The Chinese Must Go
Page 44
For conflicting con temporary depictions of vio lence in Truckee, see Daily
Transcript, January 1, 1886.
44. Beith, “Diary,” vol. 7, June 4, 1886; SDRU, February 2, 1886.
45. SDRU, March 13, 16, 1886. See also MDA, July 20, 1886; San Jose Mercury, February 2, 9, 1886. For variations in the use of boycott, see also Hagaman
and Cottrell, The Chinese Must Go!, 15–20.
46. Daily Transcript, January 26, 1886. See also Daily Transcript, February 25, 1886, March 2, 30, 1886.
47. Amy S. Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 11–26; Gail Bederman,
Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the
United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 7, 17;
Matthew Basso, Laura McCall, and Dee Garceau- Hagen, eds., Across the
Great Divide: Cultures of Manhood in the American West (New York:
Routledge, 2001), 2–5; Karen J. Leong, “ ‘A Distinct and Antagonistic
302
NOTES TO PAGES 130–135
Race’: Constructions of Chinese Manhood in the Exclusion Debates,
1869–1878,” in Across the Great Divide, 134.
48. J. M. Montgomery, letter to E. Gooding, J. J. Hetzel, L L. Bales, and
W. Frazier, February 25, 1886, in U.S. v. McMillan et al., case file no. 4901
(King County, 1885), WSA / TDC; TDL, February 11, 1886; SDC,
February 15, 1886.
49. Montgomery, letter to Gooding, February 25, 1886.
50. Ibid. See also TDL, October 25, 1885.
51. Montgomery, letter to Gooding, February 25, 1886.
52. SDC, September 28, 1885; SDC, February 4, 1886; TDL, October 4, 1885.
53. SDC, November 21, 1885. See also SDRU, February 20, 1886.
54. SDC, October 5, 26, 1885; TDL, October 26, 1885.
55. TDL, November 24, 1885.
56. SPI, January 17, 1886.
57. For discussions of feminism of difference during this era, see Eric Foner,
The Story of American Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 112; Peggy
Pascoe, Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the
American West, 1874–1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990),
xviii– xix.
58. On territorial status, see Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United
States Empires, 1784–1912 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968);
Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 1861–1890: Studies in
Colonial Administration (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1947).
On the local effect of racial vio lence on national borders, see Katherine
Benton- Cohen, Borderline Americans: Racial Division and Labor War in the
Arizona Borderlands (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).
59. TR, January 23, 1886; SDRU, January, 27, 1886. These conventions helped to or ga nize fundraising. MDA, March 28, 1886. 17 Cong. Rec., 6222
(1886).
60. 17 Cong. Rec., 6222–6224 (1886).
61. Ibid.; “Petition of the Knights of Labor of Curtisville, Madison Township,
Tiplon County Counties, Indiana,” March 6, 1886, HR9A- H9.1, box 125,
National Archives, Washington, DC. See also “Knights of Labor Assembly
of Aspen, Colorado,” February 19, 1886, HR9A- H9.1, box 125, National
Archives, Washington, DC. For additional anti- Chinese petitions see
HR48A- H9.3, box 140; HR9A- H9.1, February 15–19, box 125; HR50A- F15.8,
box 94, no. 172, National Archives, Washington, DC. For a similar
NOTES TO PAGES 135–139
303
argument by a leader of the Knights of Labor, see Powderly, Thirty Years of
Labor, 421–422.
62. DAC, March 14, 1886.
63. Tacoma Daily News, January 18, 1886. See also Marysville Daily Appeal,
February 3, 1886.
64. After the peak of the anti- Chinese vio lence, there was the Haymarket Riot
on May 4, 1886, and the Great Upheaval (1,400 strikes against 11,562
businesses). White, Railroaded, 341–342.
65. 20 Cong. Rec., 406 (1888); 18 Cong. Rec., 6222, 6226 (1886); SDRU,
February 17, March 12, 1886; TR, February 20, 1886; DAC as quoted by
SDRU, March 15, 1886.
66. Willard B. Farwell, The Chinese at Home and Abroad (San Francisco: A. L.
Bancroft, 1885), 111–116; G. W. Sullivan, Early Days of California: The
Growth of the Commonwealth under American Rule, with Biographical
Sketches of Pioneers (San Francisco: Enterprise, 1888), 1:120–121.
.
5 THE LOYAL
1. Granville O. Haller, “Diary,” October 3, 1885, box 4, vol. 1, University of
Washington Special Collections, Seattle.
2. Haller, “Diary,” February 7, 1885, box 4, vol. 2.
3. Haller, “Diary,” October 3, 1885, box 4, vol. 1; Ibid., February 7, 18, 1886,
box 4, vol. 2.
4. Haller, “Diary,” September 23, 1885, box 4, vol. 1.
5. On the “pro- Chinese” faction, see Rodger Daniels, Asian Amer i ca: Chinese
and Japa nese in the United States since 1850 (Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1988), 51–52; Elmer Clarence Sandmeyer, The Anti- Chinese
Movement in California (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 87;
Paul A. Kramer, “Imperial Openings: Civilization, Exemption, and the
Geopolitics of Mobility in the History of Chinese Exclusion, 1868–1910,”
Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, no. 3 (2015): 317–347;
Gordon H. Chang, “China and the Pursuit of Amer i ca’s Destiny:
Nineteenth- Century Imagining and Why Immigration Restriction Took
So Long,” Journal of Asian American Studies 15, no. 2 (June 2012): 145–169;
Lon Kurashige, Two Faces of Exclusion: The Untold History of Anti- Asian
Racism in the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press, 2016).
304
NOTES TO PAGES 139–142
6. Robert Eugene Mack, “The Seattle and Tacoma Anti- Chinese Riots of 1885
and 1886” (bachelor’s thesis, Harvard University, 1972), 24–42; Robert
E. Ficken, Washington Territory (Pullman: Washington State University
Press, 2002), 190–196.
7. Watson Squire, “Speech of the Honorable Watson C. Squire,” box 1, file 9,
Chinese in Tacoma, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma.
8. Scott Shapiro, “Watson C. Squire: Senator from Washington, 1889–97”
(undergraduate thesis, Wesleyan University, 1992), 39–40; Clinton
A. Snowden, History of Washington: The Rise and Pro gress of an American
State, vol. 5 (New York: Century History, 1911), 87.
9. Squire, “Speech.”
10. Ibid.; Watson C. Squire, Report of the Governor of Washington Territory
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1886), 3–4; Carlos A.
Schwantes, The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History (Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 184; Watson C. Squire, “Squire,
Watson Carvosso, 1838–1926 Dictation and Biographical Material
prepared for Chronicle of the Builders,” 43, Hubert Howe Bancroft
Collection (BANC MSS P- B 75–81, FILM), University of California,
Berkeley.
11. Schwantes, The Pacific Northwest, 220; Richard White, “It’s Your Misfortune
and None of My Own”: A New History of the American West (Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 307; Squire
, “Squire, Watson
Carvosso, 1838–1926,” 32.
12. Herbert Hunt, Washington West of the Cascades: Historical and Descriptive:
The Explorers, the Indians, the Pioneers, the Modern vol. 2 (Chicago: S. J.
Clarke, 1917), 80–100; Dorothy O. Johansen, Empire of the Columbia:
A History of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper and Row,
1967), 334–337; Williams Farrand Prosser, A History of the Puget Sound
Country, Its Resources, Its Commerce and Its People (New York: Lewis, 1903),
479–483.
13. Watson C. Squire, “Admission to Statehood,” 1884, box 1, file 1, WCS.
14. Squire, Report of the Governor.
15. Haller, “Diary,” September 22, 1885, box 4, vol. 1.
16. Watson Squire to F. W. de Lorimer [Sheriff of Whatcom], October 24,
1885, in Report of the Governor, app. 19–20; Watson C. Squire to Erretta
W. Squire, October 26, 1885, box 17, file 21, WCS.
17. Watson Squire to Hon. R. J. Wiesbach, October 20, 1885, WCS.
18. Sheriff Lewis Byrd to Governor Watson Squire, October 23, 1885, WCS.
NOTES TO PAGES 142–145
305
19. The day after the Chinese were driven out, Governor Squire received a letter
from John Arthur in Tacoma, which asked if he “recall[ed] what I told you
as to the method which I understood would be adopted on these last days?”
The man reported that the method “was strictly followed, with the exception
that the train was not special.” John Arthur to Governor Watson Squire,
November 4, 1885, in Squire, Report of the Governor, app. 20–21.
20. Ida Remington Squire to Erretta Squire, October 14, 1885, box 17, file 15–17,
WCS.
21. Governor Watson Squire to F. A. Bee, October 21, 1885, in Squire, Report of
the Governor, app. 16.
22. SDC, November 2, 1885. See also M. Kaufman to Watson Squire,
October 29, 1885, in Squire, Report of the Governor, app. 21.
23. Watson Squire to Secretary of the Interior W. C. Lamar, November 4, 1885,
in Squire, Report of the Governor, app. 24.
24. Squire, “Proclamation of the governor,” Report of the Governor, app. 25;
Watson Squire to Secretary of the Interior W. C. Lamar, November 6, 1885,
in Squire, Report of the Governor, app. 27.
25. The commanding officer, General Gibbon, was a proponent of law and
order, but the federal troops sympathized with the anti- Chinese masses.
26. Squire, “Speech”; Terry Boswell, Cliff Brown, John Brueggemann, and
T. Ralph Peters, Racial Competition and Class Solidarity (Albany: State
University of New York, 2006), 82; Johansen, Empire of the Columbia,
301–332.
27. Ida Remington Squire to Erretta Squire, November 23, 1885, box 16, file 7,
WCS; Caroline A. Remington to Ida Remington Squire, April 1886, box
16, file 2, WCS.
28. Squire, “Squire, Watson Carvosso, 1838–1926,” 20. See also Hubert Howe
Bancroft, History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845–1889 (San
Francisco: History Com pany, 1890), 293–298.
29. Squire, “Squire, Watson Carvosso, 1838–1926,” 43, 45; Squire, Report of the
Governor, app., 3.
30. Ida Remington Squire to Erretta Squire, October 4, 1885, box 17, file 15–17,
WCS. See also Ida Remington Squire to Erretta Squire, September 28,
1885, box 17, file 15–17, WCS.
31. Dr. H. W. Bennett, “Tribute to a Worthy Life: Dr. H. W. Bennett
Expresses Beautiful Appreciation of Mrs. Ida R. Squire,” box 15, file 8,
Squire Papers, UWSC; “Obituaries,” Proceedings of the New York State
Historical Association, vol. 20 (1922), 262; Ida Remington Squire to Erretta
306
NOTES TO PAGES 146–152
Squire, February 14, 1886, box 17, file 15–17, WCS; Ida Remington Squire
to Erretta Squire, February 21, 1886, WCS.
32. Ida Remington Squire to Erretta Squire, November 9, 1885, box 17, file
15–17, WCS.
33. Ida Remington Squire, diary, box 1, file 22, WCS.
34. Ida Remington Squire, diary; Ida Remington Squire to Erretta Squire,
February 9, 1886, box 17, file 15–17, WCS. [Emphasis in the original,
punctuation added.]
35. Ida Remington Squire, diary.
36. Ida Remington Squire to Orra Squire, February 19, 1886, box 16, file 2,
WCS.
37. Ida Remington Squire to Erretta Squire, March 8, 1886, box 16, file 2,
WCS.
38. A. S. Farquharson, “Reminiscence,” box 1, file 1, A. S. Farquharson Papers,
Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma.
39. Hunt, Washington West of the Cascades, 3:298–301.
40. Farquharson, “Reminiscence.”
41. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender
and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1995), 7, 17, 25–27; Amy S. Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the
Antebellum American Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2005), 11–26; Matthew Basso, Laura McCall, and Dee Garceau- Hagen,
eds., Across the Great Divide: Cultures of Manhood in the American West
(New York: Routledge, 2001), 2–5; Karen J. Leong, “ ‘A Distinct and
Antagonistic Race’: Constructions of Chinese Manhood in the Exclusion
Debates, 1869–1878,” in Across the Great Divide, 134.
42. Farquharson, “Reminiscence.”
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.; Dr. Taylor was an out spoken member of the anti- Chinese vigilantes
and an unabashed white supremacist. SDC, September 26, 1885.
46. Farquharson, “Reminiscence.”
47. For a similar reaction from railroad developers Leland Stanford and
Charles Francis Adams, see DAC, May 26, 1886; Richard White,
Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern Amer i ca (New
York: W. W. Norton, 2011), 313; Robert Wynne, Reaction to the Chinese in
the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, 1850–1910 (New York: Arno,
1978), 96–105. See also TR, January 1, 1886; SDRU, February 2, 10, 17, 1886;
NOTES TO PAGES 153–157
307
San Jose Mercury, February 14, 1886; MDA, February 16, 1886; Richard
Steven Street, Beasts of the Field: A Narrative History of California
Farmworkers, 1769–1913 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004),
350–351.
48. W. P. Bonnie, History of Pierce County, Washington (Chicago: Pioneer
Historical, 1927), 465.
49. Edward Allen Fay, Histories of American Schools for the Deaf, 1817–1893, vol. 3, (Washington, DC, 1893), 68, 217; Murray Morgan, Puget’s Sound: A
Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound, first edition (Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 1982) , 23; Hunt, Washington West of the
Cascades, 3:300.
50. TDL, October 13, 1885.
51. Stuart Creighton Miller, The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of
the Chinese, 1785–1882 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969),
57–80.
52. Yong Chen, Chinese San Francisco, 1850–1943: A Trans- Pacific Community
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), 130–137; Jennifer C.
Snow, Protestant Missionaries, Asian Immigrants, and Ideologies of Race in
Amer i ca, 1850–1924 (New York: Routledge, 2007) xiv, 2, 14, 64–71; Derek
/> Chang, Citizens of a Christian Nation: Evangelical Missions and the Prob lem
of Race in the Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 2010), 5; TDL, October 13, 1885.
53. Barnabas MacLafferty et al., “Sentiments of the Ministerial Union of
Tacoma Respecting the Pres ent Anti- Chinese Question Adopted at a
Regular Meeting,” October 26, 1885, “Chinese in Tacoma,” file 1A,
Washington Historical Society, Tacoma.
54. Ibid.
55. B. F. Alley and J. P. Munro- Fraser, Washington Territory Descriptive and
Historical— Thurston County (Olympia, Washington Territory, 1886), 80.
56. Ibid. While McFarland and the other Protestant ministers opposed the
anti- Chinese rioters, the Catholic priest in Tacoma, Peter Francis Hylebos,
tried another tactic. He joined one of the anti- Chinese groups, attended
their secretive council meetings, and used his position as an insider to
advocate against vio lence and arson. See Tacoma News Tribute, April 7,
1953, and September 18, 1955.
57. Morgan, Puget’s Sound, 239–240.
58. D. H. Ella to the Senate and House of Representatives, March 8, 1886,
49th Cong., HR49A- HR9.1, National Archives, Washington, DC.
308
NOTES TO PAGES 157–159
59. As quoted by John H. Mitchell, Abrogation of Treaties with China, and
Absolute Prohibition of Chinese Immigration (Washington, 1886), 16. See
also SDRU, February 2, 1886.
60. Joshua Paddison, American Heathens: Religion, Race, and Reconstruction in
California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), 8, 141–154.
Derek Chang has documented that the American Home Baptist
Missionary Society continued to fight Chinese exclusion in 1892 when the
Geary Act was passed. Although he ends his study in the early 1890s,
Chang implies that this support of the Chinese continued to wane in the
following years. See Chang, Citizens of a Christian Nation, 161–162.
61. Thomas Burke, “A Plea for Justice,” box 32, file 2, TB.
62. Kornel Chang, Pacific Connections: The Making of the U.S.- Canadian
Borderland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), 34.
63. Haller, “Diary,” September 23, 1885, box 4, vol. 1.
64. Clarence Bagley, History of Seattle: From the Earliest Settlement to the
Pres ent Time (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1916), 33; Robert C. Nesbit, “He Built
Seattle”: A Biography of Judge Thomas Burke (Seattle: University of