Wiley's Real Latin
Page 24
CHAPTER 18
Chapter Contents
18.1 IMPERATIVE MOOD 18.1.1 Active
18.1.2 Passive
18.1.3 Sum
18.1.4 Deponents
18.2 NEGATIVE COMMANDS (PROHIBITIONS)
18.3 INDIRECT/REPORTED COMMANDS
18.4 USES OF CASES 18.4.1 Verbs Governing the Genitive
18.4.2 Verbs Governing the Ablative
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Extra Passage
Vocabulary Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
FIGURE 18.1 Fragment of stone sculpture, horse's muzzle. 75–25 bc. There are references in literature to horses being ridden. They were used in warfare, racing, and hunting and there is evidence they were used as a mode of travel by wealthy Romans (including women). © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
18.1 Imperative Mood
Recall that the term “mood” refers to the type of action described by the verb. So far we have dealt with two moods: the indicative (the mood of “fact”) and the subjunctive (the mood of “potentiality,” etc.). In this chapter the imperative mood, the mood of command, is introduced.
The only forms commonly in use are 2nd person singular and 2nd person plural. There is a certain logic to this inasmuch as commands are usually directed to someone in the second person: (you) do this! Active and passive forms occur; however, with a few exceptions, passive forms are common only with deponent verbs (passive in form but active in meaning).
18.1.1 Active
SINGULAR PLURAL
amā amāte
vidē vidēte
pone ponite
cape capite
There are three verbs that have a slightly different form in the 2nd person singular: from dīco – dīc; from dūco – dūc; from facio – fac (and their compounds; for example educ); however, their plural forms are regular (for example dicite). The 2nd person singular imperative of the verb fero is fer and the plural ferte.
FYI
For the so-called future imperative, see Appendix 7.
audīte relīqua et diligenter attendite (Cicero In Verrem 2.3.72): listen to the rest and pay careful attention.
18.1.2 Passive
SINGULAR PLURAL
amāre amāminī
vidēre vidēminī
ponere poniminī
invenīre invenīminī
capere capiminī
Notice that the 2nd person singular is the same form as the alternative form of the present indicative 2nd person singular (see Chapter 7). You can see that the forms amare and amāminī – be loved, are rather unlikely to occur; rather these passive forms occur for the most part with deponent verbs.
18.1.3 Sum
SINGULAR PLURAL
es este
18.1.4 Deponents
As you would expect, the imperatives of deponent verbs are passive in form but active in meaning.
SINGULAR PLURAL
arbitrāre arbitrāminī
verēre verēminī
sequere sequiminī
mentīre mentīminī
prōgredere prōgrediminī
signō datō “sequiminī mē” inquit (Caesar Bellum Civile 3.91.2): when the signal had been given, “Follow me,” he said.
18.2 Negative Commands (prohibitions)
In prose negative commands are expressed by the imperative of the verb nōlō (literally = be unwilling) followed by an infinitive. The singular is nōlī and the plural is nōlīte:
aude hoc saltem dīcere quod necesse est; nōlī metuere, Hortensī (Cicero In Verrem 2.5.45): dare to say this at least since it is necessary; do not be afraid, Hortensius.
Sometimes a negative command is expressed by nē followed by the perfect subjunctive:
nē transiēris Hibērum (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 21.44.6): do not cross the Ebro.
18.3 Indirect/Reported Commands
We have examined constructions such as indirect/reported statement and indirect/reported questions and now we come to indirect commands. Indirect commands are introduced by ut (for a positive indirect command) or nē (for a negative indirect command). The verb is in the subjunctive mood and the tense is determined by the rules of sequence. However, since it is unlikely someone will be ordered to do something he or she has already done, the command is always subsequent to the main verb and so only the present subjunctive or imperfect subjunctive is used: the present in primary sequence; the imperfect in secondary/historic sequence. Many verbs take this construction: imperō – order; persuādeō – persuade; petō – ask; beg; rogō – ask; moneō – warn; hortor – encourage, to name a few. The one verb of “ordering” that does not take this construction is iubeō, which regularly takes an accusative and infinitive construction:
HINT!
Rogo can mean ask a question (and therefore may be followed by an indirect question) or ask in the sense of demand (in which case it is followed by an indirect command).
petis ā mē ut Bibulō tē quam dīligentissimē commendem (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 2.17.6): you beg of me that I recommend you to Bibulus as strongly as possible.
sub vesperum Caesar portās claudī militēsque ex oppidō exīre iussit (Caesar De Bello Gallico 2.33.1): towards evening Caesar ordered the gates to be closed and the soldiers to leave the town.
Try This
Identify the verbs in the following passage (including participles, infinitives, gerunds, and gerundives) and parse them (you will need to use a dictionary to complete this exercise):
Arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam
edere, materia conveniente modis.
par erat inferior versus – risisse Cupido
dicitur atque unum surripuisse pedem.
“Quis tibi, saeve puer, dedit hoc in carmina iuris?
Pieridum vates, non tua turba sumus.
quid, si praeripiat flavae Venus arma Minervae,
ventilet accensas flava Minerva faces?
quis probet in silvis Cererem regnare iugosis,
lege pharetratae Virginis arva coli?
crinibus insignem quis acuta cuspide Phoebum
instruat, Aoniam Marte movente lyram?”
(Ovid Amores 1.1–12)
18.4 Uses of Cases
18.4.1 Verbs Governing the Genitive
We have seen that some Latin verbs are followed by the dative case even though their English equivalents take a direct object. There are also verbs in Latin that are followed by the genitive, for example: verbs of condemning, accusing, and acquitting (condemnāre, accūsāre, absolvere) take the genitive of the charge; verbs of remembering, forgetting, and pitying (meminī, oblīviscor, misereor); certain impersonal verbs, such as pudet − it shames; piget − it troubles; paenitet − it repents; taedet − it wearies, take the accusative of the person and the genitive of what causes the feeling.
Note also the construction with refert − it concerns, and interest − it matters, which are followed by the genitive of the person or the ablative feminine singular of the possessive adjective (meā, tuā, etc.).
nihil enim meā iam refert (Cicero In Pisonem 39): for it does not now concern me at all.
audīte, quaeso, iūdicēs, et aliquandō miserēminī sociōrum (Cicero In Verrem 2.1.72): listen, please, judges, and at last take pity on your allies
Crasse, pudet mē tuī (Cicero In Pisonem 58): Crassus, I am ashamed of you.
18.4.2 Verbs Governing the Ablative
There are also verbs that are followed by the ablative, for example: fungor − perform; fulfil; fruor − enjoy; ūtor − use; potior − win; gain; careō − lack; egeō − need:
pecūniā meā tot annōs ūtitur P. Quinctius (Cicero Pro Quinctio 43): Publius Quinctius has used (literally: uses) my money for so many years.
quamquam abest ā culpā, suspiciōne tamen nōn caret (Cicero Pro S. Roscio Amerino 56): although he is without guilt, nevertheless he is not free from suspicion.
Translation from Latin
1. peto abs te, ut haec cures diligenter. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 1.9.2)
2. recita Cn. Fanni testimonium. nolite Cn. Fannio dicenti credere, noli, inquam, tu, Q. Titini, Cn. Fannio, fratri tuo, credere; dicit enim rem incredibilem. (Cicero In Verrem 2.1.128)
3. Pompeium et hortari et orare etiam liberius accusare et monere, ut magnam infamiam fugiat, non desistimus. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 1.1.2)
4. regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit, et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.2.1)
5. commoda quibus utimur lucemque qua fruimur spiritumque quem ducimus ab eo Iove Optimo Maximo dari videmus. (Cicero Pro S. Roscio Amerino 131)
6. primum a Chrysogono peto ut pecunia fortunisque nostris contentus sit, sanguinem et vitam ne petat. (Cicero Pro S. Roscio Amerino 7)
7. nonne aut in tabulis aut in testibus omnis exspectatio iudicum est? (Cicero In Verrem 2.1.27)
8. si adfinitatis inter vos, si conubii piget, in nos vertite iras; nos causa belli, nos vulnerum ac caedium viris ac parentibus sumus. (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 1.13.3)
9. quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti: egredere aliquando ex urbe; patent portae; proficiscere. nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa Manliana castra desiderant. educ tecum etiam omnis tuos, si minus, quam plurimos; purga urbem. (Cicero In Catilinam 1.10)
Translation into Latin
1. He ordered these men to learn what Ariovistus was saying and report back to him. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.47.)
2. Look and consider closely what defense you are going to use; for you will realize that you must confess this about the statues. (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.149)
3. Do not then wish for that which cannot happen and by the immortal gods, take care, Conscript Fathers, that you do not lose a lasting peace because of the hope of present peace. (Cicero Philippicae 7.25)
4. I am ashamed to write more things to you about this matter. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 4.5.6)
5. Ariovistus demanded that Caesar not bring any infantry to the meeting.
(Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.42.4)
6. Gnaeus Domitius, prefect of the cavalry, surrounding Curio with a few horsemen, urges him to seek safety by flight and to hurry to the camp and he promises that he will not leave him. (Caesar Bellum Civile 2.42.3)
7. These are great things that I am speaking about, believe me. Do not make light of them. Everything must be stated; everything must be demonstrated; everything must be explained. (Cicero In Caecilium 39)
8. Who of us can forget what great moderation he [Lepidus] exercised in the crisis of the state that followed the death of Caesar? (Cicero Philippicae 5.38)
9. If we want to enjoy peace, it is necessary to wage war; if we reject war, we shall never enjoy peace. (Cicero Philippicae 7.19)
FIGURE 18.2 Romano-British pottery beaker, 3rd century ad. Roman pottery was made throughout the empire. By the 2nd century ad local industry was flourishing in various centers in Britain. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
Extra Passage
Catullus writes on the death of Lesbia's sparrow.
Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesque,
et quantumst1 hominum venustiorum!
passer mortuus est meae puellae,
passer, deliciae meae puellae,
quem plus illa oculis suis amabat:
nam mellitus erat suamque norat
ipsam tam bene quam puella matrem,
nec sese a gremio illius movebat,
sed circumsiliens modo huc modo illuc
ad solam dominam usque pipiabat.
qui nunc it per iter tenebricosum
illuc, unde negant redire quemquam.
at vobis male sit, malae tenebrae
Orci, quae omnia bella devoratis:
tam bellum mihi passerem abstulistis.
o factum male, quod, miselle passer,
tua nunc opera meae puellae
flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli!
(Catullus 3)
1quantumst = quantum est; translate “all there are.”
Vocabulary
Nouns
adfīnitās, -ātis (f.) – relationship; family ties
caedēs, -is (f.) – slaughter
Chrysogonus, -ī (m.) – Lucius Cornelius Chrysogonus, Roscius' accuser
Cn. Fannius, -iī (m.) – Gnaeus Fannius, brother of Q. Titinius
colloquium, -iī (n.) – conference; meeting
coniūrātiō, -ōnis (f.) − conspiracy
cōnūbium, cōnūbiī (n.) − marriage
cupiditās, -tātis (f.) – desire; greed
defensio, -ōnis (f.) – defense
eques, -itis (m.) – horseman; cavalry
exspectātiō, -ōnis (f.) – expectation
fīnēs, -ium (m. pl.) − territory
fraudātor, -ōris (m.) – cheat
impudentia, -ae (f.) – impudence
infāmia, -ae (f.) − disgrace
infitiātor, -ōris – bad debtor; defaulter
īra, -ae (f.) – anger
iūdex, -icis (m.) – judge
manipulāris, -is (m.) – common soldier
moderātiō, -ōnis (f.) – moderation
nōbilitās, -tātis (f.) − nobility
parens, -entis (m.) – parent
pax, pācis (f.) – peace
praeda, -ae (f.) − booty
praefectus, -ī (m.) – commander; prefect
Q. Titinius, -iī (m.) – Quintus Titinius, a jurist and Fannius' brother (see above)
reus, -ī (m.) – defendant
spīritus, -ūs (m.) – air; breath
statua, -ae (f.) – statue
tabula, -ae (f.) – written document; will
tabulae, -ārum (f. pl.) – records
tempus, -oris (n.) – time; crisis
testimōnium, testimōniī (n.) – testimony; evidence
testis, -is (m.) − witness
vulnus, -eris (n.) – wound
Verbs
absolvō, -ere, absolvī, absolūtum (+ acc. + gen.) − absolve (someone) of
accusō, -āre (+ acc. + gen.) − accuse (someone) of
careō, -ēre, caruī (+ abl.) − lack
caveō, -ēre, cavī, cautum – be on one's guard; take care
circumsistō, -ere, -stitī − surround
condemnō, -āre (+ acc. + gen.) − accuse; condemn (someone) of something
confiteor, -ērī, confessus sum – confess
contemnō, -ere, contempsī, contemptum − make light of
curō, -āre − care for; look after
dēsīderō, -āre – miss; long for
dēsistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitum − desist; give over; (+ abl.) desist (from)
discēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum (+ ab + abl.) – leave
dissimulō, -āre – pretend that something is not so
ēdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum – lead out
egeō, -ēre, eguī (+ abl.) − lack, need
explicō, -āre – explain
fruor, fruī, fructus sum (+ abl.) − enjoy
fungor, fungī, functus sum (+ abl.) − fulfill
hortor, -ārī, hortātus sum – encourage; urge
indūcō, -ere, -duxī, -ductum − induce
interest − it matters
mandō, -āre (+ dat.) – order; command
meminī, meminisse − remember
misereor, -ērī, miseritus sum (+ gen.) − pity
necō, -āre − kill
oblīviscor, oblīviscī, oblītus sum (+ gen.) − forget
omittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum – give up; neglect; reject
paenitet − it repents; it displeases
pateō, -ēre, patuī − lay open
pergō, -ere, perrexī, perrectum − proceed
perspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectum – look into; consider closely
piget − it troubles
potior, -īrī, potītus sum (+ abl.) − t
ake possession of
pudet − it shames
purgō, -āre − purge; cleanse
recitō, -āre − recite; read out
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (+ abl.) − use; exercise
Adjectives
eximius, -a, -um – excellent; outstanding
incrēdibilis, -e − incredible
Manliānus, -a, -um – belonging to Manlius
militāris, -e – relating to the military
perpetuus, -a, -um – enduring; lasting
quantus, -a, -um – how great
Adverbs
diligenter − diligently
igitur – therefore; then
impūnē – with impunity
līberius – more freely
saltem − at least
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) infamy
(ii) predator
(iii) absolution
(iv) circumstance
FIGURE 18.3 Close-up of the Colosseum, Rome. Source: courtesy Anna Reeve
CHAPTER 19
Chapter Contents
19.1 DEGREES OF COMPARISON: COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE 19.1.1 Comparative Adjectives
19.1.2 Superlative Adjectives
19.1.3 Adjectives in -er
19.1.4 Adjectives in -ilis Comparative
Superlative
19.1.5 Adverbs
19.1.6 Irregular Comparison
19.2 CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE 19.2.1 Comparative in a Purpose Clause
19.2.2 Ablative of Comparison/Quam