by Westman, Dr. Eric C. ; Phinney, Dr. Stephen D. ; Volek, Dr. Jeff S.
7. Gardner et al., “Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial”; I. Shai et al., “Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet.”
8. G. Boden et al., “Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with type 2 Diabetes”; J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, A. L. Gomez, D. A. Judelson, M. R. Rubin, G. Watson, et al., “Comparison of Energy-Restricted Very Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets on Weight Loss and Body Composition in Overweight Men and Women,” Nutrition & Metabolism (London) 1 (2004), 13.
9. E. A. Sims, E. Danforth, Jr., E. S. Horton, G. A. Bray, J. A. Glennon, and L. B. Salans, “Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Experimental Obesity in Man,” Recent Progress in Hormonal Research 29 (1973), 457–496; C. Bouchard, A. Tremblay, J. P. Despres, G. Theriault, A. Nadeau, P. J. Lupien, et al., “The Response to Exercise with Constant Energy Intake in Identical Twins,” Obesity Research 2 (1994), 400–410.
10. Gardner et al., “Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial”; I. Shai et al., “Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet”; B. J. Brehm, R. J. Seeley, S. R. Daniels, and D. A. D’Alessio, “A Randomized Trial Comparing a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet and a Calorie-Restricted Low Fat Diet on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88 (2003), 1617–1623; M. L. Dansinger, J. A. Gleason, J. L. Griffith, H. P. Selker, and E. J. Schaefer, “Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction: A Randomized Trial,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (2005), 43–53; G. D. Foster, H. R. Wyatt, J. O. Hill, B. G. McGuckin, C. Brill, B. S. Mohammed, et al., “A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity,” The New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003), 2082–2090; L. Stern, N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K. L. Chicano, D. A. Daily, J. McGrory, et al., “The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Versus Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults: One-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial,” Annals of Internal Medicine 140 (2004), 778–785; W. S. Yancy, Jr., M. K. Olsen, J. R. Guyton, R. P. Bakst, and E. C. Westman, “A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Fat Diet to Treat Obesity and Hyperlipidemia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial,” Annals of Internal Medicine 140 (2004), 769–777.
11. H. M. Dashti, N. S. Al-Zaid, T. C. Mathew, M. Al-Mousawi, H. Talib, S. K. Asfar, et al., “Long Term Effects of Ketogenic Diet in Obese Subjects with High Cholesterol Level,” Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 286 (2006), 1–9.
Chapter 2: The Road Ahead
1. J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, A. L. Gomez, D. A. Judelson, M. R. Rubin, G. Watson, et al., “Comparison of Energy-Restricted Very Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets on Weight Loss and Body Composition in Overweight Men and Women,” Nutrition & Metabolism (London) 1 (2004), 13; J. S. Volek, S. D. Phinney, C. E. Forsythe, E. E. Quann, R. J. Wood, M. J. Puglisi, et al., “Carbohydrate Restriction Has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet,” Lipids 44 (2008), 297–309.
2. C. D. Gardner, A. Kiazand, S. Alhassan, S. Kim, R. S. Stafford, R. R. Balise, et al., “Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 297 (2007), 969–977; I. Shai, D. Schwarzfuchs, Y. Henkin, D. R. Shahar, S. Witkow, I. Greenberg, et al., “Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet,” The New England Journal of Medicine 359 (2008), 229–241; J. S. Volek et al., “Carbohydrate Restriction Has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet.”
Chapter 3: The Right Carbs in the Right Amounts
1. See www.ers.usda.gov/publications/sb965/sb965h.pdf for more information.
2. S. S. Elliott, N. L. Keim, J. S. Stern, K. Teff, and P. J. Havel. “Fructose, Weight Gain, and the Insulin Resistance Syndrome,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 (2002), 911–922; G. A. Bray, S. J. Nielsen, and B. M. Popkin, “Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup in Beverages May Play a Role in the Epidemic of Obesity,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (2004), 537–543.
3. Bray, Nielsen, and B. M. Popkin, “Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup in Beverages May Play a Role in the Epidemic of Obesity.”
4. www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/final_soda_petition.pdf.
5. K. L. Teff, J. Grudziak, R. R. Townsend, T. N. Dunn, R. W. Grant, S. H. Adams, et al., “Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Consuming Fructose- and Glucose-Sweetened Beverages with Meals in Obese Men and Women: Influence of Insulin Resistance on Plasma Triglyceride Responses,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (2009), 1562–1569.
6. C. Bouchard, A. Tremblay, J. P. Despres, A. Nadeau, P. J. Lupien, G. Theriault, et al., “The Response to Long-Term Overfeeding in Identical Twins,” The New England Journal of Medicine 322 (1990), 1477–1482.
7. C. Bouchard, A. Tremblay, J. P. Despres, G. Theriault, A. Nadeau, P. J. Lupien, et al., “The Response to Exercise with Constant Energy Intake in Identical Twins,” Obesity Research 2 (1994), 400–410.
Chapter 4: The Power of Protein
1. G. H. Anderson, and S. E. Moore, “Dietary Proteins in the Regulation of Food Intake and Body Weight in Humans,” The Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004), 974S–979S.
2. E. Jequier, “Pathways to Obesity,” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26 suppl. 2 (2002), S12–S17.
3. F. Q. Nuttall, K. Schweim, H. Hoover, and M. C. Gannon, “Metabolic Effect of a LoBAG30 Diet in Men with type 2 Diabetes,” American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism 291 (2006), E786–E791; D. K. Layman, P. Clifton, M. C. Gannon, R. M. Krauss, and F. Q. Nuttall, “Protein in Optimal Health: Heart Disease and type 2 Diabetes,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87 (2008), 1571S–1575S.
4. J. W. Krieger, H. S. Sitren, M. J. Daniels, and B. Langkamp-Henken, “Effects of Variation in Protein and Carbohydrate Intake on Body Mass and Composition during Energy Restriction: A Meta-regression,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (2006), 260–274.
5. L. J. Hoffer, B. R. Bistrian, V. R. Young, G. L. Blackburn, and D. E. Matthews, “Metabolic Effects of Very Low Calorie Weight Reduction Diets,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 73 (1984), 750–758; P. G. Davis, and S. D. Phinney, “Differential Effects of Two Very Low Calorie Diets on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance,” International Journal of Obesity 14 (1990), 779–787.
6. R. P. Heaney and D. K. Layman, “Amount and Type of Protein Influences Bone Health,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87 (2008), 1567S–1570S.
7. Ibid.
Chapter 5: Meet your new friend: fat
1. “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients—United States, 1971–2000,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 53 (2004), 80–82.
2. S. Klein, and R. R. Wolfe, “Carbohydrate Restriction Regulates the Adaptive Response to Fasting,” American Journal of Physiology 262 (1992), E631–E636.
3. D. Mozaffarian, E. B. Rimm, and D. M. Herrington,“Dietary Fats, Carbohydrate, and Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 (2004), 1175–1184.
4. J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, and C. E. Forsythe, “Modification of Lipoproteins by Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets,” The Journal of Nutrition 135 (2005), 1339–1342.
5. Ibid.; R. M. Krauss, “Dietary and Genetic Probes of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 25 (2005), 2265–2272; R. M. Krauss, P. J. Blanche, R. S. Rawlings, H. S. Fernstrom, and P. T. Williams, “Separate Effects of Reduced Carbohydrate Intake and Weight Loss on At
herogenic Dyslipidemia,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (2006), 1025–1031.
6. C. E. Forsythe, S. D. Phinney, M. L. Fernandez, E. E. Quann, R. J. Wood, D. M. Bibus, et al., “Comparison of Low Fat and Low Carbohydrate Diets on Circulating Fatty Acid Composition and Markers of Inflammation,” Lipids 43 (2008), 65–77.
7. R. Micha and D. Mozaffarian, “Trans Fatty Acids: Effects on Cardiometabolic Health and Implications for Policy,” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 79 (2008), 147–152.
8. D. Mozaffarian, A. Aro, and W. C. Willett, “Health Effects of Trans-Fatty Acids: Experimental and Observational Evidence,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63 suppl. 2 (2009), S5–S21.
9. W. S. Harris, D. Mozaffarian, E. Rimm, P. Kris-Etherton, L. L. Rudel, L. J. Appel, et al., “Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention,” Circulation 119 (2009), 902–907.
10. S. D. Phinney, A. B. Tang, S. B. Johnson, and R. T. Holman, “Reduced Adipose 18:3 Omega-3 with Weight Loss by Very Low Calorie Dieting,” Lipids 25 (1990), 798–806.
11. C. E. Forsythe, S. D. Phinney, M. L. Fernandez, E. E. Quann, R. J. Wood, D. M. Bibus, et al., “Comparison of Low Fat and Low Carbohydrate Diets on Circulating Fatty Acid Composition and Markers of Inflammation,” Lipids 43 (2008), 65–77.
Chapter 6: Atkins for you: Make It Personal
1. L. E. Armstrong, D. J. Casa, C. M. Maresh, and M. S. Ganio, “Caffeine, Fluid-Electrolyte Balance, Temperature Regulation, and Exercise-Heat Tolerance,” Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 35 (2007), 135–140.
2. D. L. Costill, G. P. Dalsky, and W. J. Fink, “Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Metabolism and Exercise Performance,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 10 (1978), 155–158.
3. S. D. Phinney, B. R. Bistrian, W. J. Evans, E. Gervino, and G. L. Blackburn, “The Human Metabolic Response to Chronic Ketosis without Caloric Restriction: Preservation of Submaximal Exercise Capability with Reduced Carbohydrate Oxidation,” Metabolism 32 (1983), 769–776; S. D. Phinney, B. R. Bistrian, R. R. Wolfe, and G. L. Blackburn, “The Human Metabolic Response to Chronic Ketosis without Caloric Restriction: Physical and Biochemical Adaptation,” Metabolism 32 (1983), 757–768.
4. E. E. Quann, T. P. Scheett, K. D. Ballard, M. J. Puglusi, C. E. Forsythe, B. M. Volk et al., “Carbohydrate Restriction and Resistance Training Have Additive Effects on Body Composition during Weight Loss in Men,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association (abstract), 107(8) (April 2007), A14.
5. C. Bouchard, A. Tremblay, J. P. Despres, G. Theriault, A. Nadeau, P. J. Lupien, et al., “The Response to Exercise with Constant Energy Intake in Identical Twins,” Obesity Research 2 (1994), 400–410.
Chapter 7: welcome to Phase 1, Induction
1. E. Lopez-Garcia, R. M. van Dam, S. Rajpathak, W. C. Willett, J. E. Manson, and F. B. Hu, “Changes in Caffeine Intake and Long-Term Weight Change in Men and Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83(2006):674–80.
2. A. G. Dulloo, C. A. Geissler, T. Horton, A. Collins, and D. S. Miller. “Normal Caffeine Consumption: Influence on Thermogenesis and Daily Energy Expenditure in Lean and Postobese Human Volunteers,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49 (1989):44–50; K. J. Acheson, B. Zahorska-Markiewicz, P. Pittet, K. Anantharaman, and E. Jéquier, “Caffeine and Coffee: Their Influence on Metabolic Rate and Substrate Utilization in Normal Weight and Obese Individuals,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33 (1980):989–997; K. J. Acheson, G. Gremaud, L. Meirim, F. Montigon, Y. Krebs, L. B. Fay, L. J. Gay, P. Schneiter, C. Schindler, and L. Tappy. “Metabolic Effects of Caffeine in Humans: Lipid Oxidation or Futile Cycling?” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (2004):40–46.
3. A. I. Qureshi, F. K. Suri, S. Ahmed, A. Nasar, A. A. Divani, and J. F. Kirmani, “Regular Egg Consumption Does Not Increase the Risk of Stroke and Cardiovascular Diseases,” Medical Science Monitor 13 (2007), CR1–CR8.
4. J. S. Vander Wal, A. Gupta, P. Khosla, and N. V. Dhurandhar, “Egg Breakfast Enhances Weight Loss,” International Journal of Obesity (London) 32 (2008), 1545–1551.
5. J. S. Vander Wal, J. M. Marth, P. Khosla, K. L. Jen, and N. V. Dhurandhar, “Short-Term Effect of Eggs on Satiety in Overweight and Obese Subjects,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 24 (2005), 510–515.
6. G. Mutungi, J. Ratliff, M. Puglisi, M. Torres-Gonzalez, U. Vaishnav, J. O. Leite, et al., “Dietary Cholesterol from Eggs Increases Plasma HDL Cholesterol in Over-weight Men Consuming a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet,” The Journal of Nutrition 138 (2008), 272–276.
Chapter 10: Keeping It off: lifetime Maintenance
1. J. O. Hill, and H. R. Wyatt, “Role of Physical Activity in Preventing and Treating Obesity,” Journal of Applied Physiology 99 (2005), 765–770.
Chapter 13: Metabolic syndrome and Cardiovascular health
1. B. V. Howard, J. E. Manson, M. L. Stefanick, S. A. Beresford, G. Frank, B. Jones, et al., “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Weight Change over 7 Years: The Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (2006), 39–49; L. F. Tinker, D. E. Bonds, K. L. Margolis, J. E. Manson, B. V. Howard, J. Larson, et al., “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Treated Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial,” Archives of Internal Medicine 168 (2008), 1500– 1511; S. A. Beresford, K. C. Johnson, C. Ritenbaugh, N. L. Lasser, L. G. Snetselaar, H. R. Black, et al., “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (2006), 643–654; R. L. Prentice, C. A. Thomson, B. Caan, F. A. Hubbell, G. L. Anderson, S. A. Beresford, et al., “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Cancer Incidence in the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99 (2007), 1534–1543.
2. E. S. Ford, W. H. Giles, and W. H. Dietz, “Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome among US Adults: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (2002), 356–359.
3. G. M. Reaven, “Banting Lecture 1988: Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease,” Diabetes 37 (1988), 1595–1607.
4. S. M. Grundy, H. B. Brewer, Jr., J. I. Cleeman, S. C. Smith, Jr., and C. Lenfant, “Definition of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/ American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition,” Circulation 109 (2004), 433–438.
5. J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, and C. E. Forsythe, “Modification of Lipoproteins by Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets,” The Journal of Nutrition 135 (2005), 1339–1342; J. S. Volek and R. D. Feinman, “Carbohydrate Restriction Improves the Features of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome May Be Defined by the Response to Carbohydrate Restriction,” Nutrition & Metabolism (London) 2 (2005), 31.
6. G. Boden, K. Sargrad, C. Homko, M. Mozzoli, and T. P. Stein, “Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with type 2 Diabetes,” Annals of Internal Medicine 142 (2005), 403–411.
7. J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, D. M. Love, N. G. Avery, A. L. Gomez, T. P. Scheett, et al., “Body Composition and Hormonal Responses to a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet,” Metabolism 51 (2002), 864–870.
8. M. D. Jensen, M. Caruso, V. Heiling, and J. M. Miles, “Insulin Regulation of Lipolysis in Nondiabetic and IDDM Subjects,” Diabetes 38 (1989), 1595–1601.
9. S. D. Phinney, B. R. Bistrian, R. R. Wolfe, and G. L. Blackburn, “The Human Metabolic Response to Chronic Ketosis without Caloric Restriction: Physical and Biochemical Adaptation,” Metabolism 32 (1983), 757–768.
10. M. U. Jakobsen, E.
J. O’Reilly, B. L. Heitmann, M. A. Pereira, K. Balter, G. E. Fraser, et al., “Major Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Pooled Analysis of 11 Cohort Studies,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (2009), 1425–1432.
11. “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients—United States, 1971–2000,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 53 (2004), 80–82.
12. L. Wang, A. R. Folsom, Z. J. Zheng, J. S. Pankow, and J. H. Eckfeldt, “Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Incidence of Diabetes in Middle-Aged Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (2003), 91–98; E. Warensjo, U. Riserus, and B. Vessby, “Fatty Acid Composition of Serum Lipids Predicts the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome in Men,” Diabetologia48 (2005), 1999–2005.
13. C. E. Forsythe, S. D. Phinney, M. L. Fernandez, E. E. Quann, R. J. Wood, D. M. Bibus, et al., “Comparison of Low Fat and Low Carbohydrate Diets on Circulating Fatty Acid Composition and Markers of Inflammation,” Lipids 43 (2008), 65–77.
14. J. S. Volek, M. L. Fernandez, R. D. Feinman, and S. D. Phinney, “Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction Induces a Unique Metabolic State Positively Affecting Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, Fatty Acid Partitioning, and Metabolic Syndrome,” Progress in Lipid Research 47 (2008), 307–318.
15. S. K. Raatz, D. Bibus, W. Thomas, and P. Kris-Etherton, “Total Fat Intake Modifies Plasma Fatty Acid Composition in Humans,” The Journal of Nutrition 131 (2001), 231–234; I. B. King, R. N. Lemaitre, and M. Kestin, “Effect of a Low-Fat Diet on Fatty Acid Composition in Red Cells, Plasma Phospholipids, and Cholesterol Esters: Investigation of a Biomarker of Total Fat Intake,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (2006), 227–236.
16. John Rae, John Rae’s Correspondence with Hudson’s Bay Company on the Arctic Exploration, 1844–1855 (London: Hudson’s Bay Record Society, 1953).
17. E. A. Stackpole, The Long Arctic Search: The Narrative of Lt. Frederick Schwatka (Mystic, Connecticut: Marine Historical Association, 1965).