Wiley's Real Latin
Page 26
Adjectives
ācer, -ris, -re – harsh; severe
angustus, -a, -um – narrow
asper, -era, -erum – desperate
āversus, -a, -um – turned away; from behind
commodus, -a, -um – suitable; convenient
crēber, -bris – frequent
dūplex, -icis – double
eximius, -a, -um – outstanding
repentīnus, -a, -um – sudden
Sōcraticus, -a, -um – belonging to Socrates; Socratic
superior, -ius – preceding
Adverbs; Conjunctions
angustē – narrowly
comiter – in a friendly manner
nōminātim – by name
obviam (+ dat.) – in the way of; obviam venīre (+ dat.) – come to meet
quasi – as if
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) advent
(ii) dispute
(iii) accept
(iv) narrate
FIGURE 19.3 Temple of Vesta, Rome. Vesta was the goddess of fire/the hearth. Vesta was served by six Vestal Virgins (the only female priesthood in Rome) who served the goddess for 30 years after which time they were allowed to marry (though few did). Photo © tkachuk / Shutterstock
CHAPTER 20
Chapter Contents
20.1 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 20.1.1 Simple Conditions
20.1.2 Present
20.1.3 Past
20.1.4 Future Conditions Future More Vivid
Future Less Vivid
20.1.5 Unfulfilled, Untrue, or Contrary-to-Fact Conditions Present Unfulfilled
Past Unfulfilled
Mixed Unfulfilled
20.2 VERBS/EXPRESSIONS OF DOUBTING: Dubitō, Dubium Est, Incertum Est
20.3 CONSTRUCTION FOR VERBS OF HINDERING, PREVENTING, FORBIDDING
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Extra Passages
Vocabulary Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions
FIGURE 20.1 Roman glass vase from Syria, date unknown. Pompey made Syria a Roman province in 64 bc. Under the emperors Syria was an important military command. It was known for its wine and various agricultural products such as nuts, plums and dates. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
20.1 Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences are made up of two clauses: a conditional clause (called the protasis) introduced by sī − if, or nisi (or sī … nōn) − unless; if … not, and a main clause (called the apodosis). Different combinations are possible and conditional sentences are presented in various ways. The following provides a simplified overview of the different types.
20.1.1 Simple Conditions
Simple conditions may be past or present. A simple condition, as the label suggests, sets forth a proposal without implying whether the proposal is true or not. Consider, for example, the English If you believe this, you are wrong.
20.1.2 Present
Simple present conditional sentences regularly use the present indicative in both protasis and apodosis:
erras, sī id crēdis (Terence Heauton Timorumenos 106): you are wrong, if you believe this.
20.1.3 Past
Simple past conditional sentences regularly use the perfect indicative in the protasis and the perfect or imperfect in the apodosis:
sī vērum tibi Caelius dīxit, ō immoderāta mulier, sciēns tū aurum ad facinus dēdistī (Cicero Pro Caelio 53): if Caelius told you the truth, reckless woman, you knowingly gave the gold for the crime.
20.1.4 Future Conditions
There are two basic types of future conditions: the first is often referred to as future definite or future more vivid. Here the condition refers to something that may happen in the future and it is called definite or future more vivid because the chance of its being true is considered probable. The second type is called future indefinite or future less vivid.
Future More Vivid
As the label suggests, these sentences refer to something happening in the future. Consider, for example, the English If you bring a fine, large banquet with you, you will dine well at my house. Notice that here, somewhat illogically, English uses the present tense in the protasis. In Latin, a future tense is used; regularly the future perfect because the action in the protasis has to be completed before the action in the apodosis can take place:
cēnābis bene, mī Fabulle, apud mē
…
sī tēcum attuleris bonam atque magnam
cēnam
(Catullus 13.1–4):
you will dine well at my house, my dear Fabullus
…
if you bring [literally: will have brought] with you a fine and large
dinner.
Future Less Vivid
As noted above, conditions of this type refer to the future, but suggest that the outcome is less certain: If you should/were to learn this, you would be wise. Here Latin uses the present subjunctive in both the protasis and apodosis:
sī quis, iūdicēs, forte nunc adsit ignārus lēgum iūdiciōrum consuetūdinisque nostrae, mīrētur profectō quae sit tanta atrōcitās huiusce causae (Cicero Pro Caelio 1): if anyone, judges, by chance should be present now who is ignorant of our laws, our courts, and our customs, surely he would wonder what great atrocity there is in this case.
20.1.5 Unfulfilled, Untrue, or Contrary-to-Fact Conditions
Present Unfulfilled
Here the condition is presented as something that is not being fulfilled or cannot be true or fulfilled. Consider the following example: If he were inside, I would be calling him out (but he is not inside and so I am not – notice the tenses and moods English uses here). Here Latin uses the imperfect subjunctive in both protasis and apodosis:
sī intus esset, ēvocārem (Plautus Pseudolus 640): if he were inside, I would call him out.
You can see that the if-clause immediately suggests “but he is not,” i.e., is untrue.
Past Unfulfilled
Here the reference is to the past: If I had known you were there, I would have come myself (again notice how English expresses conditions of this type). In past unfulfilled conditions Latin uses the pluperfect subjunctive in both the protasis and apodosis:
sī ibi tē esse scīvissem, ad tē ipse vēnissem (Cicero De Finibus 3.8): if I had known that you were there, I would have come to you myself.
Mixed Unfulfilled
Sometimes you find a blend of past and present in conditions of this type. Usually in this case, the protasis refers to something in the past, the apodosis to the present:
nisi ante Rōmā profectus essēs, nunc eam certē relinquerēs (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 7.11.1): if you had not set out from Rome before, you would certainly be leaving her now.
A word of warning: many other combinations occur. For example, the protasis may be represented by a participle:
si latet ars, prodest; adfert dēprēnsa pudōrem (Ovid Ars Amatoria 2.313): if art is hidden, it is good; but if
20.2 Verbs/Expressions of Doubting: Dubitō, Dubium Est, Incertum Est
If the verb/expression of doubting is positive, it is followed by an indirect question:
quid enim ille factūrus sit incertum est (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 9.6.2): for it is uncertain what that man will/is going to do.
However, if the expression of doubting is itself negative or in the form of a question, the dependent clause is introduced by quīn; the mood is still the subjunctive:
nec dubitārī dēbet quīn fuerint ante Homērum poētae (Cicero Brutus 71): nor should it be doubted that there were poets before Homer.
NB: dubito may mean hesitate in which case it simply takes a complementary infinitive even if it is negative:
sapiens … nōn dubitat … migrāre dē vītā (Cicero De Finibus 1.62): the wise man … does not hesitate … to dep
art from life.
20.3 Construction for Verbs of Hindering, Preventing, Forbidding
Two verbs, vetō − forbid, and prohibeō − prevent, are regularly followed by the accusative and infinitive construction:
hic sē lacrimīs dēfendī vetat (Cicero Pro Milone 105): this man forbids himself to be defended by tears.
Pompeius …
For other verbs of preventing, e.g., impediō, dēterreō, obstō, obsistō, the construction is rather different: if the introductory verb is positive, the dependent clause is introduced by quōminus or nē and has its verb in the subjunctive; if negative, the dependent clause is introduced by quōminus or quīn and has its verb in the subjunctive:
sed iam impedior egomet, iūdicēs, dolōre animī nē dē huius miseriā plūra dīcam (Cicero Pro Sulla 92): but now I am prevented, judges, by the pain of my spirit from saying more about the misery of this man.
nec Antiochus sē tenuit quīn contrā suum doctōrem librum etiam ēderet (Cicero Lucullus 12): and Antiochus did not hold back from publishing a book against his own teacher.
NB: quīn + subjunctive may be used instead of ut nōn to introduce result clauses when the main verb is negative.
nēmō est tam fortis quīn reī novitāte perturbētur (Caesar De Bello Gallico 6.39.4): there is no one so brave that he is not disturbed by revolution.
Try This
Identify the verbs in the following passage (including participles, infinitives, gerunds, and gerundives) and parse them (you will need to use a dictionary to complete this exercise):
Caelo supinas si tuleris manus
nascente Luna, rustica Phidyle,
si ture placaris et horna
fruge Lares avidaque porca,
nec pestilentem sentiet Africum
fecunda vitis nec sterilem seges
robiginem aut dulces alumni
pomifero grave tempus anno.
nam quae nivali pascitur Algido
devota quercus inter et ilices
aut crescit Albanis in herbis
victima, pontificum securis
cervice tinguet; te nihil attinet
temptare multa caede bidentium
parvos coronantem marino
rore deos fragilique myrto.
(Horace Odes 3.23.1–16)
- - - - - - - - - -
Sound Bite
Ovid on the art of make-up (Ovid Ars Amatoria 2.313)
si latet ars, prodest.
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Translation from Latin
1. ferreus essem, si te non amarem. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 15.21.3)
2. mellitos oculos tuos, Iuventi,
si quis me sinat usque basiare,
usque ad milia basiem trecenta.
(Catullus 48.1–3)
3. etsi ea perturbatio est omnium rerum ut suae quemque fortunae maxime paeniteat … tamen mihi dubium non est quin hoc tempore bono viro Romae esse miserrimum sit. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 6.1)
HINT!
Here ea is the same as talis. What construction follows?
4. hanc ego viam, iudices, si aut asperam atque arduam aut plenam esse periculorum aut insidiarum negem, mentiar, praesertim cum id non modo intellexerim semper, sed etiam praeter ceteros senserim. (Cicero Pro Sestio 100)
5. nemini video dubium esse, iudices, quin apertissime C. Verres in Sicilia sacra profanaque omnia et privatim et publice spoliaverit, versatusque sit sine ulla non modo religione verum etiam dissimulatione in omni genere furandi atque praedandi. (Cicero In Verrem 2.5.1)
6. nostri repentina fortuna permoti arma quae possunt arripiunt, alii ex castris sese incitant. fit in hostis impetus. sed
7. an hic, si sese isti vitae dedidisset, consularem hominem admodum adulescens in iudicium vocavisset? hic, si laborem fugeret, si obstrictus voluptatibus teneretur, hac in acie cotidie versaretur, appeteret inimicitias, in iudicium vocaret, subiret periculum capitis, ipse inspectante populo Romano tot iam mensis aut de salute aut de gloria dimicaret? (Cicero Pro Caelio 47)
8. tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacuerat, proponit: esse nonnullos quorum auctoritas apud plebem plurimum valeat, qui privatim plus possint quam ipsi magistratus. hos seditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem deterrere, ne frumentum conferant, quod debeant. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.17.2)
9. urbem Syracusas elegerat, cuius hic situs atque haec natura esse loci caelique dicitur ut nullus umquam dies tam magna ac turbulenta tempestate fuerit quin aliquo tempore eius diei solem homines viderint. hic ita vivebat iste bonus imperator hibernis mensibus ut eum non facile non modo extra tectum, sed ne extra lectum quidem quisquam viderit; ita diei brevitas conviviis, noctis longitudo stupris et flagitiis continebatur. (Cicero In Verrem 2.5.26)
Translation into Latin
1. If you do what you indicate, I will be very grateful; if you do not do it, I will forgive you. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 5.19.2)
2. If you had come to the army, you would have been seen by the military tribunes. But you were not seen by them. Therefore you did not set out for the army. (Cicero De Inventione 1.87)
3. I would not be troubling you if I were able to arrange this through another. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 15.15.4)
4. It is easy to find fault with extravagance. The day would soon fail me if I should try to explain everything which could be said upon that topic. (Cicero Pro Caelio 29)
5. You have understood for a long time, judges, what I wish or rather what I do not wish to say. Even if this was done, it was certainly not done by Caelius. (Cicero Pro Caelio 69)
6. In no way could it happen that Cleomenus not be pardoned. (Cicero In Verrem 2.5.104)
7. If you are doing this, you are obtaining the great reward of the excellent studies in which I know you have always been engaged. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 6.10b.1)
8. I would not believe this about the statues if I had not seen them lying about and torn apart. (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.158)
9. Death, which threatens daily on account of changing events and on account of the brevity of life can never be far away, does not deter the wise man from considering the interests of the state and his family for all time. (Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes 1.91)
Figure 20.2 Romano-British jug. Before the Roman invasion of Britain (first by Julius Caesar in 54 and 54 bc, later by the emperor Claudius in ad 43), pottery was mainly available to rulers of the various tribes. As Roman influence spread, the use of pottery became much more common. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
Extra Passages
Orpheus has descended into the Underworld to bring back his wife, Eurydice, from the dead. Tragically he turns around before they reach the world above and Eurydice is lost for a second time.
iamque pedem referens [i.e., Orpheus] casus evaserat omnis,
redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras
pone1 sequens (namque hanc dederat Proserpina legem),
cum subita incautum dementia cepit amantem,
ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere Manes:
restitit, Eurydicenque suam iam luce sub ipsa
immemor heu! victusque animi respexit. ibi omnis
effusus labor atque immitis rupta tyranni
foedera, terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis.
illa “quis et me” inquit “miseram et te perdidit, Orpheu,
quis tantus furor? en iterum crudelia retro
fata vocant, conditque natantia lumina somnus.
iamque vale: feror ingenti circumdata nocte
invalidasque tibi tendens, heu non tua, palmas.”
dixit et ex oculis subito, ceu fumus in auras
commixtus tenuis, fugit diversa, neque illum
prensantem nequiquam umbras et multa volentem
dicere praetere
a vidit; nec portitor Orci
amplius obiectam passus transire paludem.
(Virgil Georgics 4.485–503)
Compare Ovid's version of the same story.
tunc primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est
Eumenidum maduisse genas, nec regia coniunx
sustinet oranti nec, qui regit ima, negare,
Eurydicenque vocant: umbras erat illa recentes
inter et incessit passu de vulnere tardo.
hanc simul et legem Rhodopeius accipit heros,
ne flectat retro sua lumina, donec Avernas
exierit valles; aut inrita dona futura.
carpitur adclivis per muta silentia trames,
arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca,
nec procul afuerunt telluris margine summae:
hic, ne deficeret, metuens avidusque videndi
flexit amans oculos, et protinus illa relapsa est,
bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere certans
nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras.
(Ovid Metamorphoses 10.45–59)
1 This is not from pono.
Figure 20.3 Orpheus charming animals mosaic, 2nd century ad. Orpheus was famed as a singer and his song was so enchanting as to charm animals, trees, rocks, all manner of things. Source: Musée Archéologique, Saint-Roman-en-Gal, France/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library
Vocabulary