by A. A. Long
[243] Hölscher, U. “Heraklit,” in Mourelatos [155] 229–40, an abbreviated trans. of “Heraklit” in Hölscher [153] (1968).
[244] Hospers, J. and K. Robb, eds. The Monist 74 no.4. (1991) special issue on Heraclitus.
[245] Hussey, E. “Epistemology and meaning in Heraclitus,” in M. Schofield and M. C. Nussbaum, eds. Language and Logos. Studies in Ancient Greek Philosophy presented to G. E. L. Owen (Cambridge, 1982) 33–59.
[246] Hussey, E. “The beginnings of epistemology: from Homer to Philolaos,” in S. Everson, ed. Companions to Ancient Thought 1: Epistemology (Cambridge, 1990) 11–38.
[247] Hussey, E. “Heraclitus on living and dying,” in Hospers and Robb [244] (1991) 517–30.
[248] Kirk, G. S. “Heraclitus and death in battle (fr. 24D),” AJP 70 (1949) 384–93.
[249] Lassalle, F. Die Philosophie Herakleitos des dunklen von Ephesos (Berlin, 1858; repr. Hildesheim/New York, 1973).
[250] Lesher, J. H. “Heraclitus’ epistemological vocabulary,” Hermes III (1983) 155–70.
[251] Long. A. A. “Heraclitus and Stoicism,” in A. A. Long, Stoic Studies (Cambridge, 1996) 35–57, first publ. in Philosophia 5/6 (1975/6), 133–53.
[252] Long, A. A. “Finding oneself in Greek philosophy,” Tijdschrift voor Filosofie 54 (1992) 255–79.
[253] Long, A. A. “Heraclitus,” in Craig [145] (1998).
[254] Mackenzie, M. M. “Heraclitus and the art of paradox,” in OSAP 6 (1988) 1–37.
[255] Mansfeld, J. “Heraclitus on the psychology and physiology of sleep and on rivers” Mnemosyne 20 (1967) 1–29.
[256] Nussbaum, M. C. “ in Heraclitus,” Phronesis 17 (1972) 1–16, 153–70.
[257] Rankin, D. “Limits of perception and cognition in Heraclitus’ fragments,” Elenchos 16 (1995) 241–52.
[258] Reinhardt, K. “Heraklits Lehre vom Feuer,” in his Vermächtnis der Antike, 2nd ed. (Göttingen, 1960), first publ. in Hermes 77 (1942) 1–27.
[259] Robb, K. “Psyche and Logos in the fragments of Heraclitus: the origins of the concept of the soul,” The Monist 69 (1983) 315–51.
[260] Schleiermacher, F. D. E. “Herakleitos der dunkle, von Ephesos, dargestellt aus den Trümmern seines Werkes und den Zeugnissen der Alten,” Museum der Alterthums-Wissenschaft 1 (1808) 313–533.
[261] Schofield, M. “Heraclitus’ theory of soul and its antecedents,” in S. Everson, ed. Companions to Ancient Thought: 2. Psychology (Cambridge, 1991).
[262] Sider, D. “Heraclitus in the Derveni Papyrus,” in Laks/Most [537] (1997) 129–148.
[263] Tsantsanoglou, K. “The first columns of the Derveni Papyrus and their religious significance,” in Laks/Most [537] (1997) 93–128.
[264] Verdenius, W. J. “Der Logosbegriff bei Heraklit und Parmenides,” Phronesis 11 (1966) 81–98.
[265] Vlastos, G. “On Heraclitus,” in Furley/Allen [148] 413–29, first publ. more fully in AJP 76 (1955) 337–68, = Vlastos [160] 127–50.
[266] Wiggins, D. “Heraclitus’ conceptions of flux, fire and material persistence,” in Schofield/Nussbaum [245] (1982) 1–32.
On Cratylus and Plato’s relation to Heracliteanism, see
[267] Kirk, G. S. “The problem of Cratylus,” AJP 72 (1951) 225–53.
who is answered by
[268] Allan, D. J. “The problem of Cratylus,” AJP 75 (1954) 271–87.
[269] Kahn, C. H. “Plato and Heraclitus,” BACAP 1 (1986) 241–58.
(E) The Eleatics: Parmenides and Melissus
Bibliography on Parmenides is vast. Special treatments of Melissus are much fewer, but most discussions of Parmenides also make reference to Melissus, and he is particularly well studied in Barnes [14].
Texts, translations and commentaries
The best text of Parmenides, together with an excellent collection of the ancient sources, is
[270] Coxon, A. The Fragments of Parmenides: A Critical Text with Introduction, Translation, the Ancient Testimonia and a Commentary (Assen/Maastricht, 1986).
Other editions include
[271] Diels, H. Parmenides Lehrgedicht (Berlin, 1897).
[272] Gallop, D. Parmenides of Elea: A Text and Translation with an Introduction (Toronto/Buffalo/London, 1984).
[273] Heitsch, E. Parmenides: Die Anfänge der Ontologie, Logik und Naturwissenschaft (Munich, 1974).
[274] Hölscher, U. Parmenides: vom Wissen des Seiendes (Frankfurt am Main, 1969).
[275] O’Brien, D. and J. Frère = vol. 1 of Aubenque [279] (1987).
[276] Tarán, L. Parmenides: A Text with Translation, Commentary and Critical Essays (Princeton, 1965).
For Melissus, the standard edition is
[277] Reale, G. Melisso. Testimonianze e Frammenti (Florence, 1970).
on which, see the review by
[278] Long, A. A. Gnomon 48 (1976) 645–50.
Studies of Parmenides are so numerous that a full bibliography would run to hundreds of items. What follows is a selection of the most significant monographs together with a sample of more recent articles:
[279] Aubenque, P., ed. Études sur Parménide, vol. 1: Le Poème de Parménide: texte, traduction, essai critique, vol. 2: Problémes d’ interprétation (Paris, 1987), which includes essays by fourteen scholars.
[280] Austin, S. Parmenides: Being, Bounds, and Logic (New Haven, 1986).
[281] Barnes, J. “Parmenides and the Eleatic one,” AGP 61 (1979) 1–21.
[282] Bodnár, I. M. “Contrasting images. Notes on Parmenides B 5,” Apeiron 19 (1985) 57–63.
[283] Booth, N. B. “Did Melissus believe in incorporeal Being?” AJP 79 (1958) 61–65.
[284] Burkert, W. “Das Proömium des Parmenides und die Katabasis des Pythagoras,” Phronesis 14 (1969) 1–30.
[285] Cornford, F. M. Plato and Parmenides (London, 1939).
[286] Couloubaritsis, L. Mythe et philosophie chez Parménide, 2nd ed. (Brussels, 1990).
[287] Curd, P. K. “Parmenidean monism,” Phronesis 36 (1991) 241–64.
[288] Curd, P. K. “Deception and belief in Parmenides’ Doxa,” Apeiron 25 (1992) 109–34.
[289] Curd, P. K. “Eleatic monism in Zeno and Melissus,” AP 13 (1993) 1–22.
[290] Curd, P. K. The Legacy of Parmenides: Eleatic Monism and Later Presocratic Thought (Princeton, 1998).
[291] Finkelberg, A. “Parmenides’ foundation of the Way of Truth,” OSAP 6 (1988) 39–68.
[292] Fränkel, H. “Studies in Parmenides,” in Furley/Allen [149] 1–47, an English version of Fränkel [147], first publ. in Nachrichten der Göttinger Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (1930) 153–92.
[293] Furley, D. J. “Notes on Parmenides,” in E. N. Lee, A. P. D. Mourelatos, and R. Rorty, eds. Exegesis and Argument: Studies in Greek Philosophy presented to Gregory Vlastos (Assen, 1973) 1–15 = Furley [150] 27–37.
[294] Furth, M. “Elements of Eleatic ontology,” in Mourelatos [155] 241–70, first publ. in JHP 6 (1968) 111–32.
[295] Goldin, O. “Parmenides on possibility and thought,” Apeiron 26 (1993) 19–35.
[296] Heidegger, M. “Moira (Parmenides VIII, 34–41),” in Heidegger [152] 79–101, first publ. in German in Vorträge und Aufsätze (Pfullingen, 1954).
[297] Hoy, R. C. “Parmenides’ complete rejection of time,” JP 91 (1994) 573–98.
[298] Kahn, C. H. “The thesis of Parmenides,” Review of Metaphysics 22 (1968/9)700–724.
[299] Kahn, C. H. “Being in Parmenides and Plato,” La Parola del Passato 43 (1988)237–61.
and see also Kahn [104]
[300] Ketchum, R. J. “Parmenides on what there is,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 20, (1990) 167–90.
[301] Laks, A. “The More’ and ‘The Full’: On the reconstruction of Parmenides’ theory of sensation in Theophrastus, De sensibus 3–4,” OSAP 8 (1990) 1–18.
[302] Lesher, J. H. “Parmenides’ critique of thinking: the poludêris elenchos of fragment 7,” OSAP 2 (1984) 1–30.
[303] Loenen, J. H. M. M. Parmenides, Melissus, Gorgias (Assen, 1951).
[304] Long, A. A. “The principles of Parmenides’ cosmogony,” in Furley/Allen [149] 82–101, first publ. in Phronesis 8 (1963) 90–107.
[305] Long, A. A. “Parmenides on thinking Being,” with commentary by S. Rosen BACAP 12 (1996) 125–62.
[306] Mackenzie, M. M. “Parmenides’ dilemma,” Phronesis 27 (1982) 1–12.
[307] Malcolm, J. “On avoiding the void,” OSAP 9 (1991) 75–94.
[308] Mansfeld, J. Die Offenbarung des Parmenides und die menschliche Welt (Assen, 1964).
[309] Mourelatos, A. P. D. The Route of Parmenides: A Study in Word, Image and Argument in the Fragments (New Haven, 1970).
[310] Mourelatos, A. P. D. “Heraclitus, Parmenides and the naive metaphysics of things,” in Lee et al. [293] (1973) 16–48.
[311] Mourelatos, A. P. D. “Alternatives in interpreting Parmenides,” The Monist 62 (1979) 3–14.
[312] Owen, G. E. L. “Eleatic questions,” in Furley/Allen [149] 48–81 = Owen [156] 3–26, first publ. in CQ 10 (1960) 84–102.
[313] Owen, G. E. L. “Plato and Parmenides on the timeless present,” in Mourelatos [155) 271–92 = Owen [156] 27–44, first publ. in The Monist 50 (1966) 317–40.
[314] Owens, J., ed. Parmenides Studies Today, special issue of The Monist 62 (1979) no. 1, a collection of studies by eight scholars.
[315] Phillips, E. D. “Parmenides on thought and being,” PR 64 (1955) 546–60.
[316] Popper, K. R. “How the moon might shed some of her light upon the two ways of Parmenides,” CQ 42 (1992) 12–19.
[317] Reinhardt, K. Parmenides und die Geschichte der Griechischen Philosophie (Bonn, 1916; repr. Frankfurt, 1959).
[318] Schofield, M. “Did Parmenides discover eternity?” AGP 52 (1970) 113–35.
[319] Solmsen, F. “The ‘Eleatic One’ in Melissus,” Solmsen [159] vol. 3, 137–49, first publ. in Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks 32/8 (1969) 221–33.
[320] Verdenius, W. J. Parmenides. Some Comments on his Poem (Groningen, 1942; repr. Amsterdam, 1964).
[321] Vlastos, G. “Parmenides’ theory of knowledge,” TAPA 77 (1946) 66–77 = Vlastos [160] 153–63.
[322] Woodbury, L. “Parmenides on names,” HSCP 63 (1958) 145–60 = Anton/Kustas [140] 145–62.
[323] Woodbury, L. “Parmenides on naming by mortal men”: fr. B8.53–56, AP 6 (1986) 1–13.
(F) Zeno
For Zeno treated in relation to Parmenides and Melissus, see the previous section on “The Eleatics.”
For text, translation and commentary see
[324] Lee, H. D. P. Zeno of Elea (Cambridge, 1936).
[325] Untersteiner, M. Zenone. Testimonianze e Frammenti (Florence, 1963).
see also
[326] Dillon, J. “New evidence on Zeno of Elea?” AGP 56 (1974) 127–31.
[327] Dillon, J. “More evidence on Zeno of Elea?” AGP 58 (1976) 221–22.
Zeno’s paradoxes have aroused enormous interest among philosophers and mathematicians. They are excellently treated in Barnes [14]231–95. For a useful anthology and bibliography, see
[328] Salmon, W. C., ed. Zeno’s Paradoxes (Indianapolis/New York, 1970).
In response to the hypotheses of Cornford [285] and Raven [226] about Zeno’s targets, see
[329] Booth, N. B. “Were Zeno’s arguments a reply to attacks upon Parmenides?” Phronesis 3 (1957) 1–9.
[330] Booth, N. B. “Were Zeno’s arguments directed against the Pythagoreans?” Phronesis 3 (1957) 90–103.
[331] Booth, N. B. “Zeno’s paradoxes,” JHS 77 (1957) 187–201. The following is a selective list of works treating Zeno’s arguments and historical issues of interpretation:
[332] Fränkel, H. “Zeno of Elea’s attacks on plurality,” in Furley/Allen [149] 102–42, first publ. in AJP 63 (1942) 1–25 and 193–206.
[333] Furley, D. J. “Zeno” in Furley [400] (1967) 63–78.
[334] Grünbaum, A. Modern Science and Zeno’s Paradoxes (Middletown, Conn., 1968).
[335] Harrison, C. “The three arrows of Zeno: Cantorian and Non-Cantorian concepts of the continuum and of motion,” Synthese (forthcoming).
[336] Lear, J. “A note on Zeno’s arrow,” Phronesis 26 (1981) 91–104.
[337] Makin, S. “Zeno on plurality,” Phronesis 27 (1982) 223–38.
[338] Owen, G.E.L. “Zeno and the Mathematicians,” in Furley/Allen [149] 143–65 and in Owen [156], first publ. in PAS 58 (1957–8) 143–62.
[339] Russell, B. Principles of Mathematics (London, 1903) ch. 42.
[340] Russell, B. Our Knowledge of the External World (London, 1914) ch. 6.
[341] Ryle, G. Dilemmas (Cambridge, 1954) ch. 3.
[342] Solmsen, F. “The tradition about Zeno of Elea re-examined,” in Mourelatos [155] 368–93, first publ. in Phronesis 16 (1971) 116–41.
to which there is a response by
[343] Vlastos, G. “Plato’s testimony concerning Zeno of Elea,” JHS 95 (1975) 136–62 = Vlastos [160]264–300.
[344] Vlastos, G. “A note on Zeno’s arrow,” in Furley/Allen [149] 184–200 = Vlastos [160] 205–18, first publ. in Phronesis 11 (1966) 3–18.
[345] Vlastos, G. “Zeno’s race course,” in Furley/Allen [149] 201–20 = Vlastos [160] 189–204, first publ. in JHP 4 (1966) 95–108.
[346] Vlastos, G. “A Zenonian argument against plurality,” in Anton/ Kustas [140], 119–44 = Vlastos [160] (1971) 219–40.
[347] Vlastos, G. “Zeno of Elea,” in P. Edwards, ed. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (New York/London, 1967), vol. 8, 369–79 = Vlastos [160] 241–63.
Note also the following debate on Zeno in articles from the periodical Analysis:
[348] Black, M. “Achilles and the Tortoise,” Analysis 11 (1951) 91–101.
[349] Taylor, R. “Mr. Black on temporal paradoxes,” Analysis 12 (1951) 38–44.
[350] Grünbaum, A. “Messrs. Black and Taylor on temporal paradoxes,” Analysis 12 (1952) 144–48.
[351] Wisdom, J. O. “Achilles on a physical racecourse,” Analysis 12 (1952) 67–72.
[352] Thomas, L. E. “Achilles and the Tortoise,” Analysis 12 (1952) 92–94.
[353] Taylor, R. “Mr. Wisdom on temporal paradoxes,” Analysis 13 (1952) 13–17.
[354] Watling, J. “The sum of an infinite series,” Analysis 13 (1952) 39–46.
[355] Hinton, J. M. and C. B. Martin, “Achilles and the Tortoise,” Analysis 14 (1954) 56–68.
(G) Empedocles
Texts, translations and commentaries
[356] Bollack, J. Empédocle 4 vols. (Paris, 1965–69).
[357] Inwood, B. The Poem of Empedocles: A Text with an Introduction (Toronto/Buffalo/London, 1992).
[358] Wright, M. R. Empedocles: The Extant Fragments, edited with Introduction, Commentary, Concordance and New Bibliography (New Haven, 1981; repr. London/Indianapolis, 1995).
Modern study of Empedocles has centered on his cosmic cycle, the nature and stages of which have been hotly debated. Those who propose a four-stage cycle, consisting of the alternate domination of Love and Strife, with two transitional phases, include Wright [358], Inwood [357] and in greatest detail
[359] O’Brien, D. Empedocles’ Cosmic Cycle (Cambridge, 1969).
Alternatives to this scheme are proposed by Bollack [356] and by
[360] Hölscher, U. “Weltzeiten und Lebenskyklus,” Hermes 93 (1965) 7–33, repr. in Hölscher [153].
[361] Solmsen, F. “Love and Strife in Empedocles’ cosmology,” in Furley/ Allen [149] 221–64, first publ. in Phronesis 10 (1965) 109–48.
For an evaluation of the controversy, inclining towards the second view, see
[362] Long, A. A. “Empedocles’ cosmic cycle in the ‘sixties,’” in Mourelatos [155] (1974) 397–425.
To this there is a response, endorsing the four-stage scheme, by
[363] Graham, D. W. “Symmetry in the Empedoclean cycle,” CQ 38 (1988) 297–312.
See also
[364] Osborne, C.
“Empedocles recycled,” CQ 37 (1987) 24–50.
On Empedocles’ religious thought and its relation to his physical theory see Kingsley [105] and
[365] Kahn, C. H. “Religion and natural philosophy in Empedocles’ doctrine of the soul,” in Mourelatos [155] 426–56, first publ. in AGP 42 (1960) 3–35.
[366] Long, A. A. “Thinking and sense-perception in Empedocles: mysticism or materialism?” CQ 16 (1966) 256–76.
[367] Riedweg, C. “Orphisches bei Empedocles,” Antike und Abendland 41 (1995) 34–59.
[368] Zuntz, G. Persephone: Three Essays on Religion and Thought in Magna Graecia (Oxford, 1971).
For various interpretative issues, see
[369] O’Brien, D. “Empedocles revisited,” AP 15 (1995) 403–70.
Other studies include
[370] Furley, D. J. “Empedocles and the clepsydra,” in Furley/Allen [149] 265–74, first publ. in JHS 77.1 (1957) 31–4.
[371] Kingsley, P. “Empedocles and his interpreters: the four-element doxography” Phronesis 39 (1994) 235–54.
To which there is a response by
[372] Mansfeld, J. “Critical note: Empedocles and his interpreters,” Phronesis 40 (1995) 109–15.
[373] Kingsley, P. “Empedocles’ sun,” CQ 44 (1994) 316–24.
[374] Longrigg, J. “Roots,” CR 17 (1967) 1–5.
[375] O’Brien, D. “The relation of Anaxagoras and Empedocles,” JHS 88 (1968) 93–114.
[376] O’Brien, D. “Empedocles’ theories of seeing and breathing,” JHS 90 (1970) 140–79.
[377] Sedley, D. N. “The proems of Empedocles and Lucretius,” GRBS 30 (1989) 269–96.
[378] Sedley, D. N. “Empedocles’ theory of vision and Theophrastus’ De sensibus,” in Fortenbaugh/Gutas [41] (1992) 20–31.
[379] Tigner, S. S. “Empedocles’ twirled ladle and the vortex-supported earth,” Isis 65 (1974) 432–47.
For an edition and translation of the new papyrus fragments of Empedocles, see
[380] Martin, A. and O. Primavesi. L’Empédocle de Strasbourg (Berlin/New York, 1998).
(H) Anaxagoras
Text, translation and commentary
[381] Lanza, D. Anassagora: Testimonianze e Frammenti (Florence, 1966).
[382] Sider, D. The Fragments of Anaxagoras (Meisenheim am Glan, 1981).