Chinatown in, 19, 22–23, 38 –39, 214,
229 – 230; consulate, 45, 97, 104, 142, 226;
Qing (Ch’ing) Court, Guangzhou trade, 25
Customs and immigration, 53, 55–63, 70,
194–197, 199–200; exceptions in Chinese Racial bound aries, 8, 133, 193, 241, 273n49;
Restrictions Act, 56–62; riots and
color line, 17, 37, 96, 133, 230–231; race vio lence, 19, 40, 42, 51, 136, 162, 169
war, 29, 44, 116–117, 136; racial order, 164; San Francisco Call, 206
segregation, 3, 8, 38, 98–99, 223, 233,
San Francisco Eve ning Post, 157
242–243
San Jose (California), 134, 180– 181, 219
Railroads: Canadian Pacific Railway
Santa Barbara (California), 222
Com pany, 74, 79, 82, 120; Central Pacific Santa Barbara In de pen dent, 129
348
INDEX
Sargent, Aaron, 45
Steamships: Eliza Anderson steamer, 77–78,
Sargent, Frank, 207
81, 85; Idaho steamer, 69; Mongolia Scale, 10–11, 20, 55, 196, 241, 266n25; scale steamship, 194–195; Pacific Mail Steamship
jumping, 95, 104, 115, 133, 170, 292n6; Com pany, 26, 194–195; Peking steamship, transcalar history, 10
56–57; Queen of the Pacific steamer, 109
Scott, William L., 185
Ste reo types, 19, 113; barbarism, 33, 40, 120, Seattle, 38, 67, 72, 78, 91, 94, 103–111, 140,
154, 171–172; heathen coolies, 31–34, 40;
148, 163–164; claim of peaceful anti-inassimilable, 26, 28, 33–34, 36, 94, 178, Chinese rallies, 121; court action against
183, 238; “What Shall We Do with Our
expulsion and militia protection, 108–110,
Boys?,” 36– 37; “yellow peril,” 35, 178
160; court cases after threats by vigilantes, Stewart, Charles F. G., 161
106; expulsions, 157, 170, 174, 216– 217, 219; Stewart, William Morris, 44, 239
federal troops in, 106; militia re sis tance to
Stockton (California), 205
vigilantes, 160–161; polyglot community,
Stockton Mail, 113
103; public meeting on expulsion, 158;
“The Anti- Chinese Riot at Seattle,” 162;
Tacoma (Washington), 96–98, 152–153, 197, vio lence in, 137–138, 143–144, 146–148,
227; Chinese scapegoated, 116–120;
225, 230–231
destroyed buildings, 219–221; expulsion of
Seattle Call, 88
Chinese, 1, 3, 96, 98–106, 115, 121, 123–126, Seattle Daily Call, 120, 121, 142, 161
130, 157–158, 165, 174, 182; Governor unable Seattle Post- Intelligencer, 18
to prevent vio lence, 142–143; Ministerial
Sehome (Washington), 67, 69
Union of Tacoma on anti- Chinese vio-
Selma (California), 205
lence, 154–156; Reconciliation Park, 12–13;
Seward, William H., 24, 26–29, 46
“Tacoma’s Twenty- Seven,” 125; “The
Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, 212
Chinese Must Go” poster, 122
Sherman, John, 50–51, 182, 186–187, 203
Tacoma Daily Ledger, 116, 120, 123, 125, 131, 151
Smuggling Chinese into Amer i ca, 67,
Taiping Rebellion, 25
70–73, 194–196, 198, 229, 318n9
Tak Nam, 1, 6, 8, 13, 101
Snake River (Oregon), 180
Ten Sin Yee Lee, 100
Socio- legal status, 8, 30, 87, 164, 196, 214,
Trades Assembly investigation, 35–36
227–229, 236, 238
Transpacific: networks, 9, 95, 196; protests, Sonora Union Demo crat, 127
212–214. See also China
Spanish- American War, 209
Treaties: Angell Treaty of 1880, 47–48, 50, 58,
Spaul ding, O. L., 57–58
172, 239; Bayard- Zhang (Bayard- Chang)
Squak Valley (Washington), 82, 91– 92, 96, Treaty, 183–185, 187–188, 191, 314n42;
102, 111, 117, 141, 324n61
Gresham- Yang Treaty, 207, 211–212, Squire, Ida Remington, 145–148
316n62; proposed treaty self- restricting
Squire, Watson Carvosso, 96–98, 100, 102,
emigration, 178–180; Tianjin Treaty of
139–143, 144, 161, 165, 197
1858, 269n20; Treaty of Guadalupe
Squire Commission, 197–199
Hidalgo, 33, 242; Treaty of Tientsin, 213; Statistics of Chinese. See Numbers of
Wangxia (Wanghia) Treaty of 1844, 172,
Chinese in Amer i ca
269n20. See also Burlingame Treaty
INDEX
349
Truckee (California), 129
Wasp, The, 36
Truckee Republican, 126
Weisbach, Jacob, 98, 122, 123, 125
Western expansion, 33; and settler colo-
United States imperialism: cooperative open
nialism, 20, 29, 33
door policy, 27–28, 46–47, 51, 173–174, Western states and territories, definition of,
182, 184, 191–192; Gentlemen’s Agreement
262n12
(Japa nese restriction), 231, 329n98;
White supremacy and racism, 20, 29, 40, imperialism and territorial acquisition,
274n57; assimilation of Irish and Eastern
209–210; Open Door Notes, 191; policy of Eu ro pe ans, 33–34, 274n57; Bayard’s views exclusion to all Asians, 9, 231; status of
of African Americans and Chinese,
non- caucasians in acquired territories,
171–173; Chinese labor, upward mobility,
210–211; trade, American interest in, 6,
35–36; Denby’s views of African
24–25, 46, 269n20, 279n97. See also Americans and Chinese, 178; miscegena-Cosmopolitan Expansionism; Western
tion, fear of, 38, 40; plenary power
expansion
doctrine used to control immigration, 193;
United States v. Ju Toy (1905), 208
status of Chinese in acquired territories,
U.S. v. Eliza Anderson (1885), 77–79, 81
210–211. See also Ste reo types
U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark (1898), 228, 240
Whyte, Albert, 156
Wickersham, James, 119–120, 124
Vancouver (Washington), 141, 156
Willis, Albert Shelby, 48, 52
Vattel, Emmerich de, 134
Witter, Willis, 204
Vigilantes, 88, 124; Chinese Exclusion Act
Wold Brothers farm, 91–92
effect, 202, 205–206; Chinese informers, Women: anti- Chinese women, 11, 121,
76–77; Chinese Restriction Act and,
131–133, 139, 145; Chinese women, 9, 22,
115–117, 127–128; ethnic cleansing, 116;
34, 45, 56, 200, 214, 225, 239. See also Indian informers, 76; opposition to,
Citizenship
137–138; Orcas Island, 75–76; po liti cal Wong Wing v. United States (1896), 203, 240
influence, 133–136. See also Eureka,
Woo Gen, 230
California; Killings; Seattle; Washington
Workingmen’s Party of California, 40, 42, 45
Territory
Wu Tingfang, 211
Violent racial politics, 7–8, 116, 170, 242–243
Yamataya v. Fisher (1903), 333n14
Wa Chong Com pany, 72, 103, 105
Yesler, Henry, 137, 158
Wan Lee, 109
Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886), 240
Washington Territory, 12, 266n29; anti-
Yow, Daisy, 19
Chinese legislation, 43; commercial growth Yreka (California), 126
and statehood, 140–141; McNeil Island
indefinite immigrant detention, 85–86, 199; Zhang Yinhuan
(Chang Yen Hoon), 107, petition to Congress in favor of expulsion,
179–180, 183–185, 190, 229
165; rec ords of Chinese testimony, 94.
Zhang Zhidong (Chang Chih- tung),
See also Chinese Restriction Act of 1882;
111–112, 175–176, 191
Seattle; Squak Valley; Tacoma
Zheng Zaoru (Cheng Tsao Ju), 111, 173–177
Document Outline
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Introduction. The Violence of Exclusion
PART 1: Restriction 1. The Chinese Question
2. Experiments in Restriction
PART 2: Violence 3. The Banished
4. The People
5. The Loyal
PART 3: Exclusion 6. The Exclusion Consensus
7. Afterlives under Exclusion
Epilogue. The Modern American Alien
Appendix A. Sites of Anti-Chinese Expulsions and Attempted Expulsions, 1885–1887
Appendix B. Chinese Immigration to the United States, 1850–1904
Abbreviations
Notes
Acknowledgments
Index
The Chinese Must Go Page 51