); Melita H. Oden, “The Fulfillment of Promise: Forty-Year Follow-up of the Terman Gifted Group,” Genetic Psychology Monographs 77 (1968): 3–93; Carole K. Holahan and Robert R. Sears, The Gifted Group in Maturity (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Howard S. Friedman and Leslie R. Martin, The Longevity Project (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2011).
4. George E. Vaillant, The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); George E. Vaillant, Aging Well (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2002).
5. Jack Block, Lives through Time (Berkeley: Bancroft Books, 1971); Dorothy H. Eichorn, John A. Clausen, Norma Haan, et al., Present and Past in Middle Life (New York: Academic Press, 1981); Glen H. Elder, Jr., Children of the Great Depression (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984); Erik H. Erikson, Joan M. Erikson, and Helen Q. Kivnick, Vital Involvement in Old Age (New York: W. W. Norton, 1986); John A. Clausen, American Lives (New York: Free Press, 1993).
6. Thomas R. Dawber, The Framingham Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); Susan E. Hankinson, Graham A. Colditz, JoAnn E. Manson, et al., Healthy Women Healthy Lives: A Guide to Preventing Disease from the Landmark Nurses’ Health Study (New York: Free Press, 2002); Edward Giovanucci, Mier J. Stampfer, Graham A. Colditz, et al., “Multivitamin Use, Folate, and Colon Cancer in Women in the Nurses’ Health Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 129 (1998): 517–524; Michel Lucas, Fariba Mirzaei, An Pan, et al., “Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Depression among Women,” Archives of Internal Medicine (2011), 171(17): 1571–1578.
7. George E. Vaillant, Adaptation to Life (Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1977).
8. Robert M. Hauser, William H. Sewell, John A. Logan, et al., 1992. “The Wisconsin Longitudinal Study: Adults as Parents and Children at Age 50,” IASSIST Quarterly 16:23–38; William H. Sewell, Robert M. Hauser, Kristen W. Springer, et al. “As We Age: A Review of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 1957–2001,” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 20 (2004): 3–111, ed. Kevin T. Leicht; Wisconsin Longitudinal Study: “The Class of 1957 at Age 65; A First Look: A Letter to Wisconsin’s High School Cass of 1957 and Their Families” (Madison, Wisconsin: privately printed by the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study 2006).
9. Vaillant, Adaptation to Life.
10. Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: Norton, 1951).
11. Jane Loevinger, Ego Development (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976).
2. THE PROOF OF THE PUDDING
(Epigraph) P. D. Scott, review of Lee N. Robins, “Deviant Children Grown-Up,” British Journal of Psychiatry 113 (1967): 929–930.
1. Joshua W. Shenk, “What Makes Us Happy,” The Atlantic, June 2009, 36–53.
2. George E. Vaillant, “A Rewarding Life,” The Australian Financial Review, Aug. 21, 2009, 1–2.
3. Earnest Hooton, Young Man, You Are Normal (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1945),103.
4. Hooton, Young Man, You Are Normal.
5. Virgil, Eclogues, 10:69, 37 b.c.
3. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE GRANT STUDY
(Epigraph) Benjamin C. Bradlee, A Good Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 15–16.
1. Official Register of Harvard University, vol. 35, 404–405.
2. Ibid.
3. Dan H. Fann, “Grant Study Analyzes ‘Normal’ Individuals,” Harvard Crimson, May 13, 1942.
4. Adolf Meyer, “The Life Chart,” in Contributions to Medical and Biological Research (New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1919), 102.
5. Walter B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: Norton, 1932).
6. George E. Vaillant, The Wisdom of the Ego (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
7. Harvard University Gazette, November 19, 1998.
8. Clark W. Heath, What People Are (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945).
9. Ibid.
10. Frederic L. Wells and William L. Woods, “Outstanding Traits,” Genetic Psychological Monographs 33 (1946): 127–249.
11. Harry F. Harlow, “The Nature of Love,” American Psychologist 13 (1958): 678.
12. Ernst Kretschmer, Physique and Character (Abington, England: Routledge, 1931).
13. Carl C. Seltzer, Frederic L. Wells, and E. B. McTernan, “A Relationship between Sheldonian Somatotype and Psychotype,” Journal of Personality 16 (1948): 431–436.
14. William H. Sheldon, Atlas of Men: A Guide for Somatotyping the Adult Male at All Ages (New York: Gramercy Publishing Company, 1954).
15. Heath, What People Are.
16. Earnest Hooton, Young Man, You Are Normal (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1945), 102, 207.
17. Ibid., 86.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 103.
20. Ibid., 82.
21. Heath, What People Are; Wells and Woods, “Outstanding Traits.”
22. John P. Monks, College Men at War (Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1957).
23. Wells and Woods, “Outstanding Traits.”
24. William Grant to Arlie Bock, August 7, 1944, in folder “Correspondence,” Grant Study Archives.
25. Donald W. Hastings, “Follow-Up Results In Psychiatric Illness,” American Journal of Psychiatry 114 (1958): 1057–1066.
26. Kimberly A. Lee, George E. Vaillant, William C. Torrey, et al., “A 50-year Prospective Study of the Psychological Sequelae of World War II Combat,” American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995): 516–522.
27. Caroline O. Vaillant and George E. Vaillant, “Is the U-curve of Marital Satisfaction an Illusion? A 40-year Study of Marriage,” Journal of Marriage and the Family 55 (1993): 230–239.
28. Dan P. McAdams and George E. Vaillant, “Intimacy, Motivation and Psychosocial Adjustment,” Journal of Personality Assessment 46 (1982): 586–593.
29. Grant Study Archives.
30. Charles McArthur, “Long-Term Validity of the Strong Interest Test in Two Subcultures,” Journal of Applied Psychology 38 (1954): 346–353.
31. George E. Vaillant, Jane R. Brighton, and Charles McArthur, “Physicians’ Use of Mood-Altering Drugs: A 20-Year Follow-up Report,” New England Journal of Medicine 282 (1970): 365–370.
32. George E. Vaillant, Natural History of Alcoholism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983).
33. Robert W. White, Lives in Progress (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972).
4. HOW CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE AFFECT OLD AGE
(Epigraph) William Wordsworth, “Ode: Intimations of Immortality.”
1. Joseph Conrad, Victory (New York: Doubleday, 1915), 383.
2. Michael G. Marmot, G. Davey Smith, Stephen Stansfield, et al., “Health Inequalities among British Civil Servants: The Whitehall II Study,” Lancet 337 (1991): 1387–1393.
3. George E. Vaillant, Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995); George E. Vaillant, Aging Well (New York: Little, Brown, 2002).
4. Vaillant, Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited.
5. Ibid.
6. Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1963); George E. Vaillant and Eva Milofsky, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health, IX: Empirical Evidence for Erikson’s Model of the Life-cycle,” American Journal of Psychiatry 137 (1980): 1348–1359.
7. George E. Vaillant, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health II: Some Antecedents of Healthy Adult Adjustment,” Archives of General Psychiatry 31 (1974): 15–22.
8. Vaillant, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health II.”
9. George E. Vaillant, “Why Men Seek Psychotherapy: I. Results of a Survey of College Graduates,” American Journal of Psychiatry 129 (1972): 645–651.
10. Erikson, Childhood and Society.
11. Aaron Lazare, Gerald L. Klerman, and David J. Armor, “Oral, Obsessive, and Hysterical Personality Patterns: An Investigation of Psychoanalytic Concepts by Means of Factor Analysis,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 14(6) (1966): 624–630.
12. George E. Vaillant and Caroline O. Vaillant, “Natural History of Male Psychological Health, X: Work as a Positive Predictor of Mental Health,” American Journal of Psychiatry 138 (1981): 1433–1440.
13. George E. Vaillant, Spiritual Evolution: A Scientific Defense of Faith (New York: Doubleday Broadway, 2008).
14. George E. Vaillant, Adaptation to Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 297.
15. Paul T. Costa, Jr., and Robert R. McCrae, The NEO Personality Inventory Manual (Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1985).
16. Robert R. McCrae and Paul T. Costa, Jr., Emerging Lives, Enduring Dispositions: Personality in Adulthood (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984).
Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study Page 39