glass industry 275, 277
Glaucia, C. Servilius 45, 47, 50
Gracchi, importance of 32–3
Gracchus, Gaius 23, 26–7, 34–5, 99, 151, 169;
legislation 27–30;
opposition to 30–2
Gracchus, Tiberius 1, 5, 19, 33, 69, 145;
appraisal 24–5;
background 20–2;
land reform 22–4
Graeco-Roman culture 159–61
Greece 63–5, 114, 116–17, 138, 141, 277, 280
Greek cities 77, 89, 116, 148, 154, 159
Greek cultural influence 8–10, 61–2, 89, 105, 108, 259, 262–3, 282, 288
Hadrian 193, 280, 283
Hannibalic War 3, 5, 16–17, 166
Hellenistic monarchy 127–8, 198–9
Helvetii 108–9
Herod see Agrippa, Herod;
Antipas, Herod
Herod the Great 141, 204, 210–11, 265
Hesiod 200
Hippalus 278
Hirtuleius 75–6
historical writing 105, 166–9, 202–4
Homanades 208, 222
home-production 274
homines novi 39, 42, 44, 77, 92, 95, 284
Horace 137, 163–4, 179, 183, 197, 199–202, 215, 272
Hortensius Hortalus, Q. 78, 81–2, 169
humanitas 136, 150
Hyrcanus 87–8, 141
Iapudes 140, 215
Iceni 254–5, 264
Idumaea 211, 268
Illyricum 98, 107, 132, 140–1, 179, 188, 215–17, 227, 279
India 105, 211–12, 278–9
industry 148–9, 273–7
Isauria 83, 208
Isidore of Charax 105
Isodorus 242
Italian Confederacy 13–14
Italian War 54–8
Italy
see also Rome:
administration 188;
allies 14–15, 25–7, 50, 52–5, 77, 148;
map 290;
public works 194–5
Ituraea 210, 241
Iulus Classicianus 265
Iuvenes/Iuventus 196–7, 206
Jerusalem 210, 267–8, 308–9
Jesus Christ 235, 307–9
Jews, policies towards 122, 211, 231, 235, 241–2, 249, 267–8
Juba I, king of Numidia 115, 119–20
Juba, king of Mauretania 213
Judaea 87–8, 141, 210–11, 220, 235, 240, 242, 250, 263, 267–8
Judaism 122, 211, 231, 235, 241–2, 249, 267–8
judicial legislation 30, 53–4, 70–1, 81, 245–6
Jugurtha 39–43
Julia, daughter of Augustus 138, 183–4, 226
Julia, daughter of Caesar 98, 102, 117, 150
Julia Livilla 240, 297
Julio-Claudian economy 272–83
Julio-Claudian genealogy 270
jurisdiction 186–7, 248
Juvenal 287
Laberius, Decimus 164–5
Labienus, Q. 141
Labienus, T. 92, 110, 112, 120–1, 141
Laelius 19–20
Lampon 242
land commissions 25–7, 50
land problem 16–18
land reform 19–22, 24–5;
Gaius Gracchus 27–30;
Tiberius Gracchus 22–4
latifundia 16–17, 272–3
Latin allies 14–15, 25–7, 50, 52–5, 77, 148
Latin rights 123, 250
Latium 55, 272–3
law-courts issues 29, 44, 46, 70–1, 78, 81, 122, 151, 186–7, 231
lawyers 171–2
legal science 171–2
legions 48, 206–7, 219, 253
legislation 186;
leges Iuliae 195;
lex Aebutia 172;
lex Aelia Sentia 196;
lex agraria 22, 50;
lex Annalis 45, 80;
lex Aurelia 81;
lex Caecilia-Didia 52, 54;
lex Campana 98;
lex Claudia 7–8;
lex curiata 134;
lex de repetundis 122;
lex Domitia 92;
lex Fufia Caninia 196;
lex Gabinia 83;
lex Gellia-Cornelia 76;
lex Hortensia 7;
lex iudiciaria 44;
lex Iulia de repetundis 99;
lex Julia 57, 156;
lex Licinia Pompeia 102;
lex Manilia 86;
lex Papia Poppaea 196;
lex PlautiaPapiria 57;
lex Plotia de reditu Lepidanorum 82;
lex provinciae 154–5;
lex rogata 155;
lex Rubria 37;
lex Terentia Cassia frumentaria 78;
lex Valeria 67;
lex Valeria Cornelia 191;
lex Villia Annalis 70
leisure 286–9
Lentulus, Cossus Cornelius 213
Lentulus Spinther 100–1
Lepidus, M. Aemilius 71, 73–4, 77, 115–16, 120–1, 125, 134, 138, 140, 183, 240;
Second Triumvirate 131–2, 134–7, 139
Libo Drusus, Scribonius 232
Licinius Macer, C. 78, 167
Ligurian tribes 34, 108, 215
literature 9, 163–6, 199–204, 257
Livia 138, 226–7, 230, 233, 287
Livilla 232–3
Livius Andronicus 163, 170
Livy 202–4, 220, 244
lower classes 151–3, 283
Luca Conference 101, 110
Lucan 257, 262
Lucania 55–6, 79
Lucilius, C. 163, 171, 201
Lucius Caesar, son of Julia and Agrippa 183–4, 226
Lucretius 165–6, 173–5
Lucullus, L. Licinius 63–4, 78–9, 83–7, 89, 96, 157
Lucullus, M. 79–80
Lusitania 52, 74, 213, 258, 269
luxury goods 149–50, 252, 261
Lycaonia 33, 208
Lycia 83, 245, 249–50
Lyons Tablet 252
Macedonia 77–8, 80, 99–100, 107, 132–3, 136, 141, 178–80, 216, 235, 245, 250, 263, 280
Macedonian Wars 3–4
Macro, Sutorius 234, 238–9, 242
Maecenas, C. 134, 138, 200–1, 203–4
magistracy 70, 125, 189–92
Maiden Castle 254
Mallius, Cn. 44, 46
Mamilius, C. 40–1
Mancinus, Hostilius 21
Manilius, C. 83
Manlius, L. 93
manumission laws 196
Marcellus, C. 104
Marcomanni 214, 217–18, 235, 278
Marius 38, 74, 82, 98, 167, 171;
and Africa 39–43, 47;
appraisal 51;
background 38–9;
and Cinna 60–1;
in Gaul 45–9;
and Mithridates 62;
and Saturninus 47;
sixth consulship 49–51;
Social War 56–7;
and Sulla’s capture of Rome 58–60
Maroboduus 217–18, 229
marriage laws 195–6
Marsi 55–6, 228
Marullus 127
Massilia 34, 45, 116
Massiva of Numidia 40
Mauretania 41, 43, 121, 212–13, 240–2, 249–51, 264
Media 142–3
Memmius, C. 40, 50, 66, 165–6
memoirs 167–9, 202
Menapii 110, 112
merchants 40, 42, 63, 280–1
Mesopotamia 106, 124
Messalina 244, 255
Messalla Corvinus, M. Valerius 203
Messalla, Valerius 137, 221
metal industry 275, 280
Metelli pre-eminence 38–9, 47
Metellus Caprarius, C. 38, 47
Metellus Celer 96–7, 165
Metellus Delmaticus, L. 37–8
Metellus Macedonicus, Q. 26
Metellus Nepos, Q. 95
Metellus Pius 65, 69, 74–6, 80
Metellus, Q. Caecilius 35, 41
–2, 84, 150
Metellus Scipio 103–4
middle classes 286
see also businessmen;
merchants
military conduct 12–13
military dictatorship 176, 179
military officers 48, 206
military reforms 47–8, 187–8, 205–8
Milo 102–3, 119, 194
mime 164–5
mining industry 280, 283
Mithridates, king of Armenia 235
Mithridates, king of Pontus 47, 57–8, 61–3, 76–8, 82–4, 87, 119, 148, 157
Mithridates of Pergamum 118–19
Mithridatic Wars 59, 63–5, 77–8, 83–8
Moesia 216, 219, 235
monarchy question 127–8
morality 150, 196–7, 201, 203, 273
Morini 110–11
municipal privileges 222–3, 251
Murena, L. Licinius 65, 93, 107
music 259, 288
mutinies 61, 116, 228, 255
Nabataeans 88, 211, 281
Naevius 9, 163
Narbonensis 33–4, 49, 75, 123, 134, 138, 188, 213, 222
Narcissus 247, 255–7
navy/naval engagements 84, 139, 143–5, 207–8
Neopythagoreanism 174, 293, 303, 305
Neoterici 165
Nero 255–6, 282, 284, 286, 288–9;
and Agrippina 256–8;
appraisal 269–71;
and the arts 259–60;
conspiracies 262–3, 268–9;
fire/rebuilding of Rome 260–1;
provinces under 263–8;
Seneca/Burrus administration 258–9
Nero, son of Germanicus 233–4
Nervii 108, 110, 112
new men 39, 42, 44, 77, 92, 95, 284
Nicolaus of Damascus 204
Nicomedes II 62–3, 65
Nicomedes III 85
Norbanus, C. 46, 61, 65
Noricum 214–15, 219, 250
northeast frontier 107, 124, 140, 211
northern frontier 41, 77, 214–19, 228–9, 235, 250, 255, 269
Novius 164
Numidia 39–43, 47, 115, 119–20
Numidicus, Metellus 39, 44, 47, 50–1
Nymphidius Sabinus 269
Octavia, daughter of Claudius 255
Octavia, wife of Antony 138–41, 145, 193
Octavia, wife of Nero 257, 260
Octavian 140, 153
see also Augustan principate;
Augustus;
Battle of Actium 144–5;
Battle of Philippi 134–7;
consolidation of the West 137–40;
establishment of principate 176–8;
rise of 132–4
Octavius, Cn. 58, 60
Octavius, M. 23, 25, 28, 38
Odes (Carmina) (Horace) 201–2
Opimius, L. 31, 36–7, 40–1, 94
Opimius, Q. 77–8
Optimates/Optimate cause 6, 47, 58, 60, 68, 73, 77, 83, 90–1, 95–6, 99, 102, 104, 125, 171
oratory 169–70
Orodes II 105–6, 141
Ostia 46, 60, 122, 248, 259, 261, 280–2, 293
Ostorius Scapula, P. 254–5, 263
Otho 258, 269, 271
Ovid (P. Ovidius Naso) 203–4, 289
Pacorus 141
Paetus, L. Caesennius 265–6
Paetus, Thrasea 262
painting 161
palace intrigues 256
Palestine 87, 211, 235, 242, 266–8, 306–7
Pallas 247, 255–7, 267
Pamphylia 83, 208
Panaetius of Rhodes 10, 173
Pannonia 183, 215–17, 219, 227–8, 232, 236
Paphlagonia 62, 88
Papius Mutilus 56–7
Parisii 112, 214
Parthia 62, 86–8, 103–6, 124, 138–43, 157, 208–10, 229, 235, 241, 251, 265–6, 279
past, respect for 140, 178–80, 195, 197–8, 201–2, 244, 248–9
patronage 128, 151–2, 162, 199–200, 285
St Paul 261, 267, 280
Pennus, Iunius 27
People 7–8, 39–41, 45–6, 53, 59–60, 67, 69, 71, 83, 98, 186, 192, 231
see also Populares;
Senate/People relations
Periochae (Livy) 202–3
Perperna, M. 33, 66, 75–6
Perusia, siege of 137
St Peter 261
Petreius, M. 116, 120
Petronius, C. 212, 262
Petronius, P. 242, 281
Pharisees 266, 268, 307, 309
Pharnaces 87–8, 118
Pharsalus 119, 129
Philip, king of Macedonia 198–9
Philip of Ituraea 211, 241
Philippi, Battle of 134–7
Philippus, L. Marcius 54, 73–4
Philo 242
philosophy 9–10, 173
see also Epicurianism;
Neopythagoreanism;
Stoicism
Phraates 86–7, 209–10
Phrygia 9, 33, 85, 174, 293, 306
Picenum 54–5
piety 197
Pilate, Pontius 235–6
piracy 47, 52, 65, 76–8, 82–4, 100, 140, 148, 250
Pisidia 208–9
Piso, C. Calpurnius 93, 262
Piso, Cn. Calpurnius 229–30
Piso, L. Calpurnius 11–13, 99, 166, 180, 216
Plautius, Aulus 250, 253–4
Plautus 163–4
Pliny 153, 273
Pliny the elder 238, 301–2
Plutarch 17, 167–8, 204
poetry 163–6, 199–204, 259
Polemo 142, 209, 266
political division of labour 185–9
political reforms 69–70, 77–8, 81, 99, 103, 124–5, 183, 231, 245–6
Pollio, Asinius 97, 134, 138, 141, 200, 202, 204
Polybius 4, 7, 10–11, 13, 167
Pompeii 57, 148, 154, 259, 272, 274–6, 289, 293–5, 305
Pompeius Rufus, Q. 58, 60
Pompeius, Sextus 132, 135, 138–9
Pompeius Trogus 204
Pompey Magnus 65–7, 71, 82, 91, 111, 149–50, 155–6, 167;
and Caesar 97–9, 102–4, 114–17;
and Cicero 95–6;
and Clodius 100–2;
commands of 82–3;
and Crassus 80–1;
and Lepidus 73–4;
and Lucullus 84–6;
Mithridatic Wars 84–8;
pirates 83–4;
senatorial administration 77–9;
and Sertorius 74–7;
settlement of the east 88–9;
Spartacus 79–80;
triumvirate 96–7
Pomponius, L. 164
pontifical law 172
Pontus 61–4, 78, 83, 85–6, 88–9, 118, 142, 155, 209, 263, 266
see also Mithridates, king of Pontus
Popillius, P. Laenas 25, 28, 37, 44–5
Poppaea 258, 260–2
Poppaedius Silo, Q. 54, 56–7
Populares 6, 23, 33, 77, 95–6
Porcia 129, 150
portraiture 162
Posidonius 160, 167, 173–4
Postumius, L. 15
Postumus, Agrippa 227
Praetorian Guard 206, 233–4, 243, 257, 260, 262, 269
Prasutagus 254, 264
Primus, M. 180
private law 171–2
proletariat 152
Propertius, Sextus 203
proscriptions 67–9, 73, 92–3, 136, 149, 264
provinces 154–8;
Augustan principate 219–23;
Caesar’s reforms 122–3;
under Claudius 249–52;
division of 178–9;
maps 224;
under Nero 263–8;
senatorial 213, 219, 236, 245, 247, 250
provincial administration 70, 99, 154;
declining standards 13;
and defence 212–14;
governors 30, 156–7, 221;
under Tiberius 23
4–6
provincial senators 125, 245, 252, 284
Ptolemy dynasty of Egypt 2–3, 91, 98, 101, 117–18, 141–3
see also Cleopatra
Ptolemy, king of Cyprus 100
Ptolemy, king of Mauretania 241, 250
public disturbances 24, 50, 59–60, 95, 132, 182, 241, 267–8
public games 102, 152–3, 183, 197, 231, 249, 259–60, 263, 287–9
public works 48, 122, 124, 177, 192–5, 248, 260–1, 263, 282
publicani 65, 89, 148, 151, 156–7, 220–1, 279
Punic Wars 3–4, 11
Pyrrhus 2
Quadrigarius, Claudius 167, 202
Quinctius, L. 78
Quintillian 163–4
Quirinius of Judaea 220
Quirinius, P. Sulpicius 208
Raetia 214–15, 219
realism in art 162
Regni 254–5
religion 9, 126, 174–5, 183, 231, 242, 248–9, 261, 267, 287
see also emperor worship;
foreign cults;
Sibylline Oracles
religious reforms 45, 197–9
Republican cause 129, 134, 136–9, 244, 262
Res Gestae (Augustus) 179, 193, 204
rhetoric 171
Rhodes 63, 83, 171, 184, 226, 258
Rhoemetalces II 235
road system 195, 214, 280
Roman rule, merits 157–8
romanization 123, 146, 195, 207, 213, 221–3, 249, 251–2, 282
Rome:
administration 188;
building/rebuilding 153–4, 192–5, 260–1
(see also architecture;
public works);
fire of 261;
Sulla’s capture of 58–60
Roscius, L. 115
Roscius Otho 82
Rufus, Egnatius 182, 194
Rufus, Faenius 259–60, 262
Rufus, M. Minucius 31, 38
Rufus, P. Rutilius 44, 48, 53, 157
Rupilius, P. 12, 25, 46
Sabaeans 211–12
Sabinus, Q. 110, 112
sacred law 171–2
Sacrovir, Julius 235–6
Sadducees 266–7, 307
Salassi 194, 215
Sallust 40–1, 74, 121, 167–9
Salvidienus Rufus, Q. 137–8
Samaria 268, 308
Samian ware 148, 274–5
Samnium 55, 57, 66–7
Sardinia 38, 66, 115, 138, 155–6, 231, 263
Sarmantian tribes 209, 266
satire 163, 273
Saturninus, C. Sentius 52, 62, 73, 92, 182
Saturninus, L. Appuleius 46–7, 49–50
Scaevola, P. Mucius 21–2, 24, 53, 172
Scaurus, M. Aemilius 38–40, 45–6, 53, 88
Scepticism 173
scholarship 171
science 173
Scipio, L. 61, 65
Scipio Nasica, P. 24–5, 33
Scordisci 37–8, 44, 52
Scribonianus, Furius Camillus 245, 255
sculpture 161–2
Scythian tribes 62, 209
Second Triumvirate:
Battle of Actium 143–5;
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