by A. A. Long
There is a fine monograph by
[383] Schofield, M. An Essay on Anaxagoras (Cambridge, 1980).
The bibliography on his ontology is very copious. Salient contributions include
[384] Cornford, F. M. “Anaxagoras” theory of matter,” in Furley/Allen [149] 275–322, first publ. in CQ 24 (1930) 14–30 and 83–95.
[385] Furley, D. J. “Anaxagoras in response to Parmenides,” in Shiner/King-Farlow [158] (1976) 61–85 = Furley [150] 47–65.
[386] Furth, M. “A ‘philosophical hero?’: Anaxagoras and the Eleatics,” OSAP 9 (1991) 95–129.
[387] Graham, D. W. “The postulates of Anaxagoras,” Apeiron 27 (1994) 77–121.
[388] Heidel, W. A. “Qualitative change in pre-Socratic philosophy,” in Mourelatos [155] 86–98, first publ. more fully in AGP 19 (1906) 333–79.
[389] Inwood, B. “Anaxagoras and infinite divisibility,” ICS 11 (1986) 17–34.
[390] Kerferd, G. B. “Anaxagoras and the concept of matter before Aristotle,” in Mourelatos [155] 489–503, first publ. in Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 52 (1969) 129–43.
[391] Strang, C. “The physical theory of Anaxagoras,” in Furley/Allen [149] 361–80, first publ. in AGP 45 (1963) 101–18.
[392] Vlastos, G. “The physical theory of Anaxagoras,” in Furley/Allen 1975 [149] 323–53 = Mourelatos [155] 459–88 = Vlastos [160] 303–27, first publ. in PR 59 (1950) 31–57.
On Anaxagoras’ concept of Nous many items from section (P) are pertinent, and see
[393] von Fritz, K. “Der NOYΣ des Anaxagoras,” Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte 9 (1964) 87–102.
[394] Laks, A. “Mind’s crisis: on Anaxagoras’ nous,” Southern Journal of Philosophy 31 suppl. (1993) 19–38.
For further study of his intellectual context, see O’Brien [375] and
[395] Mansfeld, J. “The chronology of Anaxagoras” Athenian period and the date of his trial,” in Mansfeld [32] 264–306, first publ. more fully in Mnemosyne 32 (1979) 39–69 and 33 (1980) 17–95.
(I) The atomists: Leucippus and Democritus
Text, translation and commentary
[396] Luria, S. Democritea, original texts of fragments and testimonia with Russian translation and commentary (Leningrad, 1970).
Studies: The best introduction is by Furley [99]. See also
[397] Bailey, C. The Greek Atomists and Epicurus (Oxford, 1928).
A number of useful papers are in
[398] Benakis, L., ed. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Democritus. 2 vols. (Xanthi, 1984).
especially
[399] Barnes, J. “Reason and necessity in Leucippus,” in Benakis [398] (1984) 141–58.
For the atomists’ physical theory, see
[400] Furley, D. J. Two Studies in the Greek Atomists (Princeton, 1967), ch. 6 “The atomists’ reply to the Eleatics” = Mourelatos [155] 504–26.
[401] Furley, D. J. “Aristotle and the Atomists on infinity,” in I. Düring, ed. Naturphilosophie bei Aristoteles und Theophrast (Heidelberg, 1969) 85–96 = Furley [150] 103–14.
[402] Furley, D. J. “Aristotle and the Atomists on motion in a void,” in P. K. Machamer and J. Turnbull, eds. Motion and Time. Space and Matter (Columbus, Ohio, 1976) 83–100 = Furley [150] 77–90.
[403] Kline, A. D. and C. A. Matheson. “The logical impossibility of collision,” Philosophy 62 (1987) 509–15.
with response by
[404] Godfrey, R. “Democritus and the impossibility of collision,” Philosophy 65 (1990) 212–17.
[405] Luria, S. “Die Infinitesimallehre der antiken Atomisten,” Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik B 2 (1933) 106–85.
[406] Makin, S. “The indivisibility of the atoms,” AGP 71 (1989) 125–49.
[407] O’Brien, D. Theories of Weight in the Ancient World, vol. I Democritus, Weight and Size (Paris/Leiden, 1981)
which is discussed by
[408] Furley D. J. “Weight and motion in Democritus’ theory,” OSAP I (1983) 193–209= Furley [150] 91–102.
See also
[409] Sedley, D. N. “Two conceptions of vacuum,” Phronesis 27 (1982) 175–93.
For the atomists’ ethics, epistemology and psychology, see
[410] Bicknell, P. “The seat of the mind in Democritus,” Eranos 66 (1968) 10–23.
[411] Bicknell, P. “Democritus on precognition,” REG 82 (1969) 318–26.
[412] Burkert, W. “Air-imprints or eidola?: Democritus’ aetiology of vision,” ICS 2 (1977) 97–109.
[413] Furley, D. J. “Democritus and Epicurus on sensible qualities,” in J. Brunschwig and M. C. Nussbaum, eds. Passions and Perceptions, Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium Hellenisticum (Cambridge, 1993) 72–94.
[414] Gosling, J. C. B. and C. C. W. Taylor, The Greeks on Pleasure (Oxford, 1982).
[415] Hussey, E. “Thucydidean history and Democritean theory,” in P. Cartledge and F. Harvey, eds. Crux. Essays in Greek History presented to G.E.M. de Ste. Croix (London, 1985) 118–38.
[416] Kahn, C. H. “Democritus and the origins of moral psychology,” AJP 106 (1985) 1–31.
[417] McKim, R. (1984) “Democritus against scepticism: All sense-impressions are true,” in Benakis [398] 281–90.
[418] Müller, R. “Naturphilosophie und Ethik im antiken Atomismus,” Philologus 124 (1980) 1–17.
[419] O’Brien, D. “Théories atomistes de la vision: Démocrite et le problème de la fourmi céleste,” in Benakis [398] (1984) 28–57.
[420] Procopé, J. F. “Democritus on politics and the care of the soul,” CQ 39, 307–31 (1989) and 40 (1990) 21–45.
[421] Sassi, M. M. Le teorie della percezione in Democrito (Florence, 1978).
[422] Sedley, D. N. “Sextus Empiricus and the atomist criteria of truth,” Elenchos 13 (1992) 19–56.
[423] Taylor, C. C. W. “Pleasure, knowledge and sensation in Democritus,” Phronesis 12 (1967) 6–27.
[424] Vlastos, G. “Ethics and physics in Democritus,” in Furley/Allen [149] 381–408 = Vlastos [160] 328–50, first publ. in PR 54 (1945) 578–92 and 55 (1946) 53–64.
See also Diels [426], Farrar [96]
(J) Diogenes of Apollonia
Text and commentary
[425] Laks, A. Diogène d’Apollonie (Lille, 1983)
Studies: see Jaeger [481] 165–71 and
[426] Diels, H. “Leukippos und Diogenes von Apollonia,” RM 42 (1887) 1–14.
[427] Diller, H. “Die philosophiegeschichtliche Stellung des Diogenes von Apollonia” Hermes 76 (1941) 359–81.
[428] Huffmeier, F. “Teleologische Weltbetrachtung bei Diogenes von Apollonia,” Philologus 107 (1963) 131–38.
(K) The sophists: ethical and political thought
For Antiphon, Gorgias and Protagoras treated individually, see sections (L), (M), and (N) below.
Texts, translations and commentaries
[429] Gagarin, M. and Woodruff, P., eds. Early Greek Political Thought from Homer to the Sophists (Cambridge, 1995).
[430] Robinson, T. M. Contrasting Arguments, an Edition of the Dissoi Logoi (New York, 1979).
[431] Sprague, R. K., ed. The Older Sophists: A Complete Translation (Columbia, S.C., 1972).
[432] Untersteiner, M. I Sofisti, testimonianze e frammenti, 4 vols. (Florence, 1954–62).
Comprehensive studies include Grote [21], Guthrie [17] and the excellent book by
[433] Kerferd, G. B. The Sophistic Movement (Cambridge, 1981).
See also
[434] Guthrie, W. K. C. The Sophists (Cambridge, 1971), a separate publication of the relevant parts of Guthrie [17].
[435] de Romilly, J. The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens (Oxford, 1992), trans. J. Lloyd of Les grands sophistes dans l’Athènes de Périclès (Paris, 1988).
and Adkins [82], Farrar [96] and Ostwald [121].
Collections of articles include
[436] Classen, C. J. Sophistik (Darmstadt, 1976).
[437] Greek Philosophical Society The Sophistic Movement (Athens, 1984).
[438] Kerferd, G. B., ed. The Sophists and their Legacy (Wiesbaden, 1981).
Further studies
[439] Burnyeat, M. (1998) “Dissoi Logoi” in Craig [145].
[440] Cole, T. The Origins of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece (Baltimore, 1991).
[441] Havelock, E. A. The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics (New Haven, 1957).
[442] Havelock, E. A. “Dikaiosyne. An essay in Greek intellectual history,” Phoenix 23 (1969) 49–70.
[443] Heinimann, F. Nomos und Physis: Herkunft und Bedeutung einer Antithese im griechischen Denken des 5 Jahrhunderts (Basel, 1945; repr. Darmstadt, 1972).
[444] Kahn, C. H. “The origins of social contract theory in the fifth century B. C.,” in Kerferd [438] 92–108.
[445] Nehamas, A. “Eristic, antilogic, sophistic, dialectic: Plato’s demarcation of philosophy from sophistry,” History of Philosophy Quarterly 7 (1990) 3–16.
[446] Nill, M. Morality and Self-interest in Protagoras, Antiphon and Democritus (Leiden, 1985).
[447] Solmsen, F. Intellectual Experiments of the Greek Enlightenment (Princeton, 1975).
[448] Woodruff, P. “Eikos and bad faith in the paired speeches of Thucydides,” BACAP 10 (1994) 115–45.
(L) Antiphon
Text and commentary (in Italian)
[449] Bastianini, G. and F. Decleva Caizzi. “Antipho,” in Corpus dei Papiri Filosofici Greci e Latini (CPF) vol. 1* (Florence, 1989) 176–222.
See also
[450] Decleva Caizzi, F. “Ricerche su Antifonte. A propositio di POxy. 1364 fr. 1,” in M. Capasso, F. de Martino, P. Rosati, eds. Studi di filosofia preplatonica (Naples, 1985) 191–208.
[451] Decleva Caizzi, F. “Il nuovo papiro di Antifonte (POxy LII, 3647)” in Protagora, Antifonte, Posidonio, Aristotele. Saggi su frammenti inediti e nuove testimonianze da papiri (Studi e Testi per II Corpus dei Papiri Filosofici 2, Florence, 1986), 61–9.
For translations, see Sprague [431] and Gagarin/Woodruff [429].
Studies
[452] Decleva Caizzi, F. “’Hysteron Proteron’: la nature et la loi selon Antiphon et Platon,” Revue de Metaphysique et Morale 91 (1986) 291–310.
[453] Furley, D. J. “Antiphon’s case against justice” in Kerferd [438] (1981) 81–91 = Furley [150] 66–76.
[454] Kerferd, G. B. “The moral and political doctrines of Antiphon the Sophist” Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 4 (1956/7) 26–32.
[455] Morrison, J. S. “The ‘Truth’ of Antiphon,” Phronesis 8 (1963) 35–49.
[456] Moulton, C. “Antiphon the sophist, On truth,” TAPA 103 (1972) 329–66.
[457] Narcy, M. “Antiphon d’Athène,” in Goulet [151] (1989).
[458] Ostwald, M. “Nomos and Phusis in Antiphon’s ,” in M. Griffith and D. J. Mastronarde, eds. Cabinet of the Muses (Chico, 1990) 293–306.
[459] Saunders, T. J. “Antiphon the sophist on natural laws,” PAS 78 (1977–78) 215–36.
(M) Gorgias
Text and testimonia
[460] Buchteim, T. Gorgias von Leontinoi, Reden, Fragmente und Testimonien (Hamburg, 1989).
[461] Macdowell, D. M. Gorgias, Encomium of Helen (Bristol, 1982).
For translations, see Sprague [431] and Gagarin/Woodruff [429].
On Gorgias in general, see
[462] Dodds, E. R., ed. Plato Gorgias (Oxford, 1959).
Studies
[463] Kerferd, G. B. “Gorgias on Nature or that which is not,” Phronesis I (1955/6) 3–25.
[464] Long, A. A. “Methods of argument in Gorgias’ Palamedes,” in Greek Philosophical Society [437] (1984) 233–41.
[465] Mourelatos, A. P. D. “Gorgias on the function of language,” Philosophical Topics 15 (1987) 135–70.
[466] Newiger, H. Untersuchung zu Gorgias’ Schrift Über das Nichtseiende (Berlin, 1973).
[467] Rosenmeyer, T. G. “Gorgias, Aeschylus and ‘Apate,’” AJP 76 (1955) 225–60.
[468] Segal, C. P. “Gorgias and the psychology of the Logos,” HSCP 66 (1962) 99–155.
[469] Verdenius, W. J. “Gorgias’ doctrine of deception,” in Kerferd [438] (1981) 116–28.
(N) Protagoras
Texts: DK 80
Translations: see Sprague [431] and Gagarin/Woodruff [429].
Studies
[470] Bett, R. “The sophists and relativism,” Phronesis 34 (1989) 139–69.
[471] Burnyeat, M. “Protagoras and self-refutation in Plato’s Theaetetus,” PR 85 (1976) 172–95.
[472] Classen, C. J. “Protagoras’ Aletheia,” in P. Huby and G. Neal, eds. The Criterion of Truth (Liverpool, 1989) 13–38.
[473] Fine, G. “Protagorean relativisms,” BACAP 10 (1994) 211–43.
[474] Glidden, D. K. “Protagorean relativism and physis,” Phronesis 20 (1975)209–27.
[475] Mansfeld, J. “Protagoras on epistemological obstacles and persons,” in Kerferd [438] (1981) 38–53.
[476] Schiappa, E. Protagoras and Logos: A Study in Greek Philosophy and Rhetoric (Columbia, S.C., 1991).
[477] Taylor, C. C. W. Plato Protagoras (Oxford, 1976).
[478] Vlastos, G., ed. Plato Protagoras (Indianapolis/New York, 1956).
[479] Woodruff, P. “Didymus on Protagoras and the Protagoreans,” JHP 23 (1985) 483–97.
(O) Rational theology
See Burkert [85], Cornford [88] and [89], Jaeger [102], Vlastos [187] and
[480] Gerson, L. P. God and Greek Philosophy (London/New York, 1990).
[481] Jaeger, W. The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers (Oxford, 1947).
[482] Vlastos, G. “Theology and philosophy in early Greek thought,” in Furley/Allen [148] 92–129 and in Vlastos [150], first publ. in Philosophical Quarterly 2 (1952) 97–123.
(P) Epistemology and psychology
See Barnes [14], Bicknell [410], Burkert [201], Huffman [198], Kahn [232], Laks [301] and [394], Lloyd [111], Long [366], Mansfeld [255], Mourelatos [309], Nussbaum [256], O’Brien [419], Snell [128], Stratton [38] and
[483] Beare, J. I. Greek theories of Elementary Cognition from Alcmaeon to Aristotle (Oxford, 1906).
[484] Bicknell, P. “Parmenides, fragment 10,” Hermes 96 (1968) 629–31.
[485] Bremmer, J. The Early Greek Concept of the Soul (Princeton, 1983).
[486] Claus D. Towards the Soul. An Inquiry into the meaning of before Plato (New Haven, 1981).
[487] von Fritz, K. “N and N in the Homeric Poems,” CP 38 (1943) 79–93.
[488] von Fritz, K. “N, N, and their derivatives in Pre-Socratic philosophy,” in Mourelatos [155] 23–85, first publ. in CP 40 (1945) 223–42 and 41 (1946) 12–34.
[489] Furley, D. J. “The early history of the Greek concept of the soul,” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 3 (1956) 1–18.
[490] Gottschalk, H. P. “Soul as harmonia,” Phronesis 16 (1971) 179–198.
[491] Hussey, E. “The beginnings of epistemology: from Homer to Philolaos,” in S. Everson, ed. Companions to Ancient Thought 1: Epistemology (Cambridge, 1990) 11–38.
[492] Jarcho, V. N. “Zum Menschenbild der nachhomerischen Dichtung,” Philologus 112 (1968) 147–72.
[493] Jouanna, J. “Le souffle, la vie et le froid. Remarques sur la famille de d’Homère à Hippocrate,” REG 99 (1987) 202–24.
[494] Lesher, J. H. “The emergence of philosophical interest in cognition,” OSAP 12 (1994) 1–34.
[495] Mansfeld, J. “Alcmaeon: ‘Physikos’ or Physician? With some remarks on Calcidius’ ‘On Vision’ compared to Galen, Plac, Hipp. Plat. VII,” in Mansfeld and de Rijk, eds. (see [73]) (1975) 26–38.
[496] Müller, C. W. Gleiches zu Gleichem. Ein Prinzip frühgriechischen Denkens (Wiesbaden, 1965).
[497] Solmsen, F. “Antecedents of Aristotle’s psychology and scale of beings,” AJP 76 (1955) 148–64.
[498] Verdenius, W. “Empedocles’ doctrine of sight,” in Studia Vollgraf oblata (Amsterdam, 1948) 155–64.
(Q) Causality and medicine
A bibliography on medicine, cover
ing 1839–1985, is included in Longrigg [511].
See Adkins [82], Jaeger [102], Jones [103], Lloyd [109], [110], and [154], Longrigg [115], Williams [138] and
[499] di Benedetto, V. “Tendenza e probabilità nell’antica medicina greca,” Critica storica 3 (1966) 315–68.
[500] Deichgraeber, K. “Prophasis. Eine terminologische Studie,” in Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaft und der Medizin vol. 3 (1933)209–25.
[501] Diller, H. “Hippokratische Medizin und attische Philosophie,” Hermes 80 (1952) 385–409.
[502] Diller, H. “Ausdrucksformen des methodischen Bewusstseins in den hippokratischen Epidemien,” Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte 9 (1964) 133–50.
[503] Diller, H. “Das Selbstverständnis der griechischen Medizin in der Zeit des Hippokrates,” in La collection hippocratique et son rôle dans l’histoire de la medicine (Leiden, 1975) 77–93.
[504] Frede, M. “The original notion of cause,” in his Essays in Ancient Philosophy (Minneapolis, 1987) 125–50.
[505] Irigoin, J. “Préalables linguistique à l’interprétation de termes techniques attestés dans la collection hippocratique,” in Lasserre/Mudry [507] (1983) 173–80.
[506] Jouanna, J., ed. De l’ancienne medicine, text and French translation (Paris, 1990).
[507] Lasserre, F. and P. Mudry, eds. Formes de pensée dans la collection hippocratique (Geneva, 1983).
[508] Littré, E. (Œuvres complètes d’Hippocrate, 10 vols., text, trans., introduction and medical commentary (Paris, 1839–61; repr. Amsterdam 1961–62).
[509] Longrigg, J. “Philosophy and medicine: some early interactions,” HSCP 67 (1963) 147–75.
[510] Longrigg, J. “Ancient Medicine and its intellectual context,” in Lasserre/Mudry [507] (1983) 249–56.
[511] Longrigg, J. “Presocratic philosophy and Hippocratic medicine,” with bibliography covering 1839–1985, History of Science 27 (1989) 1–39.
[512] Lonie, I. M. The Hippocratic Treatises On Generation, On the Nature of the Child, Diseases IV. A commentary (Berlin/New York, 1981).
[513] Mansfeld, J. “The historical Hippocrates and the origins of scientific medicine,” in M. Ruse, ed. Nature Animated (Dordrecht, 1983) 49–76.
[514] Marzullo, A. “Hippocr. Progn. 1 Alex. (Prooemium),” Museum criticum 21–22 (1986–87) 199–254.