The Last Volcano

by John Dvorak

Anonymous. “Invention of ‘Duck’ wins prize for Dr. Jaggar,” Science News-Letter. vol. 47, no. 9, p. 134. March 3, 1945.

  Gerlach, Terry. “Volcanic versus anthropogenic carbon dioxide,” EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union. vol. 92, no. 24, pp. 201-208. June 14, 2011.

  Jaggar, Thomas A. Volcanoes Declare War: Logistics and Strategy of Pacific Volcano Science. Honolulu: Paradise of the Pacific. 166 pp. 1945.

  Kashima, Tetsuden. Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 493 pp. 1997.

  Ogawa, Dennis and Evarts Fox. “Japanese interment and relocation: The Hawaii experience,” in Daniels, Roger, Sandra Taylor and Harry Kitano, eds. Japanese Americans: From Relocation to Redress. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 135-138. 1986.

  ILLUSTRATIONS

  Bishop Thomas Jaggar

  Anna Lawrence Jaggar

  May, Anna Louise and Thomas Jr. Jaggar

  Helen Kline Jaggar and three-month-old Eliza, February 1912

  Thomas Augustus Jaggar, Jr., 1916

  Isabel Peyran Maydwell Jaggar, undated photograph

  Frank Alvord Perret, 1909

  Perret using headphones attached to a megaphone to listen to steam emission near Naples, Italy. Courtesy Library of Congress

  Perched lava lake within Halemau´ma´u, March 1894. Courtesy Bishop Museum

  Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 1913. Courtesy Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

  Thomas Jaggar, Jr., in the Whitney Vault, located beneath the observatory building, October 31, 1916. The two upright metal poles on the left side of the photograph are the Bosch-Omori seismograph. Courtesy Bishop Museum

  Volcano visitors descending into Halema´uma´u, Saturday, January 7, 1917. Isabel Jaggar is standing on the crater rim, second from left, wearing a white blouse. Lorrin Thurston is also standing on the crater rim, hands in his pockets. Alexander Lancaster is at lower right. Courtesy University of Hawaii, archives; Photo by T.A. Jaggar

  Sounding the depth of the lava lake, January 23, 1917. Four men can be seen: one dark figure in the center of the photograph standing on a promontory and three figures, to the right, wearing white shirts. Courtesy Hawaiian Volcano Observatory; Photo by J.J. Williams

  Two eruption columns rising to form a single large column over Mauna Loa, 8:30 A.M., May 19, 1916. Taken from the porch of the observatory. Courtesy Hawaiian Volcano Observatory; Photo by H.O. Wood

  Aerial photograph of a lava flow of Mauna Loa headed for the fishing village of Ho´opuloa, south Kona, April 11, 1926. Courtesy Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

  Lava entering the sea at Ho´opuloa, south Kona, at 6:21 A.M., April 18, 1926. Courtesy Hawaiian Historical Society; Photo by Tai Sing Loo

  Ohiki, Jaggar’s first amphibious vehicle, landing at a sandy beach in Kona, February 1928. Courtesy Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

  Honukai, the second amphibious vehicle, on Alaska beach, summer 1928. Jaggar is at right. Courtesy University of Hawaii; Photo by R.H. Stewart

  Thomas Jaggar driving Honukai in Hilo, October 18, 1940. Isabel Jaggar is seated in back, wearing a wide-brim hat. Photo by J. Snedeker

  Thomas and Isabel Jaggar at the source of the 1919 eruption of Mauna Loa, October 1919. Courtesy University of Hawaii, archives

  Ruy Finch, Isabel Jaggar and Thomas Jaggar sitting in front of the Volcano House, January 12, 1920. Courtesy University of Hawaii, archives; Photo by L.H. Dangerfield

  Isabel and Thomas Jaggar, 1920.

  INDEX

  Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

  A

  Absaroka Mountain Range, 21–22, 25

  Adams, Dr., 192

  Agassiz, Alexander, 85–88

  Agassiz, Louis, 86

  Alaska, 31–32, 89–105, 253–255, 257–262

  Aleutian Islands, 89–103, 253–255

  American Geologist, 19

  amphibious vehicles, 255–258, 266, 269, 276–277

  Anderson, John, 20, 23

  Anderson, Tempest, 60–62

  Asama volcano, 119

  Audubon, John James, 8–9

  B

  Ballous, Sidney, 117

  Barrett, John, 77

  Beecher, Henry Ward, 3

  Bell, Joseph, 124

  Berner, William, 5

  Bernhardt, Sarah, 16

  Berry, Robert, 41, 44–46

  Birds of America, The, 8

  Birdseye, Clarence, 149

  Birdseye, Claude, 149

  Bishop, Artemus, 208

  Boles, Thomas, 214–215, 218

  bombing experiment, 245–247

  Bonney, Thomas, 134

  Borchgrevink, Carsten, 43–44

  Bosch-Omori seismograph, 120–121, 132, 162, 174–175, 202–203, 209–210, 265–268, 278, 285

  Boston Globe, The, 39, 58

  Bowen, Norman, 146

  Bradshaw Mountains, 30

  Brigham, William, 122

  Brown, Ernest, 207

  Brun, Albert, 155–156

  C

  Caesar, Julius, 1

  caldera rim, 112–113, 127, 150, 179, 201, 208, 243, 285–287

  Capp, William, 248

  Carlsmith, Hope, 232–233

  Carlsmith, Leonard, 232–233

  Cincinnati Riots, 5–6

  Cleveland, Grover, 129

  Coan, Titus, 208–209

  cones, lava, 60, 160, 199, 254, 259, 261

  cones, Seger, 191–197

  Cook, James, 98, 223

  Cooke, Mrs. Montague, 224–225

  Coolidge, Calvin, 252

  Cosmos, 24

  Crater Lake, 253

  Curtis, George, 42, 53, 171

  Custer, George Armstrong, 20

  D

  Daly, Reginald, 146

  Damien, Father, 250

  Dana, James Dwight, 135, 142, 195, 259

  Darwin, Charles, 24

  Day, Arthur, 135–136, 153, 156–159, 183, 231, 278

  Dennehy, Charles, xv–xvi, xx

  Dewey, George, 186

  Dillingham, Walter, 192

  Dodge, Francis, 152–153, 156–158, 163, 278

  dome volcanoes, 113

  Dutton, Clarence, 112, 259

  E

  Eagan, Charles, 185–188

  Eakle, Arthur, 91, 97

  earthquakes

  counting, 31–32

  in Japan, 212–213

  measuring, 120–121, 132, 162, 174–175, 202–203, 209–210, 265–268, 278, 285

  San Francisco earthquake, 85, 132, 162, 203

  seismic waves, 203, 265, 268

  theories about, 117–118

  Edison, Thomas, 77

  Einstein, Albert, 245

  electro-element device, 137–140

  Eliot, Charles William, 15–16, 40, 88

  Ellis, William, 207–208

  Emerson, Nathaniel, 242

  Emerson, Oliver, 213–218

  Emmons, Delos, 246–249, 273–275

  Etna volcano, 60, 145, 154–155

  explosives experiment, 245–247

  F

  Farley, Emily, 164, 167, 169

  Ferdinand II, King, 57

  Ferguson, Henry, 145–146

  Ferris, Scott, 180–181

  Fewkes, Jess Walter, 86–87

  Finch, Ruy Herbert, 204–206, 210, 214–218, 225–226, 252–253, 265, 269, 279–280

  Fiorelli, Giuseppe, 10

  Fisher, Charles, 249

  Flett, John, 60–62

  Fornander, Abraham, 242

  Fouqué, Ferdinand André, 63, 154

  Franklin, Benjamin, 68

  Frear, Walter, 117, 122, 148

  Freeman, Edward, xvi–xx, xxii, 38–39, 55

  G

  Gage, Charlotte, 31

  Galunggung volcano, 61–62

  Gardiner, John, 254

&n
bsp; Geikie, Archibald, 134

  Geological Survey, 32, 42, 104, 252–253, 279–280, 285

  geology expedition, 19–25, 28–30

  geonomical observatories, 100–101, 118

  geyser demonstration, 27–28

  geysers, 23, 27–28, 116

  Giacometti, Guido, 245

  Gibbon, Edward, 15

  Gilmore, John, 122

  Global Positioning System, 278–279

  Goddess Pele, 112, 160, 232, 235, 239–250

  Gouvea, John, 176–178

  Great Depression, 269–270

  Gregory, Herbert, 183–184, 197–198

  Grosvenor, Gilbert, 85, 257

  Gummeré, Henry, 91

  Guntert, Carl, 91

  H

  Haggard, Rider, 26

  Hague, Arnold, 19–20, 22–24, 28–29, 32, 259–260

  Halema’uma’u crater, 112–117, 128–129, 137–139, 149–158, 168–175, 180–184, 189–197, 210–221, 225–232, 242–243, 283–287

  Hall, James, 135

  Harding, Warren G., 252

  Hart, Francis, 133

  Hartman, John, 249

  Harwell, Alfred, 117

  Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 181–182, 214–215

  Hawaiian Spectator, The, 112

  Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 161, 163, 182–183, 197–199, 204, 252–253, 262, 267–270, 275–276, 279–280, 285–286

  Haworth, Jehu Frederick, 170–171, 174

  Hill, James J., 19

  Hill, Robert, 42

  History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 15

  Honoli’i, John, 208

  Hosmer, George, 146

  “hot postcard cracks,” 114–117

  Houdini, Harry, 16

  Hovey, Edmund, 42, 51, 53

  Humboldt, Alexander von, 24

  I

  Ickes, Harold, 269

  Imamura, Akitsune, 263–264

  Indonesia, xxi, 61, 154–155

  internment camps, 275–276

  J

  Jaggar, Anna Lawrence, 3, 6–7, 11–13, 104

  Jaggar, Anna Louise, 3, 7, 280

  Jaggar, Bishop Thomas, 2–7, 11–14, 73, 104, 167

  Jaggar, Eliza Bowne “Sallie,” 147, 289–290, 293–294

  Jaggar, Harris King, 3

  Jaggar, Helen Kline, 70–73, 105–117, 122–125, 164–166, 169

  Jaggar, Henry Anthony, 3

  Jaggar, Isabel, 199–201, 206, 210–212, 219–231, 234–236, 246, 253–258, 275–277, 281–283

  Jaggar, Jeremiah, 3

  Jaggar, May, 3, 6

  Jaggar, Russell Kline, 74

  Jaggar, Thomas

  in Caribbean, 48–55, 58–60, 66–69

  children of, 74, 147, 153, 165, 170, 281

  death of, 282–283

  diary of, 7, 9–14

  divorce of, 170

  early career of, 16–17, 27–33, 39, 73–74

  early years of, 1–14

  education of, 15–19, 25–28

  essays by, 278

  expeditions in Alaska, 89–103, 253–255, 257–262

  expeditions in Hawaii, 148–164, 168–175, 180–184, 189–199, 202–270

  expeditions in Yellowstone, 19–25, 28–30

  exploring Aleutian Islands, 89–103, 253–255

  as field assistant, 20–25, 28–30

  fulfilling dreams, 148–164

  in Hawaii, 106–119, 121–123

  in Honolulu, 271–272

  in Japan, 119–122, 172–173, 212–213

  legacy of, 271–283, 285–287

  marriage of, 73, 199–201

  museum dedicated to, 286

  retirement of, 270

  in St. Pierre, 48–55, 58–60, 66–67

  studying Halema’uma’u crater, 112–117, 128–129, 137–139, 149–158, 168–175, 180–184, 189–197, 210–221, 242–243

  studying Kilauea volcano, 110–117, 161–192, 241–244, 278

  studying lava lake, 190–193, 202–220

  studying Mauna Loa, 221–238, 244–248, 262–269, 278

  studying Mount Pelée, 41–43, 66

  studying tsunamis, 265–268

  studying Vesuvius, 82–87

  teaching career of, 27–33, 39

  “Jaggar Peak,” 25

  Japan visit, 119–122, 172–173, 212–213

  Japanese internment camps, 275–276

  John the Theologian eruption, 98–99

  Johnson, Lucy, 124

  Judd, James, 189, 226, 228–229

  Judd, John Wesley, 134

  Judd, Louise, 228–229

  K

  Kaa, Charlie, 176–178

  Ka’ana’ana, George, 235

  Kalakaua, King David, 126, 128, 240

  Ke’elikolani, Ruth, 240–241, 247

  Keenan, George, 44

  Kellar, Harry, 16

  Kilauea volcano, xxii, 24–25, 110–117, 161–192, 200–201, 241–244, 278, 285–287

  King, Clara, 53–55

  King, Clarence, 24

  kite device, 136, 170–171, 174

  Kline, Ella, 146–147, 170

  Kline, George Washington, 70, 147, 169

  Kline, Helen, 70–73. See also Jaggar, Helen Kline

  Koko Crater, 241

  Krakatoa, xxi, 12, 76, 263

  Krenitzin, Peter, 98

  L

  Lacroix, Alfred, 63–68

  Lancaster, Alexander Peter, 157–159, 164, 176–178, 183, 192, 225–226, 278

  Lanigan, Thomas, 249

  Lassen Peak, 253, 269, 279

  lava cones, 60, 160, 199, 254, 259, 261

  lava flow, 74–75, 112–113, 135, 153, 173, 223–230, 233–247

  lava lake, xxii–xxiii, 112, 184, 190–193, 202–220, 285–287

  lava movement, 13, 209–210, 226, 244–245, 278–279

  lava temperature, 134–143, 152, 173, 191–197

  lava tides, 205–207

  Lawrence, Anna Louisa, 3. See also Jaggar, Anna Lawrence

  Lawrence, James, 264

  Ledyard, John, 223

  legacy, remembering, 271–283, 285–287

  Leonard, Nellie, 124

  Lesser Antilles, 34, 42

  Levashev, Mikhail, 98

  Lili’uokalani, Queen, 106, 128–129

  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 190

  Low, Ebenezer, 248, 250

  Lycurgus, Demosthenes, 112, 116, 137, 150, 182

  Lycurgus, George, 130, 150

  Lyman, Frederick, 240

  Lyman, Henry, 214

  M

  MacGregor, T., 51

  Maclaurin, Richard, 123, 133–134, 147, 160–162, 182, 197

  Marlowe, Julia, 16

  Martinique, xvi–xvii, xxi, 34–37

  Marvell, George, 266

  Marvin, Charles, 202–205, 211

  Mary, Father Francis, 65

  Masson, Madalah, 224–225

  Matteucci, Raffaele, 75, 78–83

  Mauna Kea, 109, 244–246

  Mauna Loa, 175–179, 221–238, 244–249, 262–269, 278, 286

  Maydwell, Guy, 186–189

  Maydwell, Isabel, xxiii, 187–189, 191, 199. See also Jaggar, Isabel

  Maydwell, Ollie, 186–188

  McClellan, Edgar, 250

  McCormick, Benjamin, 48

  McKinley, Clarence, 258, 260

  McKinley, William, 44, 187

  Mendenhall, Walter, 252

  Menzies, Archibald, 223

  microphone experiment, 75–76, 144, 152

  Miles, Nelson, 41

  Mitchell, Silas, 6

  Moniz, Joe, 192

  Moody, William, 40–41

  Motor Boating, 257

  Mount Dana, 259, 261

  Mount Dutton, 259, 261

  Mount Erebus, 43

  Mount Hague, 259–261

  Mount Hood, 25

  Mount Lassen, 203

  Mount Pelée, xvi–xxi, 35–39, 42–54, 58–68, 94, 113, 117, 155, 172

  Mount Rainier
, 253

  Mount St. Elias, 42

  Mount St. Helens, 253

  Mount Terror, 43

  Mount Vesuvius, 9–12, 34, 60, 69, 74–88, 94, 100, 113, 117–118, 135, 144, 154–155, 172, 223, 259

  Mouttet, Louis, 36–38

  Myers, Desaix, 91

  N

  National Geographic, 85, 173

  New York Times, xxi, 2, 75

  North America, 42–43, 86, 101, 103

  O

  Old Faithful, 116, 135–142, 150, 174

  Omori, Fusakichi, 119–121, 263

  Omori’s law, 120

  Ornithological Biography, 8

  P

  Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 118, 131, 160

  Palache, Charles, 26–27, 30, 69, 71

  Panama Canal, 50, 103, 133–134

  Pavlof Sister volcano, 254, 259–261

  Pavlof volcano, 254, 259–261

  Pearl Harbor attack, 272, 276–277

  Pele goddess, 112, 160, 232, 235, 239–250

  “Pele’s hair,” 115–116, 138, 140

  Perret, Frank, 75–85, 117, 136–146, 153, 189, 195

  Peyran, Isabel, 186–187. See also Jaggar, Isabel

  Peyran, Marie, 187

  Peyran, Phillipe, 187

  Plato, 63

  Plissoneau, Mr., xviii

  Pompeii, 10–11, 50, 76, 81, 223

  “postcard cracks,” 114–117

  Powell, George, 257–258

  Powers, Howard, 279–280

  Prentiss, Clara, 36–37, 48

  Prentiss, Thomas, 48

  Prévost, Constant, 57–58

  R

  Recherches sur l’exhalaison volcanique, 156

  Reck, Hans, 113

  resistance-type device, 137–140

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 246, 269, 273

  Roosevelt, Theodore, xx, 40, 103, 105, 126

  Rosenbusch, Karl, 26

  Russell, Israel, 42

  S

  St. Vincent, 34, 38, 47, 51–53, 60

  St. Pierre, xvii–xxii, 35–39, 43–51, 58–66

  Sakurajima volcano, 172–175, 181, 190, 210

  San Francisco earthquake, 85, 132, 162, 203

  Scott, Nettie, 188

  Seeley, George, 91–93, 96

  Seger cones, 191–197

  seismic waves, 203, 265, 268

  seismographs, 120–121, 132, 162, 174–175, 202–203, 209–210, 265–268, 278, 285

  Shakespeare, William, 16, 17

  Shaler, Nathaniel, xxi, 17, 19, 43, 69

  Shepherd, Ernest, 136–142, 153, 156–159, 183, 195, 231, 278