Replay: The History of Video Games
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Technical information on vector and raster scan displays
‘Beating the game game’ (1982) Time. Monday 18 January 1982. [Online] www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949467-1,00.html [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
Bally president Robert Mullane on his initial reaction to Pac-Man
Bloom, Steve (1983) ‘Video Games interview: Bill Grubb and Dennis Koble’. Video Games, Volume 1, Number 4, January 1983. pp22-29 & 81
Interview with the founders of Imagic
Bloom, Steve (1983) ‘Parker Brothers strikes back’. Video Games. Volume 1, Number 4, January 1983. pp50-53 & 56
Parker Brothers enters the home video game business
Buckner & Garcia (1982) Pac-Man Fever. K-Tel
The Pac-Man Fever album
Burnham, Van (editor) (2001) Supercade: A Visual History of the Videogame Age 1971-1984. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press
Information on early 1980s arcade games
Crawford, Chris (1984) The Art of Computer Game Design. 1997 electronic version. Berkeley, California: McGraw-Hill/Osborne Media. [Online] www.vancouver.wsu.edu/fac/peabody/game-book/Coverpage.html#ACKNOWLEDGMENT [Last accessed: 28 February 2010]
The first book on the theory of video game design, includes insights into game developer and industry thinking at the height of the boom
Digital Eclipse (2003) Midway Arcade Treasures [PlayStation 2] Midway Games
The creation of Defender
‘Dona and the Candy Factory’ (1983) Blip, Volume 1, No. 4, May 1983. pp6-8
Interview with Dona Bailey, co-designer of Centipede
Fisher, Anne B. (1986) ‘Glamour: Getting itgetting it back’. Fortune. 12 May 1986. [Online] http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/05/12/67557/index.htm [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
Video game cartridge margins and Warner stock price growth
‘Food & games’ (1982) Electronic Fun with Computers & Games. Volume 1, No. 1, November 1982. p13
Quaker Oats buys U.S. Games
Goldhaber, Michael (1986) Reinventing Technology: Policies for Democratic Values. New York, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p3
Background on the politics of the Atari Democrats
Gutman, Dan (1982) ‘Gamemakers: Boy wonder’. Electronic Fun with Computers & Games. Volume 1, No. 1, November 1982. pp30-33 & 97
Interview with Mark Turnell of Sirius Software about his success
‘Here comes…Pac-Man-imation!’ (1982) Electronic Fun with Computers & Games. Volume 1, No. 1, November 1982. pp44-46
Feature on the Pac-Man cartoon series
Hulse, Ed (1982) ‘Games go Hollywood’. Electronic Fun with Computers & Games. Volume 1, No. 1, November 1982. pp22-27 & 97
How movie studios began moving into video games publishing
Hutcheon, Stephen (1983) ‘The video games boom has yet to come’. The Age. Sydney, Australia. 7 June 1983. p31
Australian report on popularity of video games in USA
Jacobson, Mark (1983) ‘Zen and the art of Donkey Kong’. Video Games. Volume 1, Number 4, January 1983. pp30-33
Eugene Jarvis interview setting out his vision of ‘sperm games’
Kent, Steven L. (2001) The Ultimate History of Video Games. New York, New York: Three Rivers Press
Background on the early 1980s video game boom
Kohler, Chris (2005) Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. Indianapolis, Indiana: BradyGames
Background on Donkey Kong
Koster, Raph (2005) A Theory of Fun for Game Design. Scottsdale, Arizona: Paraglyph Press
Evolution of shoot ‘em ups in the late 1970s and early 1980s
Kraft, Joseph (1982) ‘Atari Democrats may provide a base’. Nashua Telegraph. Nashua, New Hampshire. Tuesday 19 October 1982. p14.
Report on the Atari Democrats
Lekachman, Robert (1982) ‘The Atari Democrats: Neo-liberal agenda has its minor virtues’. Gainesville Sun. Gainesville, Florida. Saturday 30 October 1982. p5A.
Analysis of the Atari Democrats and their beliefs
Logg, Ed (1980) ‘Game description: Shoot the centipede’. [Company memo] Atari Inc. inter-office memo to Dan Van Elderen. 17 July 1980.
Original proposal for Centipede
Missile Command (1980) [Promotional Flyer] Sunnyvale, California: Atari Inc.
Details of official Missile Command scenario
‘Missile Command’ (1981) In: Atari Video Computer System Catalog: 49 Game Program Cartridges (1981) Sunnyvale, California: Atari Inc.
Details of official Missile Command scenario
‘Pac-Man Fever! An Interview with Buckner & Garcia’ (2006) Jawbone Radio, podcast 117. Wednesday 28 June 2006. [Online] http://jawboneradio.blogspot.com/2006/06/jawbone-117-pac-man-fever-interview.html [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
Interview with Buckner & Garcia
Rheingold, Howard (1991) Virtual Reality. 1992 edition. London: Mandarin Paperbacks.
Information on Rocky’s Boots
Robinett, Warren (2003) ‘Foreword’. In: Wolf, M. and Perron, B. (editors) (2003) Video Game Theory Reader.
Reflections of the development of the Atari VCS 2600 game Adventure
Rubin, Michael (2006) Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing
Background on George Lucas’ entry into video games
Sloane, Martin (1982) ‘Video games come to supermarket!’. Gainesville Sun. Gainesville, Florida. Saturday 6 June 1982. p9E.
Report on supermarket plans to install arcade video games
Sullivan, George (1983) ‘Video hall of fame’. Blip, Volume 1, No. 3, April 1983. pp8-9
Interview with high-scoring players
‘The Making of Warrior’ (2006) Edge, Issue 169, December 2006. pp100-103.
The creation of Cinematronics’ Warrior
Thomas, E., Stacks, J.F. and Kelly, J. (1982) ‘Basking in Reagan’s troubles’. Time. Monday 12 July 1982. [Online] www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925536-1,00.html [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
Report on the Atari Democrats
Tsongas, Paul E. (1983) ‘Nothing wrong with Atari, Mr President’. Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Saturday 12 March 1983. p4
Report on the Atari Democrats
‘United Airlines Officials Toy With Airborne Computer Games’ (1984) Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida. 8 June 1984. p9B.
United Airlines plans to offer in-flight games to passengers
‘Video games – are they killing rock and roll?’ (1982) Electronic Fun with Computers & Games. Volume 1, No. 1, November 1982. p17
Decline in record sales as video games take off
‘Video game gift guide’ (1983) Video Games. Volume 1, Number 4, January 1983. p44
Pretzel Invaders and other video game merchandise
Williams, Dmitri (2006) ‘A (brief) social history of video games’. In: Vorderer, Peter and Bryant, Jennings (editors) (2006) Playing Computer Games: Motives, Responses and Consequences. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. [Online] http://dmitriwilliams.com/research.html [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
US video game sales data
Woodbury, R., Alexander, C. P. and Towle, L. (1983) ‘Video games go crunch!’. Time. Monday 17 October 1983. [Online] www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952210,00.html [last accessed: 11 March 2010]
Post-crash view on the boom years
‘Z-Z-Zap! Atari, Bally shooting it out for the arcade game business’ (1980) The Milwaukee Journal. Tuesday 26 August 1980. Part 2, p10
Report on the arcade industry in 1980
8. Devilish Contraptions
2 supervisors oppose video games’ (1982) Milwaukee Sentinel. Tuesday 11 May 1982. Part 1, p5
Politicians react to public fears about video games
Albright Jr., Ronald G. (1985) The Orphan Chronicles. San Dimas, California: Millers Graphics
Account of the battle between Texas Instruments and Co
mmodore
‘Atari Corporation’ (2004) International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 66. Farmington Hills, Michigan: St James Press. [Online] www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Atari-Corporation-Company-History.html [Last accessed: 2 March 2010]
History of Atari Inc.
Atari Inc. (1982) ‘Operator of the ’80s’: Stewart Burch of Cotati, CA’. Atari Coin Connection, Volume 6, Number 1, February 1982
Profile of an arcade that has restricted under 18s access to counter parental fears
Atari Inc. (1982) ‘Atari launches community awareness program for video games’. Atari Coin Connection, Volume 6, Number 3, April/May 1982. p1
Atari’s Community Awareness Program
‘Atari parts are dumped’ (1983) New York Times, 28 September 1983, pD-4
Report on the Atari landfill incident
‘Atari refuses to let the video game fad die’ (1984) Business Week, 21 May 1984, p46
James Morgan on taking over Atari
‘Atari suing to halt X-rated video games’ (1982) The Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa-Northport, Alabama. Sunday 17 October 1982. p12A
Atari reacts to Custer Revenge
Bagnall, Brian (2007) On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Variant Press
Details of Commodore’s VIC-20 and Commodore 64 home computers
Bailey, Adam J. (2007) The Atari Landfill Revealed. [Online] Archived at: http://web.archive.org/web/20071213195747/http://atari.digital-madman.com [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
Investigation examining the Atari landfill incident
‘Bally Manufacturing Corporation’ (1991) International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 3, St. James Press, 1991. [Online] www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/BALLY-MANUFACTURING-CORPORATION-Company-History.html [Last accessed: 11 March 2010]
History of Bally
Bloom, Steve (1983) ‘Parker Brothers strikes back’ Video Games, Volume 1, Number 4, January 1983. p50-53 & 56
Interview about Parker Brothers’ entry into the home video game business
Bloom, Steve (1983) ‘Video Games interview: Bill Grubb and Dennis Koble’. Video Games. Volume 1, Number 4, January 1983. pp22-29 & 81
Interview with Imagic’s founders
Brown, Z., Greenberg, D. and Rubin, J. (1982) ‘Community restricts video games’. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 22 July 1982. p8
Rules imposed on arcades
Callistien, Debbie (1981) ‘Belleair Bluffs receives static over video games’. The Evening Independent, St Petersburg, Florida. 21 October 1981, p12-A
Council debates control of arcades
Collins, Glenn (1981) ‘Are video games harmless?’. The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Tuesday 8 September 1981. p18
Public fears about video games
‘Commodore International Ltd’ (1993) International Directory of Company Histories, Volume 7, St. James Press, 1993. [Online] www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Commodore-International-Ltd-Company-History.html [Last accessed: 11 March 2010]
History of Commodore
‘Computer or video games’ (1983) The New York Times. 28 April 1983. [Online] www.nytimes.com/1983/04/28/business/computer-or-video-games.html?&pagewanted=all [Last accessed: 7 March 2010]
Home computers challenge home consoles
‘Control of Space Invaders and Other Electronic Games’ (1981) Hansard. House of Commons debate, 20 May 1981, Vol. 5, cc287-91 [Online] http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1981/may/20/control-of-space-invaders-and-other#S6CV0005P0_19810520_HOC_167 [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
UK Parliament debate on restricting Space Invaders and video game arcades
Del Giudice, Vincent and Keene, Thomas R. (2009) ‘U.S. Joblessness may reach 13 percent, Rosenberg says’. Bloomberg.com. 9 November 2009. [Online] www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aHmxIMR1DFq0 [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
Report comparing unemployment levels in the early 1980s and late 2000s recessions
Fisher, Anne B. (1986) ‘Glamour: Getting it or getting it back’. Fortune. 12 May 1986. [Online] http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/05/12/67557/index.htm [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
The impact of the crash on Atari and Warner Communications
Heard, Alex (1981) ‘Court to rule on age-limit law for video-game parlors’. Education Week. 16 November 1981. [Online] www.edweek.org/login.html?source=http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1981/11/16/01110065.h01.html&destination=http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1981/11/16/01110065.h01.html&levelId=2100 [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
Public fears about video games
‘Here comes…Pac-Man-imation!’ (1982) Electronic Fun with Computers & Games. Volume 1, No. 1, November 1982. pp44-46
Feature on the Pac-Man cartoon series
Hulse, Ed (1982) ‘Games go Hollywood’. Electronic Fun with Computers & Games. Volume 1, No. 1, November 1982. pp22-27 & 97
Report on movie studios moving into video game business
‘Indo ban on video games begin’ (1981) New Straits Times. Saturday 19 December 1981, p16
Indonesia bans video games
Jacobson, Mark (1983) ‘Zen and the art of Donkey Kong’. Video Games. Volume 1, Number 4, January 1983. pp30-33
Eugene Jarvis interview
Johnson, Tim (1981) ‘Video games are targets of two ordinances in Belleair Bluffs’. St. Petersburg Times, Florida. Wednesday 18 November 1981. p9
Video games face restrictions
Kennedy, David (1981) ‘Video games turn youths into junkies’. Boca Raton News. 16 August 1981. p8B
Fears about video games
Knox, Andrea (1984) ‘Amusements: Pinball gains, video games lose ground in some areas’. The Evening Independent, St Petersburg, Florida. Tuesday 20 March 1984. p4-B
How the crash is reducing arcades’ interest in video games
Koop, C. Everett (1982) ‘Family violence: A chronic public health issue’. [Speech] Western Psychiatric Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 9 November 1982.
The lecture given by the US Surgeon General prior to his comments about video games
Koop, C. Everett (1982) ‘Statement by Dr. E. Koop, Surgeon General’. [Press release] 10 November 1982.
The Surgeon General clarifies his comments on video games
Kraft, Scott (1982) ‘Computer game invasion at full tilt’. The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Saturday 2 January 1982. p19
Space Invaders wrist and public fears about arcades
Lee, Jeff (1998) ‘The History of Q*Bert’. Unpublished
The creation of Q*Bert
Leibowitz, David (1983) ‘Year of the home computer’. Video Games. Volume 1, Number 4, January 1983. pp75 & 80
Report on how home computers may effect on video game consoles
‘Letters to the editor’ (1982) Electronic Fun with Computers & Games. Volume 1, No. 1, November 1982. p8
Thoughts on how home computers might replace home consoles
Mandel, Howard (1983) ‘They say it ain’t porno’. Video Games. Volume 1, Number 4, January 1983. pp13-14
Custer’s Revenge protests
McQuiddy, M.E. (1983) ‘Dump here utilized’. Alamogordo Daily News, New Mexico. Sunday 25 September 1983, p1
Report on the Atari landfill dumping
McQuiddy, M.E. (1983) ‘City to Atari: E.T. trash go home’. Alamogordo Daily News, New Mexico. Tuesday 27 September 1983
Alamogordo reacts to the influx of Atari waste
‘Medicine: New Maladies’ (1981) Time. Monday 29 June 1981. [Online] www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951740,00.html [Last accessed: 6 March 2010]
Space Invaders wrist makes its debut
Miller, Jacquie (1983) ‘Customs bans another pornographic video game’. The Citizen. Ottawa, Canada. Tuesday 11 January 1983. p5
Canada’s ban on Custer’s Revenge and another pornographic video game from the same company
Miller, Scott and Brous
sard, Greg (1982) Shootout: Zap the Video Games. Waxahachie, Texas: Grove Creek Publishing.
Tips book on beating arcade video games
‘New software to give life to video games systems’ (1984) The Age. Sydney, Australia. Tuesday 17 January 1984, p29
Report on dumping of Atari products in Alamogordo
Powell, Dwane (1982) ‘Koop-Man’. [Cartoon] The News and Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. 11 November 1982. p4A
Newspaper cartoon reacting to US Surgeon General Dr Everett Koop’s criticism of video games
Rapoport, Roger (1983) ‘A very brief video salvage game’. The Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 September 1983, pA-1
Report on the dumping of Atari equipment in Alamogordo
Schrage, M. (1985) ‘A video star is zapped into oblivion’. The Age. Sydney, Australia. 31 December 1985. p9
Interview with Howard Warshaw, E.T.’s creator, about the crash
Sharpe, Rochelle (1980) ‘Councilmen line up behind computer games’. Concord Monitor. New Hamsphire. Tuesday 9 December 1980. p1
Public concerns about video games
Stout, J. (1979) ‘Pets Corner’. Liverpool Software Gazette. No. 1, November 1979. p12
The Commodore PET’s performance in Europe
Sullivan, George (1983) ‘Looking to the future’. Blip, Volume 1, No. 4, May 1983. pp20-21
Profile of Coleco
Sunshine, Laura (1982) ‘Colecovision’. Atari Inc inter-office memo to Riley Rowe. 25 October 1982.
Internal Atari Inc. memo on the findings of a focus group comparing the Colecovision and Atari 5200
Teets, John (1983) ‘Plenty of video games at consumer electronics show’. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2 June 1983. p24
Growth in VCR sales
Texas Instruments (1983) ‘TI reports third quarter results’. [Press release] 28 October 1983.
Texas Instruments quits the home computer business
‘Video games – are they killing rock and roll?’ (1982) Electronic Fun with Computers & Games. Volume 1, No. 1, November 1982. p17
Decline in music sales due to video games
‘Video games banned by Suharto’ (1981) New Straits Times. Wednesday 16 December 1981, p13
Indonesia bans video games
‘Video games turned off’ (1981) Spokane Daily Chronicle, Spokane, Washington. Friday 20 November 1981. p8
Philippines shuts down arcades