The Chinese Must Go

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The Chinese Must Go Page 50

by Beth Lew-Williams


  Chinese Restriction Act of 1882

  Chinese Exclusion Act, 191, 212–214;

  Borders, 9, 63, 87–88, 196, 198, 202, 209,

  exclusion policy in U. S. territories, 211;

  241, 281n4

  international diplomacy to continue

  Brewster, Benjamin, 60

  trade, 171, 179; trade and access reprisals,

  Britain. See Opium Wars

  169–170; trade imbalance, 25, 182. See also British Columbia, 63–65, 68–69; American Guangdong Province

  Customs inspectors in, 198; “Birds- Eye

  China, foreign office: American response

  View of Puget Sound, ” 66; Chinese labor

  notes lack of reciprocity, 175; history of

  and immigration policies, 79–81;

  Chinese emigration, 177; official

  Vancouver immigration, 281n1

  complaints of vio lence, 173–175; suggests

  Burke, Thomas, 157–164, 308n66, 309n81; self- restriction on emigration, 176–178

  accused of killing a vigilante, 161, 163

  China Club (Seattle), 164

  Burlingame, Anson, 28

  “China Joe” (Puyallup Valley), 221

  Burlingame Treaty, 28, 46–47, 49, 239,

  Chinatown, 23, 37–38; Eureka (California)

  271n36; abrogation attempt, 46, 134,

  vacant Chinatown, 215; Riverside

  181–182; anti- Chinese convention seeks to

  (California), effect of harassment, 218;

  abrogate, 134–135; Bayard’s views, 173; Ross Alley in San Francisco, 230; San

  popu lar opinion to repeal, 158

  Francisco Chinatown and Chinese

  INDEX

  343

  Businesses, 39; Seattle before and after

  68–70, 73–76. See also Legislation expulsions, 216– 217

  (federal); Vigilantes

  China Trade, the, 24, 27, 29, 46–47, 57, 139,

  Chinese Six Companies, 23, 29, 192,

  148, 158, 164, 181–182, 279n97

  203–204

  Chin Cheung, 110, 231

  Chin Gee Hee, 72, 103–108, 140, 164, 225

  Chin Ching- Hock, 72

  Ching Ing, 146

  Chin Chueng, 19

  Ching Poy Hing, 96

  Chinese Consulate: anti- Chinese agitation

  Chin Lee Chong, 91

  in Tacoma, 97–98, 100, 102; “most Chun Ching Hock, 103

  favored nation” status, 94; Seattle

  Citizenship: “aliens ineligible to citizen-

  expulsion, 104, 106–107

  ship,” 94, 228, 231; birthright citizenship, Chinese Exclusion Acts, 8, 11, 171, 188–190,

  200, 238, 240; economic citizenship,

  192–193, 196–197, 233; amendment

  31–33, 36; formal citizenship, 9, 33, granting registration extension, 207;

  242–243; national citizenship, 9, 30, 236,

  anti- American response in China, 205,

  238; women’s citizenship, 30, 131, 133, 242.

  212; deportation to China, 199, 204–205;

  See also Constitution

  exclusion enforcement, 207–208;

  Civil War, 7, 30–32, 171, 237. See also exclusion extensions, 208, 211–212;

  Reconstruction

  loopholes of Chinese Restriction Act,

  Cleveland, Grover, 170, 179, 182–184,

  199–200

  188–190

  Chinese immigration: assimilation and

  Cloverdale (California), 219

  integration, 6, 36–38, 235–236, 238.

  Coal Creek Mines (Washington), 96

  See also Immigration control

  Colusa (California), 3– 4

  Chinese Question, 20, 44, 54, 120, 139, 145,

  Como (California), 206

  153–154, 172, 184

  Confession Program, 232

  Chinese Restriction Act of 1882, 8, 11, 51–52, Constitution: Commerce Clause, 192;

  86–88, 264n18, 280n114, 115; Department Fourteenth Amendment, 9, 30, 43, 228,

  of Justice role, 83; divisions within

  235, 237–238; Thirteenth Amendment, 237

  Chinese community, 76–77, 287n64;

  Cosmopolitan Expansionism, 12, 20, 24,

  enforcement and trade with China,

  26–27, 49, 51, 138–139

  61–62, 285n24; exceptions to Act, 56–62; Cox, Samuel, 136

  extralegal deportation, 77–79, 84; failure Cronin, Daniel, 118–121, 126, 132

  of, 115–117, 120, 126–128, 136, 188; Cuba, Chinese laborers in, 32, 60, 210,

  fraudulent returning labor certificates,

  322n48

  57–58; “in transit” exception, 59–61; lack Customs Ser vice, 56; porous Canadian

  of funding in Washington Territory, 84;

  border, 68–69, 198; smuggling aboard the legal immigration under, 53–54; Niagara

  Mongolia, 194–195. See also Chinese

  Suspension Bridge incident, 85; smuggling

  Restriction Act of 1882

  Chinese into Amer i ca, 70–73; systematic

  border control, 87; Trea sury and Customs

  Daily Alta California, 126, 127, 135

  Department role, 54–55, 75, 77, 81–84; in Daily Transcript, 129

  Washington Territory, 53, 55–56, 62–65, Deady, Matthew, 61–62, 285n24

  344

  INDEX

  Denby, Charles, 169–170, 175–178, 187, 191

  Farquharson, Alexander S. , 148–152

  Denis, George, 205

  Farwell, Willard B. , 136

  Documentation: fraudulent, 56, 58;

  Ferndale (California), 68, 74

  fraudulent citizens, 227; fraudulently

  Field, Stephen, 61

  documented, 227; paper sons and

  Fingerprinting, 57–58

  daughters, 228; unauthorized, 56,

  Fong Yue Ting v. U.S. (1893), 204, 330n106

  227–228; undocumented migration, 65,

  Fraud: accusations based on ethnicity, 87;

  68–74, 76–78, 80, 82, 84, 120, 124,

  birthright citizenship and, 200; Chinese

  201–202, 227–228. See also Fraud Restriction Act and, 53, 56, 60, 127, 282n9; Dooner, Pierton W. , 28–29, 31–32, 35–36, 38

  passports and, 207; return certificates, 58,

  Dutch Flat (California), 126

  282n11; unauthorized mi grants, 227–228

  Fresno (California), 68, 205

  East Side Times, 128

  Eells, James, 27

  Garfield, James A. , 49

  Ellis, J. F., 161

  Geary, Thomas J. , 202–203, 206

  En glish, William D., 185

  Gee Lee, 109, 160

  Eureka (California), 38, 118, 127, 180, 182, Gender. See Manliness; Women

  219, 222; expulsion after killing incident,

  Gibson, Otis, 154

  113–116; vacant Chinatown, 215

  Gold rush. See California

  Exclusion, 5–6, 20, 40; Chinese Exclusion Gong Heng, 91–93

  Act arrivals and rejections, 208– 209;

  Goon Gau, 100

  Chinese Exclusion Act re sis tance, 196;

  Gow, N. W. , 97–98, 100–102, 142, 294n26

  Congressional po liti cal issue, 49;

  Greene, Roger, 109, 160, 162

  distinction between restriction and

  Griggs, John W., 208

  exclusion, 279n110; effect on Chinese

  Guangdong Province, 21–23; commerce

  community, 229–230; exclusion repealed

  with Amer i ca, 25–26; concern over white

  during World War II, 232; Sites of

  vio lence in western U. S., 175–176; Opium

  Anti- Chinese expulsions, 2. See also

  War results, 25; reaction to Chinese

  Chinese Restriction Act of 1882;r />
  Exclusion Act, 190–191; rumors of

  Legislation (federal)

  murdered Chinese, 169–170

  Expulsion, 93–94, 111–112; alienage and treatment at border, 227; Chinese

  Haines, John, 160

  businessmen’s response, 94–95, 104–107;

  Haller, Granville O., 137–138, 141, 143, 144,

  protests by East Coast religious leaders,

  158, 160–161, 164–165

  156–157, 307n56, 308n60; re sis tance and Hanford, Cornelius H. , 85–86

  flight, 95, 115, 144–145; “The Chinese Must Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 63

  Go!” rallying cry, 42, 122, 128, 131, 155.

  Harper’s Weekly, 190, 315n58

  See also Vigilantes; Washington Territory

  Harrison, Benjamin, 85, 203

  Hawai‘i, Chinese exclusion with U. S.

  Farley, James T., 50–51

  annexation, 210–211

  Farm labor, 26; shortages, southern

  Hawley, Joseph, 49

  California, 222, 325n70, 71

  Hay, John, 211

  INDEX

  345

  Hayes, Rutherford B., 42, 46–47

  King, Cameron, 29

  Head Money Cases (1884), 333n14

  Knights of Labor, 50, 97, 107, 118–119, 121, Hing Kee, 17

  126–127, 130–131, 134–135, 142, 147,

  Hoar, George F. , 48

  150, 207

  Hong Di, lynching of, 3, 4

  Kuang Pao, 191

  Hong Kong, 25, 194, 229

  Kwok Sue, 96, 100–102, 227

  Hooker, Charles, 203

  Hooper, C. L. , 65

  Labor and laborers, Chinese: Anti- Chinese

  Horr, J. C. , 64–66

  movement and, 32–34; mixed view of,

  How Ing, 146

  26–27; upward mobility, 35; in Wash-

  Huang Zunxian, 226–227

  ington Territory, 65. See also Wa Chong

  Huie Kin, 19, 21–24, 27

  Com pany

  Huntington, C. P. , 60

  Labor and laborers, white, 61, 117, 211; national strike becomes race riot in San

  Immigration control: Chinese Exclusion Act

  Francisco, 42, 43

  effect, 197; federalized and national

  Labor Council of San Francisco, 206;

  gatekeeping, 189, 196, 237, 240–242; Chinese Exclusion Act court actions, 206

  indefinite immigrant detention, 85–86,

  Last Days of the Republic (Dooner), 28–29,

  199, 289n87; sovereignty, 134, 189, 192–193,

  38–40; “The Governor of California,” 41

  239; state based, 30, 237. See also Law Yow, 19, 223

  Legislation (federal)

  Leahy, Patrick, 233

  Indians. See Native Americans

  Legislation (Canadian): “An Act to prevent

  Internal registration and passport, 51; Geary

  the immigration of Chinese, ” 80; “An Act

  Act, 203–205, 207; passports, 48–49,

  to regulate the Chinese population, ” 80;

  57, 70

  Canadian head tax law, 81, 83–84

  Irish, 164, 308n66; prejudice against, 30, 43, Legislation (federal): Alien Enemies and

  158–159. See also Burke, Thomas; Kearney,

  Alien Friends Acts (1798), 237, 261n8; bills

  Dennis

  to restrict Chinese migration, 45, 180–182; Civil Rights Act of 1866, 30, 235; Coolie

  Japa nese: apology for Japa nese internment,

  Trade Act of 1862, 32; Federal Immigra-

  233; Gentlemen’s Agreement, 231, 329n98;

  tion Act of 1882, 87, 333n14; Fifteen

  Japa nese restriction, 9, 329n98; nonwhite-

  Passenger Bill of 1879, 46–47; Geary Act,

  ness, 241

  202–207; General Immigration Act of

  Juneau (Alaska), 180

  1891, 241; Immigration Act of 1882, 240;

  Immigration and Nationality Act

  Kan, Andrew, 19

  (Hart- Celler Act), 232; Immigration and

  Kearney, Dennis, 40, 42–43, 202

  Nationality Act (McCarran- Walter Act),

  Kee Low, 108–111

  232; Luce- Celler Act, 232; Magnuson Act

  Keller, George Frederick, 36

  of 1943, 232; National Origins Act

  Kenworthy, Mary, 131–133

  (Johnson- Reed Act), 231, 241; Naturaliza-

  Killings. See Rock Springs, Wyoming

  tion Act of 1790, 271n40; Naturalization

  Territory; Washington Territory

  Act of 1870, 44; Page Act of 1875, 45, 239;

  346

  INDEX

  Legislation (federal) ( continued )

  Meyers, Ira B. , 65

  resolutions of regret for Chinese

  Miller, John F. , 48, 50

  exclusion, 233; Scott Bill excluding all

  Miller, William, 197, 199

  Chinese laborers, 185–188, 314n49; Senate Millville (California), 128

  Bill 71 excluding Chinese, 48–50, 279n110; Mitchell, John H. , 136, 181–184, 186

  Tydings- McDuffie Act, 231. See also Chinese Montgomery, J. M., 129–131

  Exclusion Acts; Chinese Restriction Act

  Morgan, John Tyler, 187

  of 1882; Constitution; Treaties

  Morrow, William, 58, 60, 136, 186

  Legislation (states and territories): California Morton, Oliver P., 26–27

  constitution mea sure struck down, 43;

  Mowry, Lyman R. , 223

  Jim Crow laws, 243; Protective act against

  Munro- Fraser, J. P. , 155

  Chinese coolie labor (Washington

  Territory), 43

  Native Americans: assimilation after Treaty

  Lewik, James H. , 120

  of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 33; assistance with

  Li Hongzhang (Lin Hung- chang), 47

  Chinese Restriction Act, 76; Chinese as

  Look, J. S. , 223

  labor competition, 43; citizenship, 31, 235,

  Los Angeles, 3, 17, 38, 197, 205, 222–223

  242–243; “Indian Prob lem, ” 20; plenary Los Angeles Times, 12, 125, 129, 189

  power doctrine used to strip rights, 193;

  Low Yam Chow, 61

  smuggling Chinese into Amer i ca, 71–72;

  Lum May, 101, 226–227

  voting rights, 30–31. See also Lummi Indians

  Lummi Indians, 71

  Nevada City (California), 129, 219

  New York Herald, 185

  Macaulay, Aleck, 76

  New York Times, 63, 186, 190, 205, 235, 315n58

  MacDonald, John, 80

  New York Tribune, 50

  Manliness, 129–131, 149, 152, 159

  Nishimura Ekiu v. U.S. (1892), 333n14

  Marsh, Marshall A. W., 199

  Numbers of Chinese in Amer i ca, 26, 34, 45,

  Marysville (California), 219

  59, 62–63, 103; Annual Totals of Chinese Marysville Appeal, 111

  Admitted to the United States, 58– 59,

  McFarland, W. D., 152–157

  283n17; California loss of Chinese

  McKinley, William, 207

  mi grants, 223–224; Census of Chinese

  McLafferty, Barnabas, 98

  (Washington Territory), 219, 221; Census

  McNeil Island U.S. penitentiary, 85–86,

  of Chinese in Amer i ca, 3, 21, 221–222,

  130, 199

  259n2; Chinese Exclusion Act and

  Mechanics’ and Laborers’ Anti- Chinese

  population age, 202; Chinese in U. S.

  League, 128

  territories, 210, 322n49; Chinese Popula-

  Merced (California), 205

  tion in the United States, 1860–1920, 224;

  Merchant- contractors, 95–96, 102
, 103,

  deportation to China, 200; Restriction

  105, 108

  Act effect, 201; San Francisco and urban

  Mexico and Mexicans: assimilation after

  Chinatowns, 223, 326n73

  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 33–34;

  citizenship and legal whiteness, 242; U. S.- Oakland (California), 23

  Mexican border, 53, 194, 198–201

  Oliver, Fred H. , 198

  INDEX

  347

  Olympia (Washington), 98, 130

  Railroad, 60; Northern Pacific Railway,

  Olympia Courier, 77

  97, 143; Pacific Railroad, 35

  Opium Wars, 25, 172

  Reconstruction, 7, 30, 171, 242; racial Owyang Ming, 104

  liberalism, 46, 243

  Redlands (California), 205

  Page, Horace, 44

  Re George Moncan (Oregon), 61

  Pattison, George, 200–210

  Re Low Yam Chow (C.C.D. Cal. 1882), 61

  People v. Thomas Burke et al. , 163

  Rinder, John, 194–195, 208

  Permanent aliens, 51, 87, 94–95, 133, 173,

  Riverside (California), 218, effect of

  204, 208, 214, 227–228, 328n87

  harassment, 219

  Phelps, Timothy, 199–200

  Rockhill, William, 213

  Philadelphia Press, The, 127

  Rock Springs (Wyoming Territory), 91,

  Philippines: Chinese exclusion with U. S.

  115–118, 120, 125–127, 169, 173, 179–180,

  control, 210–211; Tydings- McDuffie Act

  182, 206; U. S. legislates indemnity for

  barring Filipinos, 231

  massacre, 179–180

  Pierce, Herbert, 195

  Roo se velt, Franklin D., 232

  Placerville (California), 38

  Roo se velt, Theodore, 212–213

  Platt, Orville, 48

  Roseville, 128

  Plenary power doctrine, 193, 203–204, 208,

  Ruddell, S. J., 199–200

  234, 240–242

  Pomeroy, Samuel, 239

  Sacramento, 17, 128, 134–135

  Portland (Oregon), 61, 101–102, 126, 197, 223

  Sacramento Daily Union, The, 127

  Port Madison (Washington): expulsion of

  Sacramento Rec ord Union, 128

  Chinese, 17–18; murder of Chinese man, 17

  Sanborn Fire Insurance Com pany, 215–216,

  Port Townsend (Washington), 56, 63–64,

  219, 325n63

  67–70, 75, 77, 81

  Sanborn Fire Insurance Com pany maps:

  Powderly, Terence V., 127, 207–208, 213

  Eureka (California) vacant Chinatown,

  Prescott, Cyrus, 50

  215; Riverside (California), 218; Seattle, Price, J. H. , 71, 76

  216; Tacoma, 99

  Protestant missionaries, 26–27, 153–154

  San Francisco, 29, 78, 109–110, 144, 154, Puyallup (Washington), 92, 100, 121, 142,

  184–185, 192, 200, 203–208, 223;

  148–152, 221

 

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