The Chinese Must Go
Page 50
Chinese Restriction Act of 1882
Chinese Exclusion Act, 191, 212–214;
Borders, 9, 63, 87–88, 196, 198, 202, 209,
exclusion policy in U. S. territories, 211;
241, 281n4
international diplomacy to continue
Brewster, Benjamin, 60
trade, 171, 179; trade and access reprisals,
Britain. See Opium Wars
169–170; trade imbalance, 25, 182. See also British Columbia, 63–65, 68–69; American Guangdong Province
Customs inspectors in, 198; “Birds- Eye
China, foreign office: American response
View of Puget Sound, ” 66; Chinese labor
notes lack of reciprocity, 175; history of
and immigration policies, 79–81;
Chinese emigration, 177; official
Vancouver immigration, 281n1
complaints of vio lence, 173–175; suggests
Burke, Thomas, 157–164, 308n66, 309n81; self- restriction on emigration, 176–178
accused of killing a vigilante, 161, 163
China Club (Seattle), 164
Burlingame, Anson, 28
“China Joe” (Puyallup Valley), 221
Burlingame Treaty, 28, 46–47, 49, 239,
Chinatown, 23, 37–38; Eureka (California)
271n36; abrogation attempt, 46, 134,
vacant Chinatown, 215; Riverside
181–182; anti- Chinese convention seeks to
(California), effect of harassment, 218;
abrogate, 134–135; Bayard’s views, 173; Ross Alley in San Francisco, 230; San
popu lar opinion to repeal, 158
Francisco Chinatown and Chinese
INDEX
343
Businesses, 39; Seattle before and after
68–70, 73–76. See also Legislation expulsions, 216– 217
(federal); Vigilantes
China Trade, the, 24, 27, 29, 46–47, 57, 139,
Chinese Six Companies, 23, 29, 192,
148, 158, 164, 181–182, 279n97
203–204
Chin Cheung, 110, 231
Chin Gee Hee, 72, 103–108, 140, 164, 225
Chin Ching- Hock, 72
Ching Ing, 146
Chin Chueng, 19
Ching Poy Hing, 96
Chinese Consulate: anti- Chinese agitation
Chin Lee Chong, 91
in Tacoma, 97–98, 100, 102; “most Chun Ching Hock, 103
favored nation” status, 94; Seattle
Citizenship: “aliens ineligible to citizen-
expulsion, 104, 106–107
ship,” 94, 228, 231; birthright citizenship, Chinese Exclusion Acts, 8, 11, 171, 188–190,
200, 238, 240; economic citizenship,
192–193, 196–197, 233; amendment
31–33, 36; formal citizenship, 9, 33, granting registration extension, 207;
242–243; national citizenship, 9, 30, 236,
anti- American response in China, 205,
238; women’s citizenship, 30, 131, 133, 242.
212; deportation to China, 199, 204–205;
See also Constitution
exclusion enforcement, 207–208;
Civil War, 7, 30–32, 171, 237. See also exclusion extensions, 208, 211–212;
Reconstruction
loopholes of Chinese Restriction Act,
Cleveland, Grover, 170, 179, 182–184,
199–200
188–190
Chinese immigration: assimilation and
Cloverdale (California), 219
integration, 6, 36–38, 235–236, 238.
Coal Creek Mines (Washington), 96
See also Immigration control
Colusa (California), 3– 4
Chinese Question, 20, 44, 54, 120, 139, 145,
Como (California), 206
153–154, 172, 184
Confession Program, 232
Chinese Restriction Act of 1882, 8, 11, 51–52, Constitution: Commerce Clause, 192;
86–88, 264n18, 280n114, 115; Department Fourteenth Amendment, 9, 30, 43, 228,
of Justice role, 83; divisions within
235, 237–238; Thirteenth Amendment, 237
Chinese community, 76–77, 287n64;
Cosmopolitan Expansionism, 12, 20, 24,
enforcement and trade with China,
26–27, 49, 51, 138–139
61–62, 285n24; exceptions to Act, 56–62; Cox, Samuel, 136
extralegal deportation, 77–79, 84; failure Cronin, Daniel, 118–121, 126, 132
of, 115–117, 120, 126–128, 136, 188; Cuba, Chinese laborers in, 32, 60, 210,
fraudulent returning labor certificates,
322n48
57–58; “in transit” exception, 59–61; lack Customs Ser vice, 56; porous Canadian
of funding in Washington Territory, 84;
border, 68–69, 198; smuggling aboard the legal immigration under, 53–54; Niagara
Mongolia, 194–195. See also Chinese
Suspension Bridge incident, 85; smuggling
Restriction Act of 1882
Chinese into Amer i ca, 70–73; systematic
border control, 87; Trea sury and Customs
Daily Alta California, 126, 127, 135
Department role, 54–55, 75, 77, 81–84; in Daily Transcript, 129
Washington Territory, 53, 55–56, 62–65, Deady, Matthew, 61–62, 285n24
344
INDEX
Denby, Charles, 169–170, 175–178, 187, 191
Farquharson, Alexander S. , 148–152
Denis, George, 205
Farwell, Willard B. , 136
Documentation: fraudulent, 56, 58;
Ferndale (California), 68, 74
fraudulent citizens, 227; fraudulently
Field, Stephen, 61
documented, 227; paper sons and
Fingerprinting, 57–58
daughters, 228; unauthorized, 56,
Fong Yue Ting v. U.S. (1893), 204, 330n106
227–228; undocumented migration, 65,
Fraud: accusations based on ethnicity, 87;
68–74, 76–78, 80, 82, 84, 120, 124,
birthright citizenship and, 200; Chinese
201–202, 227–228. See also Fraud Restriction Act and, 53, 56, 60, 127, 282n9; Dooner, Pierton W. , 28–29, 31–32, 35–36, 38
passports and, 207; return certificates, 58,
Dutch Flat (California), 126
282n11; unauthorized mi grants, 227–228
Fresno (California), 68, 205
East Side Times, 128
Eells, James, 27
Garfield, James A. , 49
Ellis, J. F., 161
Geary, Thomas J. , 202–203, 206
En glish, William D., 185
Gee Lee, 109, 160
Eureka (California), 38, 118, 127, 180, 182, Gender. See Manliness; Women
219, 222; expulsion after killing incident,
Gibson, Otis, 154
113–116; vacant Chinatown, 215
Gold rush. See California
Exclusion, 5–6, 20, 40; Chinese Exclusion Gong Heng, 91–93
Act arrivals and rejections, 208– 209;
Goon Gau, 100
Chinese Exclusion Act re sis tance, 196;
Gow, N. W. , 97–98, 100–102, 142, 294n26
Congressional po liti cal issue, 49;
Greene, Roger, 109, 160, 162
distinction between restriction and
Griggs, John W., 208
exclusion, 279n110; effect on Chinese
Guangdong Province, 21–23; commerce
community, 229–230; exclusion repealed
with Amer i ca, 25–26; concern over white
during World War II, 232; Sites of
vio lence in western U. S., 175–176; Opium
Anti- Chinese expulsions, 2. See also
War results, 25; reaction to Chinese
Chinese Restriction Act of 1882;
Exclusion Act, 190–191; rumors of
Legislation (federal)
murdered Chinese, 169–170
Expulsion, 93–94, 111–112; alienage and treatment at border, 227; Chinese
Haines, John, 160
businessmen’s response, 94–95, 104–107;
Haller, Granville O., 137–138, 141, 143, 144,
protests by East Coast religious leaders,
158, 160–161, 164–165
156–157, 307n56, 308n60; re sis tance and Hanford, Cornelius H. , 85–86
flight, 95, 115, 144–145; “The Chinese Must Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 63
Go!” rallying cry, 42, 122, 128, 131, 155.
Harper’s Weekly, 190, 315n58
See also Vigilantes; Washington Territory
Harrison, Benjamin, 85, 203
Hawai‘i, Chinese exclusion with U. S.
Farley, James T., 50–51
annexation, 210–211
Farm labor, 26; shortages, southern
Hawley, Joseph, 49
California, 222, 325n70, 71
Hay, John, 211
INDEX
345
Hayes, Rutherford B., 42, 46–47
King, Cameron, 29
Head Money Cases (1884), 333n14
Knights of Labor, 50, 97, 107, 118–119, 121, Hing Kee, 17
126–127, 130–131, 134–135, 142, 147,
Hoar, George F. , 48
150, 207
Hong Di, lynching of, 3, 4
Kuang Pao, 191
Hong Kong, 25, 194, 229
Kwok Sue, 96, 100–102, 227
Hooker, Charles, 203
Hooper, C. L. , 65
Labor and laborers, Chinese: Anti- Chinese
Horr, J. C. , 64–66
movement and, 32–34; mixed view of,
How Ing, 146
26–27; upward mobility, 35; in Wash-
Huang Zunxian, 226–227
ington Territory, 65. See also Wa Chong
Huie Kin, 19, 21–24, 27
Com pany
Huntington, C. P. , 60
Labor and laborers, white, 61, 117, 211; national strike becomes race riot in San
Immigration control: Chinese Exclusion Act
Francisco, 42, 43
effect, 197; federalized and national
Labor Council of San Francisco, 206;
gatekeeping, 189, 196, 237, 240–242; Chinese Exclusion Act court actions, 206
indefinite immigrant detention, 85–86,
Last Days of the Republic (Dooner), 28–29,
199, 289n87; sovereignty, 134, 189, 192–193,
38–40; “The Governor of California,” 41
239; state based, 30, 237. See also Law Yow, 19, 223
Legislation (federal)
Leahy, Patrick, 233
Indians. See Native Americans
Legislation (Canadian): “An Act to prevent
Internal registration and passport, 51; Geary
the immigration of Chinese, ” 80; “An Act
Act, 203–205, 207; passports, 48–49,
to regulate the Chinese population, ” 80;
57, 70
Canadian head tax law, 81, 83–84
Irish, 164, 308n66; prejudice against, 30, 43, Legislation (federal): Alien Enemies and
158–159. See also Burke, Thomas; Kearney,
Alien Friends Acts (1798), 237, 261n8; bills
Dennis
to restrict Chinese migration, 45, 180–182; Civil Rights Act of 1866, 30, 235; Coolie
Japa nese: apology for Japa nese internment,
Trade Act of 1862, 32; Federal Immigra-
233; Gentlemen’s Agreement, 231, 329n98;
tion Act of 1882, 87, 333n14; Fifteen
Japa nese restriction, 9, 329n98; nonwhite-
Passenger Bill of 1879, 46–47; Geary Act,
ness, 241
202–207; General Immigration Act of
Juneau (Alaska), 180
1891, 241; Immigration Act of 1882, 240;
Immigration and Nationality Act
Kan, Andrew, 19
(Hart- Celler Act), 232; Immigration and
Kearney, Dennis, 40, 42–43, 202
Nationality Act (McCarran- Walter Act),
Kee Low, 108–111
232; Luce- Celler Act, 232; Magnuson Act
Keller, George Frederick, 36
of 1943, 232; National Origins Act
Kenworthy, Mary, 131–133
(Johnson- Reed Act), 231, 241; Naturaliza-
Killings. See Rock Springs, Wyoming
tion Act of 1790, 271n40; Naturalization
Territory; Washington Territory
Act of 1870, 44; Page Act of 1875, 45, 239;
346
INDEX
Legislation (federal) ( continued )
Meyers, Ira B. , 65
resolutions of regret for Chinese
Miller, John F. , 48, 50
exclusion, 233; Scott Bill excluding all
Miller, William, 197, 199
Chinese laborers, 185–188, 314n49; Senate Millville (California), 128
Bill 71 excluding Chinese, 48–50, 279n110; Mitchell, John H. , 136, 181–184, 186
Tydings- McDuffie Act, 231. See also Chinese Montgomery, J. M., 129–131
Exclusion Acts; Chinese Restriction Act
Morgan, John Tyler, 187
of 1882; Constitution; Treaties
Morrow, William, 58, 60, 136, 186
Legislation (states and territories): California Morton, Oliver P., 26–27
constitution mea sure struck down, 43;
Mowry, Lyman R. , 223
Jim Crow laws, 243; Protective act against
Munro- Fraser, J. P. , 155
Chinese coolie labor (Washington
Territory), 43
Native Americans: assimilation after Treaty
Lewik, James H. , 120
of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 33; assistance with
Li Hongzhang (Lin Hung- chang), 47
Chinese Restriction Act, 76; Chinese as
Look, J. S. , 223
labor competition, 43; citizenship, 31, 235,
Los Angeles, 3, 17, 38, 197, 205, 222–223
242–243; “Indian Prob lem, ” 20; plenary Los Angeles Times, 12, 125, 129, 189
power doctrine used to strip rights, 193;
Low Yam Chow, 61
smuggling Chinese into Amer i ca, 71–72;
Lum May, 101, 226–227
voting rights, 30–31. See also Lummi Indians
Lummi Indians, 71
Nevada City (California), 129, 219
New York Herald, 185
Macaulay, Aleck, 76
New York Times, 63, 186, 190, 205, 235, 315n58
MacDonald, John, 80
New York Tribune, 50
Manliness, 129–131, 149, 152, 159
Nishimura Ekiu v. U.S. (1892), 333n14
Marsh, Marshall A. W., 199
Numbers of Chinese in Amer i ca, 26, 34, 45,
Marysville (California), 219
59, 62–63, 103; Annual Totals of Chinese Marysville Appeal, 111
Admitted to the United States, 58– 59,
McFarland, W. D., 152–157
283n17; California loss of Chinese
McKinley, William, 207
mi grants, 223–224; Census of Chinese
McLafferty, Barnabas, 98
(Washington Territory), 219, 221; Census
McNeil Island U.S. penitentiary, 85–86,
of Chinese in Amer i ca, 3, 21, 221–222,
130, 199
259n2; Chinese Exclusion Act and
Mechanics’ and Laborers’ Anti- Chinese
population age, 202; Chinese in U. S.
League, 128
territories, 210, 322n49; Chinese Popula-
Merced (California), 205
tion in the United States, 1860–1920, 224;
Merchant- contractors, 95–96, 102
, 103,
deportation to China, 200; Restriction
105, 108
Act effect, 201; San Francisco and urban
Mexico and Mexicans: assimilation after
Chinatowns, 223, 326n73
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 33–34;
citizenship and legal whiteness, 242; U. S.- Oakland (California), 23
Mexican border, 53, 194, 198–201
Oliver, Fred H. , 198
INDEX
347
Olympia (Washington), 98, 130
Railroad, 60; Northern Pacific Railway,
Olympia Courier, 77
97, 143; Pacific Railroad, 35
Opium Wars, 25, 172
Reconstruction, 7, 30, 171, 242; racial Owyang Ming, 104
liberalism, 46, 243
Redlands (California), 205
Page, Horace, 44
Re George Moncan (Oregon), 61
Pattison, George, 200–210
Re Low Yam Chow (C.C.D. Cal. 1882), 61
People v. Thomas Burke et al. , 163
Rinder, John, 194–195, 208
Permanent aliens, 51, 87, 94–95, 133, 173,
Riverside (California), 218, effect of
204, 208, 214, 227–228, 328n87
harassment, 219
Phelps, Timothy, 199–200
Rockhill, William, 213
Philadelphia Press, The, 127
Rock Springs (Wyoming Territory), 91,
Philippines: Chinese exclusion with U. S.
115–118, 120, 125–127, 169, 173, 179–180,
control, 210–211; Tydings- McDuffie Act
182, 206; U. S. legislates indemnity for
barring Filipinos, 231
massacre, 179–180
Pierce, Herbert, 195
Roo se velt, Franklin D., 232
Placerville (California), 38
Roo se velt, Theodore, 212–213
Platt, Orville, 48
Roseville, 128
Plenary power doctrine, 193, 203–204, 208,
Ruddell, S. J., 199–200
234, 240–242
Pomeroy, Samuel, 239
Sacramento, 17, 128, 134–135
Portland (Oregon), 61, 101–102, 126, 197, 223
Sacramento Daily Union, The, 127
Port Madison (Washington): expulsion of
Sacramento Rec ord Union, 128
Chinese, 17–18; murder of Chinese man, 17
Sanborn Fire Insurance Com pany, 215–216,
Port Townsend (Washington), 56, 63–64,
219, 325n63
67–70, 75, 77, 81
Sanborn Fire Insurance Com pany maps:
Powderly, Terence V., 127, 207–208, 213
Eureka (California) vacant Chinatown,
Prescott, Cyrus, 50
215; Riverside (California), 218; Seattle, Price, J. H. , 71, 76
216; Tacoma, 99
Protestant missionaries, 26–27, 153–154
San Francisco, 29, 78, 109–110, 144, 154, Puyallup (Washington), 92, 100, 121, 142,
184–185, 192, 200, 203–208, 223;
148–152, 221