Our Lives, Our Fortunes and Our Sacred Honor
Page 59
Jefferson, Jane Randolph, 245
Jefferson, Peter, 245
Jefferson, Thomas, 5, 8, 198, 242, 253, 256, 260, 281, 352, 354
account of signing of Declaration of Independence, 413
arrival in Philadelphia, 247
background, 245–246
Boston boycott, resolution in support of, 39
committee assignments, 392–393
on George III, 273
House of Burgesses, election to, 246
John Dickinson, collaboration with, 249–250
letter to German mercenaries, 386
at Monticello, 384, 386
on Patrick Henry, 96
proposed resolutions, 89–91
reaction to changes to Declaration of Independence, 413
“Refutation of the Argument that the Colonies Were Established at the Expense of the British Nation,” 384
response to Lord North’s proposal, 257
A Summary View of the Rights of British America, 313
Virginia constitution, creation of drafts, 387
Virginia Constitution and Declaration of Rights, involvement in, 396
Jesse (Jefferson’s slave), 247
Johnson, Thomas, 138, 139, 166, 224, 231, 242, 251, 339
Johnson, William, 94
Jupiter (Jefferson’s slave), 247
King of Prussia (ship), 306
Kinsey, James, 56
Lambert, Mary, 307
Langdon, John, 267, 283, 321
Larkin, John, 193
Laws of nature, 118, 313–314
Lee, Arthur, 21, 176, 203, 276, 277
Lee, Billy (Washington’s slave), 50, 227
Lee, Charles, 151, 229, 231, 234, 237
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 260, 301
Lee, Richard Henry, 5, 39, 40, 50, 58, 90, 101, 109, 138, 142, 159, 163, 165, 172, 224, 248, 253, 257–258, 260, 284, 337, 345
anti-Catholic bias, 153
on changes to Declaration of Independence draft, 413
colonial agents in London, letter to, 168
King George III, draft of address to, 166–167
on natural rights, 117
non-importation, introduction of motion for, 119
on raising an army, 201
reaction to Plan of Union, 130
resolutions for independence, introduction of, 351
on single colonial militia, 139–140
suggestion of evacuation of Boston, 145–146
Leonard, Daniel, 21
“A Letter from a Gentleman to his Friend” (John Adams), 322
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 35, 74–75, 150
Lewis, Francis, 184, 198
Lexington, Massachusetts, 175, 192
Liberty (ship), 71
The Library Company of Philadelphia, 54
Lind, John, 399
Livermore, Samuel, 282–283
Livingston, Philip, 56, 57, 58, 60, 159
Livingston, Robert R., 129, 184, 198, 201, 248–249, 352, 354, 365, 390
Livingston, William, 56, 57, 58, 59, 97, 159, 163, 242, 248–249
Locke, John, 69, 246, 394, 396, 398
Low, Isaac, 56, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 151, 161, 184, 329
Loyal Nine, 18
Lydia (ship), 213
Lynch, Thomas, 44–45, 47, 58, 60, 99, 120, 142, 265, 266, 286, 302, 377
impression of New England delegates, 169–170
on non-exportation, 154–155
Madison, James, 7, 392
Maier, Pauline, 413
Mansfield, 1st Earl of (William Murray), 166
Marshall, Christopher, 188
Martin, Josiah, 182, 189
Maryland
opposition to independence, 294, 354, 363
slavery in, 158
support for boycott of British trade, 38
vote for independence, 369
Maryland Convention, refusal to form new government, 363
Mason, George, 39
Fairfax County, Virginia, resolutions, draft, 156
friendship with George Washington, 45–46
on slave trade, 158
Virginia Constitution and Declaration of Rights, role in, 387, 396
Massachusetts
Battle of Bunker Hill, 239–241, 274
British attack on Lexington and Concord, 192–193
committees of correspondence, formation of, 22
committees of safety, 222, 239
county conventions, drafting of resolves by, 111–112, 114
delay in endorsing independence, 357–359
delegation to first congress, 42–43, 47–49, 100
delegation to second congress, 175, 193–194
formation of new government, 224–225
General Gage, appointment of as governor, 28
increase of British troops in Boston, 144
instructions to delegates of first congress, 88
Massachusetts Government Act (1774), 28, 111
petition for removal of Governor Hutchinson, 26
Powder Alarm, 105, 107–108
request for continental army, 224
Massachusetts Gazette, 12, 254
McDougall, Alexander, 33, 129, 364, 365
McIntosh, Ebenezer, 19
McKean, Thomas, 48, 57, 60, 153, 348, 362, 375, 376, 377
Meacham, Jon, 410
Mercer, Hugh, 32
Middlesex County Resolutions, 111–112
Middleton, Arthur, 377
Middleton, Henry, 44, 46, 57, 154–155, 159, 169
Mifflin, Thomas, 35–38, 48, 57, 58, 110, 119, 138, 148, 151, 190, 237
Militias, raising of, 223
Moland, John, 75
Molasses Act (1764), 212
See also Sugar Act
Montgomery, Richard, 297–299
Monticello, 384, 385, 386, 413
Montreal, Canada, capture of, 298
Moore’s Creek, North Carolina, battle at, 334
Morgan, Daniel, 299
Morris, Gouverneur, 7, 33–34
Morris, Lewis, 184, 198
Morris, Robert, 2, 198, 333, 339, 347, 354, 375, 378–380, 416, 437n3
Morton, John, 57, 59, 60, 375, 378
Mount Vernon, 45–46, 156, 232
Murray, John. See Dunmore, 4th Earl of
Nassau, Bahamas, naval battle at, 334
Nelson, Thomas, 260, 386
New England, slavery in, 158
New Hampshire
destruction of Fort William and Mary, 282
formation of committees of correspondence, 22
raising of militia, 223
request to form new government, 283–284
support for independence by, 359
New Jersey
olive branch petition for King George III, 287–288
opposition to independence, 287, 294
organization of new government, 362
slavery in, 158
vote for independence, 374
New York
on boycott of British trade, 33–34
British troops in, 365, 418
call for general congress, 39
changing attitudes towards independence, 294, 364, 366–367
Committee of Fifty-One, 33–34
delegation to first congress, 99
delegation to second congress, 198
failure to endorse first Congress’ proceedings, 182
formation of committees of correspondence, 22
military support from, 226
petition to King George III, 183–184
prohibition on voting, 370
provincial assembly, hostility, 183
Provincial Convention, 184
slavery in, 158
vote for independence, 415
Newspapers, role of in promoting independence, 328
Nicholas, Robert Carter, 93, 357
Nixon, John, 417
Non-exportation, 119, 120–122, 125, 138, 143–144, 154–155, 157
Non-importation, 99, 114, 119–120, 125, 128, 129, 132, 136, 143, 155, 156, 157
Norfolk, Virginia, naval attack on, 297
Norris, Isaac, 75
North, Lord (Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guilford), 25, 27, 28, 276
Bunker Hill, reaction to defeat at, 274
continued hope for reconciliation, 278, 301
creation of “peace commission,” 331
as king’s chief minister, 166, 178
Peace Plan, 178, 256–257
North Carolina
battle at Moore’s Creek, 334
commitment to independence, 355
dissolution of legislature, 182
slavery in, 158
Nowell, Samuel, 12
Obama, Barack, 9
Old South Meeting House, 23
Olive Branch Petition
debate on, 252
Dickinson’s drafting, 251
John Adams reaction to, 250–251, 253
King George’s reaction to, 276–277, 280
Oliver, Andrew, 19, 217
Oliver, Peter, 15
Ollive, Samuel, 307
Otis, James, Jr., 66, 67
Paca, William, 58, 151
Pain, Elizabeth Ollive, 307
Pain, Frances, 306
Paine, Robert Treat, 42, 151, 175, 193, 231, 358
Paine, Thomas, 6, 118, 244, 304
authorship of Common Sense, 311–312
background, 305–308
Benjamin Franklin, letter of introduction from, 309–310
The Case of the Officers of Excise, 308
name, change in spelling of, 312
The Pennsylvania Magazine, editor, 310–311
personality, 311
“Reflections on Titles,” 310–311
Peace commission, 331–334
Pendleton, Edmund, 45–46, 49, 110, 139, 140, 165, 248
Penet, Pierre, 339
Penn, John, 37, 57, 260, 277, 336–337, 347
Penn, Richard, 52, 151, 276
Penn, William, 51, 197
Pennsylvania
call for general congress, 38
delegates’ support for independence, 360–361
delegates to first congress, 57, 77, 110
demand for new government by public, 348
disagreement between delegates and Provincial Congress, 375
opposition to independence, 287, 294, 344, 354, 374
political change in, 346–351, 361
as proprietary colony, 76
reconciliation with Britain, desire for, 63
slavery in, 158
vote for independence, 378
Pennsylvania Assembly, 37, 74, 162
draft of new instructions for delegates, 349–351, 359
election of John Dickinson to, 76, 133
hope for reconciliation, 190, 256
offer of Assembly Room as meeting place for congress, 79–80, 199
resistance to independence, 328, 332
restriction of delegates to members of Assembly, 77
Pennsylvania Chronicle, 138
Pennsylvania Evening Post, 417
Pennsylvania Gazette, 396
Pennsylvania Hospital, 52–53
The Pennsylvania Magazine; or American Monthly Museum, 310–311
Pennsylvania Packet, 329, 360, 417
Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall)
description, 53
as meeting place for Pennsylvania provincial assembly, 288, 348, 349, 359
as meeting place for second congress, 199
suggested meeting place for first congress, 79–81
Philadelphia
committee of correspondence, formation, 22
cultural and intellectual institutions, 53–54
ethnic and religious diversity, 52
hospitality in, 137
as location for general congress, 39
population, 51, 441n15
prosperity, 52–53
public buildings, 53–55
public meeting in, 348
role of Quakers in, 197, 328
Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence, 38, 77
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, 324–326
Pickering, Timothy, 391–392
Pitt, William, the Elder (1st Earl of Chatham), 177–178, 204, 279
Plain Truth (Chalmers), 325
“Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies” (Galloway), 125–128
Pliarne, Emmanuele de, 339
Pointe-aux-Trembles, Canada, 298
Pomeroy, Seth, 240
Powder Alarm, 105, 107–108
Powel, Samuel, 137
Prendergast, William, 129
Preston, Thomas, 71
Priestly, Joseph, 26
Prohibitory Act (1775), 330, 402
Putnam, Israel, 107, 234, 239
Putnam, James, 66
Quaker Party, 76, 123
Quartering Act (1774), 29
Quebec, Canada, assault on, 298–299
Quebec Act (1774), 152–154, 164
Quincy, Hannah, 67
Quincy, Josiah, 67, 72
Randolph, Benjamin, 247, 392
Randolph, Edmund, 321–322
Randolph, Elizabeth Harrison, 81, 281
Randolph, John, 93
Randolph, Peyton, 39, 49, 57, 58, 93, 159, 165, 198, 260
background, 81–82
death, 281
loss of Congress chairmanship to Hancock, 218–219
personality traits, 81, 82–83
political career, 82
president of second congress, election as, 199
Read, George, 57, 375, 416
Reed, Joseph, 35–37, 106, 190
“Reflections on Titles” (Paine), 310–311
Resistance, effect of the Association on, 185–186, 189–190
Revere, Paul, 11, 35, 144, 192–193
Rhoads, Samuel, 57, 162
Rhode Island
delegates from, 135
formation of committees of correspondence, 22
request for American navy, 268
royal authority, relationship with, 282, 343, 356–357
slave trade and, 410
slavery in, 158
support for independence by, 356–357, 370
Richard (Jefferson’s slave), 247
Richardson, Thomas, 192
Rittenhouse, David, 312
Robinson, John, 82
Rodney, Caesar, 56, 60, 135, 136, 375
ride to Philadelphia for vote on independence, 377–378
support for new Delaware government, 361–362
Romney (ship), 213–214
Ross, James, 139
Rush, Benjamin, 4, 228, 254, 305, 311–312
Rutledge, Edward, 43, 46, 57, 59, 137, 139, 140, 169, 286, 345, 373, 375
education, 6, 43, 58
objection to non-exportation agreement, 121, 154–155
opinion of Christopher Gadsden, 44
opposition to independence, 352, 367–368
relationship with John Adams, 6, 352
vote for independence, 376–377
Rutledge, John, 48, 57, 60, 99, 118, 137, 242, 268, 284
as advocate of reconciliation, 117, 139, 201
education, 43
as member of committee to draft petition to King George, 139–140, 166
on non-exportation, 154–155
opinion of Christopher Gadsden, 44
opposition to John Dickinson’s plan for reconciliation, 206
shifting positions on issues of ‘reconciliation,’ 206, 224, 251
social background, 43
support for new South Carolina government, 286
Sandwich, Lord (John Montagu), 274
Schuyler, Philip, 184, 198, 234, 237
Scott, George Lewis, 309
Sea Nymph (ship), 44
Seabury, Samuel, 189
Sears, Isaac, 33, 364, 365
Second Co
ntinental Congress
acting as committee of the whole, 200, 344, 354, 370, 374, 407
agenda, 201, 261
appointment of Washington as continental army commander, 227–228, 230–231
arming of vessels against British ships, 337–338
attendance, decrease in, 294–295
Committee of Five, 396, 406, 407
committee to assess military situation, 265–266
committee to prepare declaration of independence, 354, 387
committee to prepare form of colonial confederation, 354
committee to prepare plan of treaties with foreign powers, 354
committees to manage war, appointment of, 263–264
Common Sense, reaction to, 320–322
composition of, 259–260
continental army, formation, 226–227
Declaration of Independence, editing, 408–413
Declaration of Independence, signing, 414–416
delegates’ views on independence, 329–330
disjunction between Congress and public opinion, 327–329
dispatch of committee to New Jersey, 288
dispatch of mission to Canada, 335
distribution of Declaration of Independence, 417–418
English constitution, use of as model for government, 312–314
foreign alliances, importance, 336–337
foreign alliances, relationship of to independence, 339–340
Fort Ticonderoga, news of capture, 201
importation resolution, adoption of, 340
independence, debate of on July 1, 1776, 371–374
independence, vote for on July 2, 1776, 376–379
John Dickinson, proposals of, 202–206
John Hancock, election of as president, 218
Lord North’s “peace plan,” response to, 256–257
navy, creation of, 267–269
new governments, resolution calling for establishment of, 345
officers, election of, 199
Olive Branch petition, 251–253, 276, 277
peace commission, reaction to Parliament’s promise, 331–334
popular support for, 195
Prohibitory Act, reaction to, 331–332
proposed resolutions for charting next steps, 207–208
reading of draft of Declaration of Independence, 407
rebuke of New Jersey for intended petition to king, 287–288
recommendation that Virginia form new government, 293
reinforcements for Canadian front, 299–300
reluctance to sever ties with Great Britain, 280
resolution to establish new governments, adoption, 342
secrecy, rule of, 289–290
Secret Committee, 264, 338–339
use of Pennsylvania State House as meeting place, 199, 456n5
Virginia resolution proposing independence, introduction of, 351–354
volunteer army, disadvantages, 266–277
The Second Treatise of Civil Government (Locke), 394, 398