3rd person vīd-erat – he, she, it had seen vīd-erant – they had seen
6.4 Irregular Verbs: Sum and Possum
The perfect tenses of sum and possum are not, in fact, irregular. They are formed in exactly the same way as other verbs: perfect stem + endings and the stem is derived from the third principal part.
6.4.1 Perfect Indicative
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person fu-ī – I was fu-imus – we were
2nd person fu-istī – you were fu-istis – you were
3rd person fu-it – he, she, it was fu-ērunt – they were
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person potu-ī – I was able potu-imus – we were able
2nd person potu-istī – you were able potu-istis – you were able
3rd person potu-it – he, she, it was able potu-ērunt – they were able
6.4.2 Future Perfect Indicative
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person fu-erō – I will have been fu-erimus – we will have been
2nd person fu-eris – you will have been fu-eritis – you will have been
3rd person fu-erit – he, she, it will have been fu-erint – they will have been
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person potu-erō – I will have been able potu-erimus – we will have been able
2nd person potu-eris – you will have been able potu-eritis – you will have been able
3rd person potu-erit – he, she, it will have been able potu-erint – they will have been able
6.4.3 Pluperfect Indicative
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person fu-eram – I had been fu-erāmus – we had been
2nd person fu-erās – you had been fu-erātis – you had been
3rd person fu-erat – he, she, it had been fu-erant – they had been
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person potu-eram – I had been able potu-erāmus – we had been able
2nd person potu-erās – you had been able potu-erātis – you had been able
3rd person potu-erat – he, she, it had been able potu-erant – they had been able
Try This
Perfect tenses. Translate into Latin:
(i) they had left
(ii) we have been able
(iii) you (sing.) have been
(iv) they will have surrendered
(v) he has made
(vi) she had ordered
(vii) I will have defended
(viii) he has deterred
(ix) they had seen
(x) we have found
6.5 Uses of the Cases
6.5.1 Ablative of Means/Instrument
So far most of the examples in the text have demonstrated the basic uses of the cases as outlined in Chapter 1. However, as will become clear, the cases in Latin, especially the accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative have various grammatical functions. For example, the ablative is used without a preposition to indicate the instrument or means by which an action is carried out:
gladiīs rem gerunt (Caesar De Bello Gallico 7.88.3): they accomplish the matter by means of/with swords.
tum vir optimus Sex. Naevius hominem multīs verbīs dēterret (Cicero Pro Quinctio 16): then that most excellent man, Sextus Naevius, deters the man with/by means of many words.
The Bigger Picture
Pro Quinctio (On behalf of Quinctius), Cicero's first extant speech from 81 bc, on behalf of Gaius Qunctius, accused by Sextus Naevius, a business partner of Qinctius' recently deceased brother, of failure to pay a debt.
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Sound Bite
Tacitus on the Roman Empire (Tacitus Agricola 30.6)
ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant.
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Translation from Latin
1. facinus fecit audax. (Plautus Miles Gloriosus 309)
2. de navi timidae desiluerunt in scapham. (Plautus Rudens 75)
HINT!
Navi is an alternative form of the ablative singular in the early Latin of Plautus.
3. ab saxo avertit fluctus ad litus scapham. (Plautus Rudens 165)
4. non argentum, non aurum, non vestem, non mancipia repetunt. (Cicero In Verrem 2.5.126)
5. sunt autem duo crimina, auri et veneni. (Cicero Pro Caelio 30)
6. O, immoderata mulier, … tu aurum ad facinus dedisti? (Cicero Pro Caelio 53)
7. Hammonius, regis legatus, aperte pecunia nos oppugnat. (Cicero Epistulae Ad Familiares 1.1.1)
8. horum duorum criminum video auctorem, video fontem, video certum nomen et caput. auro opus fuit; sumpsit a Clodia, sumpsit sine teste, habuit quamdiu voluit. (Cicero Pro Caelio 31)
9. Caesar … a dextro cornu, quod eam partem minime firmam hostium esse animadverterat, proelium commisit. nostri acriter in hostes … impetum fecerunt, atque hostes repente celeriterque procurrerunt. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.52.4)
FIGURE 6.2 Gold aureus, ad 164–9, inscription: VOTA PUBLICA. The aureus was the standard Roman gold coin. The inscription “VOTA PUBLICA” translates as “Public Prayers,” that is to say, an official or religious ceremony in response to a state of emergency. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
Translation into Latin
1. I defied the swords of Catiline and I will not fear yours. (Cicero Philippicae 2.118)
2. Why did you not come to the barber's shop as I had ordered? (Plautus Asinaria 413)
3. I have written carefully before about my reasons. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 1.2.1)
4. He [Caesar] fortified that place with a rampart and a ditch. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 3.1.6)
5. They could not withstand the large number of javelins and worn out by their wounds, they abandoned their position. (Caesar Bellum Civile 3.95)
6. From that time he began to seek praise from states and not only to frighten off witnesses with his words, but also to prevent them by force. (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.64)
7. Caesar himself, our friend, had sent threatening and harsh letters to the senate. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 16.11.2)
8. Marcus Bibulus and I were commanders in the neighboring and nearby provinces. (Cicero Philippicae 11.34)
9. Our ancestors have left this land to us. (Cicero De Lege Agraria 2.84)
FIGURE 6.3 The Baths of Neptune at Ostia. The corner of the room containing the mosaic of Neptune which gives the baths their name, with the next room (more the focus of the picture) thought to be the frigidarium. Source: courtesy Sally Baume
Vocabulary to Learn
Nouns; Pronouns
adulescens, -entis (m.) – young man
argentum, -ī (n.) – silver
aurum, -ī (n.) – gold
caput, -itis (n.) – head; face
crīmen, -inis (n.) – crime
flūmen, -inis (n.) – river
gladius, gladiī (m.) – sword
impetus, -ūs (m.) – attack
legātus, -ī (m.) – ambassador; envoy
līberī, -ōrum (m.) – children
lītus, -oris (n.) – shore
maiōrēs, -um (m.) – ancestors
nāvis, -is (f.) – ship
nōmen, -inis (n.) – name
opus est (+ abl.) – there is need of
ratiō, -ōnis (f.) – reason; account
vīs, vis (f.) – power; force
vulnus, -eris (n.) – wound
FYI
Vis in the singular commonly occurs only in the nominative, accusative, and ablative: vis, vim, vi. In the plural it has the meaning strength; military forces and declines as follows: vires, vires (virīs), virium, viribus, viribus.
Verbs
coepit – he began (occurs only in the perfect tenses)
dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditum – surrender; hand over
dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfensum – defend
dēterreō, dēterrēre, dēterruī, dēterritum – frighten off; deter
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum – do; make
iubeō, iubēre, i
ussī, iussum – order
relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum – leave (behind); abandon
Adjectives
audax, -ācis – brave
certus, -a, -um – certain
dexter, -tra, -trum – right
duo, duae, duo – two (see Appendix 3)
propinquus, -a, -um – neighboring
pūblicus, -a, -um – public
sex (indeclinable) – six (see Appendix 3)
timidus, -a, -um – fearful; frightened
Adverbs; Prepositions
anteā – before
celeriter – swiftly
nōn sōlum … sed etiam – not only … but also
repentē – suddenly
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 6 Passages
Nouns; Pronouns
auctor, -ōris (m.) – author; perpetrator
Clōdia, -ae (f.) – Clodia (identified by some as Catullus' “Lesbia”)
cohors, -hortis (f.) – cohort
fluctus, -ūs (m.) – wave
fons, fontis (f.) – spring; fountain; source
ipse, ipsa, ipsum – himself, herself, itself etc. (for declension, see Appendix 2)
laudātiō, -ōnis (f.) – praise
liber, -brī (m.) – book
mancipium, mancipiī (n.) – slave
pons, pontis (m.) – bridge
praesidium, praesidiī (n.) – guard
Quintus, -ī (m.) – Quintus (abbreviated Q.)
saxum, -ī (n.) – rock
scapha, -ae (f.) – boat
senex, senis (m.) – old man
tēlum, -ī (n.) – javelin
testis, -is (m.) – witness
vallum, -ī (n.) – rampart
venēnum, -ī (n.) – poison
vestis, vestis (f.) – clothes
Verbs
animadvertō, animadvertere, animadvertī, animadversum – notice
āvertō, āvertere, āvertī, āversum – turn aside; turn away
dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, dēsertum – desert
dēsiliō, dēsilere, dēsiluī – leap down
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītum – build a wall around; fortify
oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum – attack
prōcurrō, prōcurrere, prōcurrī, prōcursum – run forward
proelium (acc. n. sing.) committō, committere, commīsī, commissum – join battle
repetō, repere, repetīvī, repetītum – ask back
sūmō, sūmere, sumpsī, sumptum – take
voluit – perfect indicative – he wished; he wanted
Adjectives
acerbus, -a, -um – harsh
alter, -tera, -terum – other
firmus, -a, -um – firm; strong
immoderātus, -a, -um – wanton; unbridled
Adverbs; Prepositions
acriter – keenly
ad (+ acc.) – for
apertē – openly
autem – however; moreover
minimē – least
quamdiū – for as long as
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) adolescent
(ii) navy
(iii) rational
(iv) audacious
Review: Chapters 2–6
FIGURE R.1 The right hand of the Colossal Statue of the emperor Constantine (ad 272–337), currently adorning the courtyard of the Capitoline Museum in Rome. Constantine was responsible for the rise of Christianity in the Roman world. Photo © javarman/Shutterstock
(A) Change the tense of the verbs from present to imperfect: 1. castra in Italia sunt.
2. id ubi vident, mutant consilium.
3. bellum parat administrare.
4. Ennius sanctos appellat poetas.
5. quam rem publicam habemus?
(B) Change the verb from singular to plural: 1. iubes me bona cogitare.
2. multa miser timeo.
3. cui dono novum libellum.
4. magnam capies voluptatem.
5. defensorem reperire neminem poterat.
(C) Identify the case, number, and gender of the nouns underlined: 1. castra sunt in Italia.
2. me tuarum actionum socium habebis.
3. exercitus nostri crebras excursiones faciebat.
4. Romani in media convalle redintegrant proelium.
5. quem das finem, rex magne, laborum?
(D) Identify the person, number, and tense of the verbs underlined: 1. sunt mihi intus nummi aurei.
2. consul castra Aequorum oppugnabat.
3. me socium comitemque habebis.
4. manent istaec litterae Mileti.
5. Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas.
(E) Translate into English: 1. stabant Romano pila Sabina foro. (Propertius, 4.4.12)
2. iubes me bona cogitare. (Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes 3.35)
3. quem das finem, rex magne, laborum? (Virgil Aeneid 1.242)
4. magnam ex eorum splendore … capies voluptatem. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 12.26.2)
5. in eo flumine pons erat. ibi praesidium ponit et in altera parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 2.5.6)
HINT!
As sentences become more complex, it is even more important to parse every word and consider its function in the sentence.
(F) Translate into Latin: 1. This man is not sane. (Plautus Amphitruo 402)
2. I am speaking the truth [translate as true things]. (Plautus Asinaria 186)
3. He is the uncle of that young man. (Plautus Aulularia 35)
4. They were repairing the walls, the gates, and the fleet. (Caesar Bellum Civile 1.34.5)
5. You have written nothing to me about it. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 1.3.2)
CHAPTER 7
Chapter Contents
7.1 THE PASSIVE VOICE 7.1.1 Present Indicative Passive
7.1.2 Future Indicative Passive: First and Second Conjugations
7.1.3 Future Indicative Passive: Third, Fourth, and Mixed Conjugations
7.1.4 Imperfect Indicative Passive
7.2 RELATIVE PRONOUN
7.3 CONNECTING OR DEMONSTRATIVE RELATIVE
7.4 USES OF THE CASES 7.4.1 Accusative Place
Space
Time
7.4.2 Ablative Time
Place
Agent
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Vocabulary to Learn Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 7 Passages Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
FIGURE 7.1 Silver denarius (130 bc), Jupiter in chariot. The denarius was a Roman silver coin. Jupiter, the Roman equivalent of Zeus, is depicted carrying a thunderbolt. He was a sky god; hence the thunderbolt is an appropriate symbol of his power. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
7.1 The Passive Voice
Recall that one of the qualities of a finite verb is voice (also of some non-finite forms such as infinitives and participles): active and passive. In the active voice, the subject performs the action of the verb; in the passive voice the subject is the “recipient” of the action: Caesar was killed by Brutus.
It may not come as a surprise to learn that once again in Latin it is the endings of verb forms that change to indicate that the verb form is passive. The basic endings for all five conjugations are: -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur; however, there are differences in the forms to which these endings are added. For first conjugation verbs, the first person singular ending is simply added to the first principal part but for the other forms, remove the -o from the first principal part and add the letter a, then the endings.
7.1.1 Present Indicative Passive
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st perso
n amo-r – I am loved, being loved am-ā-mur – we are loved, etc.
2nd person am-ā-ris – you are loved, etc. am-ā-mini – you are loved, etc.
3rd person am-ā-tur – he, she, it is loved, etc. am-a-ntur – they are loved, etc.
FYI
An alternative 2nd person singular ending for the present, future, and imperfect of all conjugations is -re; e.g., amare = “you are loved”; vidēbere; capiēbēre. Be careful not to confuse the forms of the present with the present infinitive active.
For second conjugation verbs, the first person singular ending is simply added to the first principal part, but for the other forms, remove the -ō from the first principal part and add the endings.
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person video-r – I am seen, being seen vid-ē-mur – we are seen, etc.
2nd person vid-ē-ris – you are seen, etc. vid-ē-mini – you are seen, etc.
3rd person vid-ē-tur – he, she, it is seen, etc. vid-e-ntur – they are seen, etc.
HINT!
Video in the passive also has the meaning “seem.”
The treatment of third conjugation verbs is a bit more complicated: the first person singular ending is simply added to the first principal part but for the other forms, remove the -ō from the first principal part and add the letter e in the second person singular i in the third person singular and first and second person plural, and u in the third person plural:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person pōno-r – I am placed, being placed pōn-i-mur – we are placed, etc.
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