Battle of Philippi 134–7;
Marc Antony in the East 140–3;
Octavian’s consolidation of the West 137–40;
rise of Marc Antony 131–2;
rise of Octavian 132–4
Sejanus, L. Aelius 232–4, 237
Sempronia 21, 26
Sempronius Asellio 167
Senate/Equites relations 29–30, 43, 45, 52–4, 95, 151
Senate/People relations 23–4, 43, 45
Senate/Principate relations 185–9, 228, 230–1, 239, 245–6, 257–8, 262
senatorial administration 77–9
senatorial class 149–50, 189–90, 283–6
see also aristocracy;
upper classes
senatorial committee 188–9, 232
senatorial government structure 4–6
senatorial provinces 213, 219, 236, 245, 247, 250
senators, provincial 125, 245, 252, 284
senatus consultum ultimum 31, 36, 73, 92–3, 104, 245
Seneca 238, 251, 256–9, 262, 264, 273, 284
Sequani 109–10
Sertorius, Q. 66, 74–8, 84
Servile Wars 12, 45–6, 52, 79–80, 152
Servilia, mother of Brutus 129, 150
Servilius Vatia, P. 83
Sextus Pompeius 120–1, 133, 137–8, 208
Sibylline Oracles 127, 158
Sicily 46, 52, 66, 78, 115, 122, 133, 138–9, 147, 155–6, 277
Silanus, M. Iunius 44–5, 257
Silius, C. 236, 255, 278
Silures 254, 263
Sisenna, L. Cornelius 169
slave-risings 45–6, 78, 152
slavery 11–13, 146, 248, 273–4, 276
social classes 149–53, 158, 255, 283–6
social life 285–91;
Late Republic 146–58
social reform 32–3, 99, 183, 195–7, 201
social unrest 27, 95, 267
Social War 13, 54–8, 68, 74, 149
Sosius, C. 141, 143
Spain 38, 44, 66, 74–7, 101–2, 134, 147, 178–9, 188, 213, 222, 269, 273, 277–9, 282;
Caesar in 91, 115–16, 120–1, 123
Spartacus 78–80
Stilo, L. Aelius 171
Stoicism 10, 173–4, 262
Strabo, Caesar 59–60, 74
Strabo, Cn. Pompeius 45, 56–8
Strabo of Amasia 204, 253, 278
succession issues 127, 184, 227, 230, 233–4, 237–8, 256, 269–71
Suebi 108–9, 235
Suetonius 204, 243, 250, 263–5
Sulla, L. Cornelius 42–3, 49, 73–5, 77–80, 82–5, 93, 105, 148–9, 153, 169, 284, 287, 289;
capture of Rome 58–60;
and Cinna 60–1;
Civil War 65–7;
and Mithridates 61–5;
proscription 67–8;
reforms 68–71;
retirement 71–2;
Social War 56–8
Sulla, P. Cornelius 90–1
Sulpicius, Publius 58–60
Sulpicius Quirinius, P. 208, 213
Sulpicius Rufus, Servius 60, 172
Syria 155, 178–9, 208–10, 218, 242, 251, 265–7, 276, 279–80;
and Caesar 118, 124;
and the First Triumvirate 99–105;
and Pompey 83–4, 87–9;
and the Second Triumvirate 132–3, 136–43;
and Tiberius 229, 234–5
Syrus, Publilius 165
Tacfarinas 236
Tacitus 167, 181, 227, 229–30, 232, 234, 237–8, 255, 261, 265, 269
Tarentum Conference 139
Taurus, Statilius 139, 180, 183, 289
taxation 29, 34, 65, 89, 96–8, 122, 151, 155, 219–20, 236, 245, 259, 263–4, 272, 279–80
Tencteri 111
Terence 9–10, 163–4
Teutoberg massacre 184–5, 218, 227–9, 277
Teutones 38, 44–5, 48–9, 52, 107
textile industry 276
Thapsus, battle of 120
theatre 288
Thrace 37, 84, 136, 178, 180, 216, 235, 249–51
Tiberius 138, 183–5, 193, 215–18, 244, 276, 284, 289;
accession of 226–8;
and Africa 236, 239;
appraisal 238;
civil government 230–2;
in the East 209;
and Germanicus 228–30;
last years 236–8;
provincial administration 234–6;
at Rhodes 184;
and Sejanus 232–4
Tiberius Alexander 267
Tibullus 203
Tigellinus, Ofonius 260, 262, 269
Tigranes 62–3, 84–7, 209, 265–6
Tigurini 44–5, 49
Timagenes of Alexandria 204
Tiridates 209, 251, 263, 265–6
Titus, son of Vespasian 268
Togodumnus 253–4
trade 148–9, 211–12, 252–3, 273–9
see also businessmen;
merchants
trade routes 105, 211–12, 277–8
tragedy 164
Trajan 256
Transalpine Gaul 33–4, 73, 98, 107, 114–15, 133, 138, 215
Transpadane Gaul 49, 91, 115
transport 280
treason 46, 178–82, 186, 230–4, 237–40, 245, 256–62
Trebellius 82–3
Trebonius, C. 101, 115, 132, 136
Treveri 112, 236
tribunate 69–70, 80, 82–3, 126
tribunicia potestas 177, 182–3, 186, 192, 226–7, 232
Trinovantes 111, 252, 264
Triumvirates see First Triumvirate;
Second Triumvirate
Tullia, daughter of Cicero 173
Tunisia 4, 120
Ubii 139, 218
Umbria 55, 57–8, 203
upper classes 149–50, 189–90, 283–6
urbanization 154, 213, 221–3, 251, 281–2
see also city life
Usipetes 111
Valerius Antias 167, 202
Valerius Messala 137
Varius Hybrida, Q. 54
Varro, M. Terentius 77–8, 116, 147, 170–1, 180, 215
Varus, P. Attius 115
Varus, P. Quinctilius 184–5, 218, 227–9, 277
Varus, Quinctilius 218–19
Vatinius, P. 98–9, 101, 124
Velleius Paterculus, M. 227, 238
Veneti 110–11
Ventidius Bassus, P. 141
Ventidius Cumanus 267
Vercingetorix 103, 112–13
Verginius Rufus, L. 269
Verica 253
Verres scandal 13, 81, 158
Vespasian 240, 251, 253–4, 266–8, 271
Vestal Virgins 39, 143, 197
veteran colonies 47, 67, 96–8, 132, 146–7, 177, 194, 208–9, 213, 222, 250, 255;
Italian 92–3, 123–4, 135–7, 259
Vettius 99
Vindex, C. Julius 268–9
Vinicianus, Annius 262
Vipsania Agrippina 184, 226
Virgil 84, 137–8, 145, 159–60, 163, 175, 198, 200–1
Vitellius 235–6, 271
Volcae 44
Vologeses I 251, 265
water-supplies 153–4, 193–4, 248, 276
wealth 11–13, 16–17, 149–50
see also luxury goods
weaponry 48
women, position of 150
Table of Contents
CONTENTS
MAPS AND TABLE
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
PREFACE
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
PREFACE TO THIRD, FOURTH AND FIFTH EDITIONS
FOREWORD
I ROME AT THE CROSS-ROADS
1. INTRODUCTORY
2. THE GROWTH OF ROME’S EMPIRE
3. THE SENATORIAL GOVERNMENT
4. THE PEOPLE AND THE KNIGHTS
5. GREEK CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON ROMAN LIFE
6. THE EFFECTS OF WEALTH AND SLAVERY
7. ROME’S ALLIES
> 8. ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THE LAND PROBLEM18
II THE GRACCHI1
1. ATTEMPTS AT REFORM
2. TIBERIUS GRACCHUS
3. THE LAND-BILL OF TIBERIUS GRACCHUS
4. THE IMPORTANCE OF GRACCHUS’ ATTEMPT
5. THE LAND COMMISSION, SCIPIO AEMILIANUS AND THE ALLIES
6. THE LEGISLATION OF GAIUS GRACCHUS
7. THE OPPOSITION TO GAIUS GRACCHUS
8. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GRACCHI
9. FOREIGN AFFAIRS: ASIA AND GAUL
III THE RISE AND FALL OF MARIUS1
1. THE SENATORIAL SETTLEMENT
2. THE METELLI AND MARIUS
3. THE OUTBREAK OF WAR AGAINST JUGURTHA
4. THE DEFEAT OF JUGURTHA
5. THE NORTHERN MENACE AND ITS POLITICAL REPERCUSSIONS
6. L. APPULEIUS SATURNINUS
7. MARIUS’ VICTORY OVER THE GERMANS
8. MARIUS’ SIXTH CONSULSHIP (100 B.C.)
IV THE RISE AND FALL OF SULLA1
1. THE NINETIES
2. THE YOUNGER DRUSUS
3. THE OUTBREAK OF THE ITALIAN OR SOCIAL WAR
4. THE ITALIAN OR SOCIAL WAR10
5. SULPICIUS’ TRIBUNATE AND SULLA’S CAPTURE OF ROME
6. CINNA
7. MITHRIDATES, KING OF PONTUS
8. THE FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR
9. CIVIL WAR
10. SULLANUM REGNUM
11. SULLA’S REFORMS
12. SULLA’S RETIREMENT
V THE RISE OF POMPEY1
1. THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION OF LEPIDUS
2. Q. SERTORIUS4
3. THE SENATE’S ADMINISTRATION
4. SPARTACUS9
5. THE CONSULSHIP OF POMPEY AND CRASSUS (70 B.C.)
6. POMPEY’S COMMANDS
7. THE PIRATES
8. THE THIRD MITHRIDATIC WAR: LUCULLUS
9. POMPEY’S VICTORY
10. POMPEY’S SETTLEMENT OF THE EAST
VI POMPEY AND CAESAR1
1. CRASSUS AND CAESAR
2. CATILINE’S CONSPIRACY
3. THE RETURN OF POMPEY
4. THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
5. CAESAR’S FIRST CONSULSHIP (59 B.C.)
6. CLODIUS20
7. THE RENEWAL AND BREAKDOWN OF THE TRIUMVIRATE
8. CRASSUS AND PARTHIA
VII THE DOMINATION OF CAESAR1
1. CONDITIONS IN GAUL
2. THE REDUCTION OF GAUL (58–56 B.C.)5
3. GERMANY AND BRITAIN (55–54 B.C.)
4. REVOLT AND RECONQUEST
5. CIVIL WAR IN ITALY, AFRICA AND SPAIN (49 B.C.)8
6. WAR IN GREECE, EGYPT AND ASIA (48–47 B.C.)
7. THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR
8. REFORM AND RECONSTRUCTION
9. POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION
10. CAESAR’S AUTOCRACY
VIII THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE1
1. THE RISE OF ANTONY
2. THE RISE OF OCTAVIAN
3. THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE AND PHILIPPI
4. OCTAVIAN’S CONSOLIDATION OF THE WEST
5. ANTONY IN THE EAST
6. THE FINAL BREAK AND WAR: ACTIUM
IX ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE IN ITALY AND THE PROVINCES IN THE LATE REPUBLIC
1. AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND TRADE1
2. THE ARISTOCRACY
3. THE KNIGHTS7
4. OTHER CLASSES
5. THE CITY
6. THE PROVINCES13
X ART, LITERATURE AND THOUGHT IN THE LATE REPUBLIC
1. GRAECO–ROMAN CULTURE
2. ART AND ARCHITECTURE1
3. THE POETS3
4. HISTORICAL WRITING9
5. ORATORY11
6. EDUCATION AND LEARNING
7. LAW14
8. PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION
XI THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE1
1. OCTAVIAN’S PROBLEM
2. THE FIRST SETTLEMENT (27 B.C.)4
3. THE SECOND SETTLEMENT (23 B.C.)
4. CONSOLIDATION OF THE PRINCIPATE
5. THE LAST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF AUGUSTUS’ PRINCIPATE
6. PRINCEPS AND SENATE
7. THE EXECUTIVE: MAGISTRATES AND OFFICIALS
8. ROME AND ITALY
9. SOCIAL REFORMS
10. RELIGIOUS REFORMS
11. VIRGIL, HORACE AND LIVY37
12. OTHER WRITERS OF THE AUGUSTAN AGE
XII FRONTIERS AND PROVINCES
1. IMPERIAL PROBLEMS
2. THE ARMY
3. THE EASTERN FRONTIER6
4. AFRICA, SPAIN AND GAUL
5. THE NORTHERN FRONTIER
6. PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION
7. AUGUSTUS
XIII TIBERIUS AND GAIUS
1. THE ACCESSION OF TIBERIUS1
2. GERMANICUS
3. THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF TIBERIUS
4. SEJANUS
5. PROVINCIAL AFFAIRS UNDER TIBERIUS12
6. TIBERIUS’ LAST YEARS
7. GAIUS (CALIGULA)17
8. THE PROVINCIAL POLICY OF GAIUS
XIV CLAUDIUS AND NERO
1. THE ACCESSION OF CLAUDIUS1
2. CLAUDIUS AND THE SENATE4
3. CLAUDIUS’ CENTRALIZED ADMINISTRATION
4. THE PROVINCIAL POLICY OF CLAUDIUS
5. THE CONQUEST OF BRITAIN
6. COURT HISTORY UNDER CLAUDIUS
7. NERO’S FIRST YEARS17
8. THE ADMINISTRATION OF SENECA AND BURRUS
9. NERO THE ARTIST20
10. THE GATHERING STORM
11. THE PROVINCES AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS
12. THE STORM BREAKS
XV ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE IN THE EARLY EMPIRE
1. AGRICULTURE
2. INDUSTRY AND TRADE
3. TRADE BEYOND THE EMPIRE3
4. GENERAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
5. THE SENATORIAL CLASS
6. SOCIAL LIFE
XVI ART, LITERATURE AND RELIGION IN THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN PERIOD
1. ARCHITECTURE AND ART
2. POST-AUGUSTAN LITERATURE5
3. THE WRITERS
4. PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION
5. JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY
ABBREVIATIONS
NOTES
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Index
From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 Page 69