by Westman, Dr. Eric C. ; Phinney, Dr. Stephen D. ; Volek, Dr. Jeff S.
18. E. F. Dubois and W. S. McClellan, “Clinical Calorimetry. XLV: Prolonged Meat Diets with a Study of Kidney Function and Ketosis,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 87 (1930), 651–668; V. R. Rupp, M. C. McClellan, and V. Toscani, “Clinical Calorimetry. XLVI: Prolonged Meat Diets with a Study of the Metabolism of Nitrogen, Calcium, and Phosphorus,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 87 (1930), 669–680.
19. M. G. Peterman, “The Ketogenic Diet in Epilepsy,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 84 (1925), 1979–1983.
20. H. F. Helmholz, “The Treatment of Epilepsy in Childhood: Five Years’ Experience with the Ketogenic Diet,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 88 (1927), 2028–2032.
21. H. M. Keith, Convulsive Disorders in Children (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 167–172.
22. E. H. Kossoff, and J. M. Rho, “Ketogenic Diets: Evidence for Short- and Long-Term Efficacy,” Neurotherapeutics 6 (2009), 406–414.
23. M. J. Sharman, A. L. Gomez, W. J. Kraemer, and J. S. Volek, “Very Low- Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets Affect Fasting Lipids and Postprandial Lipemia Differently in Overweight Men,” The Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004), 880–885.
24. M. J. Sharman, W. J. Kraemer, D. M. Love, N. G. Avery, A. L. Gomez, T. P. Scheett, et al., “A Ketogenic Diet Favorably Affects Serum Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease in Normal-Weight Men,” The Journal of Nutrition 132 (2002), 1879–1885; J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, A. L. Gomez, T. P. Scheett, and W. J. Kraemer, “An Isoenergetic Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Improves Serum HDL Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations, the Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Postprandial Pipemic Responses Compared with a Low Fat Diet in Normal Weight, Normolipidemic Women,” The Journal of Nutrition 133 (2003), 2756–2761.
25. P. P. Toth, “High-Density Lipoprotein as a Therapeutic Target: Clinical Evidence and Treatment Strategies,” American Journal of Cardiology 96 (2005), 50K–58K; discussion at 34K–35K.
26. J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, and C. E. Forsythe, “Modification of Lipoproteins by Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets,” The Journal of Nutrition 135 (2005), 1339–1342.
27. J. S. Volek et al., “An Isoenergetic Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Improves Serum HDL Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations, the Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Postprandial Pipemic Responses Compared with a Low Fat Diet in Normal Weight, Normolipidemic Women.”
28. B. V. Howard, L. Van Horn, J. Hsia, J. E. Manson, M. L. Stefanick, S. Wassertheil-Smoller, et al., “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (2006), 655–666.
29. D. M. Dreon, H. A. Fernstrom, B. Miller, and R. M. Krauss, “Low-Density Lipoprotein Subclass Patterns and Lipoprotein Response to a Reduced-Fat Diet in Men,” The FASEB Journal 8 (1994), 121–126; D. M. Dreon, H. A. Fernstrom, P. T. Williams, and R. M. Krauss, “A Very Low-Fat Diet Is Not Associated with Improved Lipoprotein Profiles in Men with a Predominance of Large, Low-Density Lipoproteins,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (1999), 411–418.
30. Volek, Sharman, and Forsythe, “Modification of Lipoproteins by Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets”; R. M. Krauss, “Dietary and Genetic Probes of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 25 (2005), 2265–2272.
31. Krauss, “Dietary and Genetic Probes of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia.”
32. A. Aljada, J. Friedman, H. Ghanim, P. Mohanty, D. Hofmeyer, A. Chaudhuri, et al., “Glucose Ingestion Induces an Increase in Intranuclear Nuclear Factor kb, a Fall in Cellular Inhibitor bb, and an Increase in Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Messenger RNA by Mononuclear Cells in Healthy Human Subjects,” Metabolism 55 (2006), 1177–1185; P. Mohanty, W. Hamouda, R. Garg, A. Aljada, H. Ghanim, and P. Dandona, “Glucose Challenge Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation by Leucocytes,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85 (2000), 2970–2973.
33. S. E. Kasim-Karakas, A. Tsodikov, U. Singh, and I. Jialal., “Responses of Inflammatory Markers to a Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diet: Effects of Energy Intake,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (2006), 774–779; S. Liu, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, and P. M. Ridker, “Relation between a Diet with a High Glycemic Load and Plasma Concentrations of High-Sensitivity C-reactive Protein in Middle-Aged Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75 (2002), 492–498.
34. M. L. Dansinger, J. A. Gleason, J. L. Griffith, H. P. Selker, and E. J. Schaefer, “Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction: A Randomized Trial,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (2005), 43–53; K. A. McAuley, C. M. Hopkins, K. J. Smith, R. T. McLay, S. M. Williams, R. W. Taylor, et al., “Comparison of High-Fat and High-Protein Diets with a High-Carbohydrate Diet in Insulin-Resistant Obese Women,” Diabetologia 48 (2005), 8–16.
35. P. Seshadri, N. Iqbal, L. Stern, M. Williams, K. L. Chicano, D. A. Daily, et al., “A Randomized Study Comparing the Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet and a Conventional Diet on Lipoprotein Subfractions and C-reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Severe Obesity,” The American Journal of Medicine 117 (2004), 398–405.
36. C. E. Forsythe, S. D. Phinney, M. L. Fernandez, E. E. Quann, R. J. Wood, D. M. Bibus, et al., “Comparison of Low Fat and Low Carbohydrate Diets on Circulating Fatty Acid Composition and Markers of Inflammation,” Lipids 43 (2008), 65–77.
37. P. C. Calder, “Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammation,” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 75 (2006), 197–202.
38. T. A. Jacobson, “Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease with Omega-3 Fatty Acids,” American Journal of Cardiology 98 (2006), 61i–70i.
39. H. O. Steinberg, H. Chaker, R. Leaming, A. Johnson, G. Brechtel, and A. D. Baron, “Obesity/Insulin Resistance Is Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction. Implications for the Syndrome of Insulin Resistance,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 97 (1996), 2601–2610.
40. M. C. Corretti, T. J. Anderson, E. J. Benjamin, D. Celermajer, F. Charbonneau, M. A. Creager, et al., “Guidelines for the Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery: A Report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39 (2002), 257–265.
41. A. Ceriello, C. Taboga, L. Tonutti, L. Quagliaro, L. Piconi, B. Bais, et al., “Evidence for an Independent and Cumulative Effect of Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia and Hyperglycemia on Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Generation: Effects of Short- and Long-Term Simvastatin Treatment,” Circulation 106 (2002), 1211–1218; M. J. Williams, W. H. Sutherland, M. P. McCormick, S. A. De Jong, R. J. Walker, and G. T. Wilkins, “Impaired Endothelial Function Following a Meal Rich in Used Cooking Fat,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 33 (1999), 1050–1055; M. C. Blendea, M. Bard, J. R. Sowers, and N. Winer, “High-Fat Meal Impairs Vascular Compliance in a Subgroup of Young Healthy Subjects,” Metabolism 54 (2005), 1337–1344.
42. Ibid.
43. M. J. Sharman, A. L. Gomez, W. J. Kraemer, and J. S. Volek, “Very Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets Affect Fasting Lipids and Postprandial Lipemia Differently in Overweight Men,” The Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004), 880–885; J. S. Volek, M. J. Sharman, A. L. Gomez, T. P. Scheett, and W. J. Kraemer, “An Isoenergetic Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Improves Serum HDL Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations, the Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Postprandial Pipemic Responses Compared with a Low Fat Diet in Normal Weight, Normolipidemic Women,” The Journal of Nutrition 133 (2003), 2756–2761.
44. J. S. Volek, K. D. Ballard, R. Silvestre, D. A. Judelson, E. E. Quann, C. E. Forsythe, et al., “Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction versus Low-Fat Diet on Flow-Mediated Dilation,” Metabolism 58 (2009), 1769–1777.
45. J. S. Volek and R. D. Feinman, “Carbohydra
te Restriction Improves the Features of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome May Be Defined by the Response to Carbohydrate Restriction,” Nutrition & Metabolism (London) 2 (2005), 31; J. S. Volek, M. L. Fernandez, R. D. Feinman, and S. D. Phinney, “Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction Induces a Unique Metabolic State Positively Affecting Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, Fatty Acid Partitioning, and Metabolic Syndrome,” Progress in Lipid Research 47 (2008), 307–318.
Chapter 14: Managing Diabetes, aka the Bully Disease
1. S. D. De Ferranti, and N. Rifai, “C-reactive Protein: A Nontraditional Serum Marker of Cardiovascular Risk,” Cardiovascular Pathology 16 (2007), 14–21; P. M. Ridker, “Inflammatory Biomarkers and Risks of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, Diabetes, and Total Mortality: Implications for Longevity,” Nutrition Reviews 65 (2007), S253–S259.
2. A. D. Pradhan, J. E. Manson, N. Rifai, J. E. Buring, and P. M. Ridker, “C-reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 286 (2001), 327–334; J. I. Barzilay, L. Abraham, S. R. Heckbert, M. Cushman, L. H. Kuller, H. E. Resnick, et al., “The Relation of Markers of Inflammation to the Development of Glucose Disorders in the Elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study,” Diabetes 50 (2001), 2384–2389; G. Hu, P. Jousilahti, J. Tuomilehto, R. Antikainen, J. Sundvall, and V. Salomaa, “Association of Serum C-Reactive Protein Level with Sex-Specific type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Prospective Finnish Study,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (2009), 2099–2105.
3. B. R. Bistrian, G. L. Blackburn, J. P. Flatt, J. Sizer, N. S. Scrimshaw, and M. Sherman, “Nitrogen Metabolism and Insulin Requirements in Obese Diabetic Adults on a Protein-Sparing Modified Fast,” Diabetes 25 (1976), 494–504.
4. G. Boden, K. Sargrad, C. Homko, M. Mozzoli, and T. P. Stein, “Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with type 2 Diabetes,” Annals of Internal Medicine 142 (2005), 403–411.
5. M. E. Daly, R. Paisey, R. Paisey, B. A. Millward, C. Eccles, K. Williams, et al., “Short-Term Effects of Severe Dietary Carbohydrate-Restriction Advice in type 2 Diabetes—A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Diabetic Medicine 23 (2006), 15–20.
6. E. C. Westman, W. S. Yancy, Jr., J. C. Mavropoulos, M. Marquart, and J. R. McDuffie, “The Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet Versus a Low-Glycemic Index Diet on Glycemic Control in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” Nutrition & Metabolism (London) 5 (2008), 36.
7. A. Daly, “Use of Insulin and Weight Gain: Optimizing Diabetes Nutrition Therapy,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 107 (2007), 1386–1393.
8. H. C. Gerstein, M. E. Miller, R. P. Byington, D. C. Goff, Jr., J. T. Bigger, J. B. Buse, et al., “Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in type 2 Diabetes,” The New England Journal of Medicine 358 (2008), 2545–2559.
9. N. G. Boule, E. Haddad, G. P. Kenny, G. A. Wells, and R. J. Sigal., “Effects of Exercise on Glycemic Control and Body Mass in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 286 (2001), 1218–1227.
10. J. P. Bantle, J. Wylie-Rosett, A. L. Albright, C. M. Apovian, N. G. Clark, M. J. Franz, et al., “Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association,” Diabetes Care 31 suppl. 1 (2008), S61–S78.
Index
aïoli, 209
alcohol, 127–28, 179
alfredo sauce, 215–16
almonds, 56
alternatives for foods, 156, 180
amino acids, 39, 44, 45, 70, 282
anchovies, 56
antioxidants, 29, 30, 32, 68, 100, 123, 154, 155
appetite, 67, 74, 111, 160
Asian marinade, 235–36
Atkins Carbohydrate Equilibrium (ACE), 143, 187
defined, 15, 117
in Lifetime Maintenance phase, 16, 168, 169, 170–71, 172, 173–76, 178
in Pre-Maintenance phase, 15, 150, 151, 159–60
Atkins Diet (Atkins Nutritional Approach)
changes in, xv, 3
compared with other diets, 20
four phases of, 15–16, 147
measuring progress on, 17–18
misconceptions about, 8–9, 14, 24, 45
motivational and practical matters to address before beginning, 74–76
personalizing, 65–79
questions to consider before beginning, 5–7
research on, 3, 9–10
seven concepts in, 65–66
simplicity, versatility, and sustainability in, xv–xvi
what to expect from, 18–19
where to start in, 77–79
Atkins Edge, 4, 6, 8, 23, 28, 30, 35, 49, 54, 74, 97, 128, 170, 189
avocado(s), 53
boat, 139
tropical green smoothie, 139
bacon vinaigrette, hot, 225
barbecue sauce, 212–13
basil pesto, 217–18
BBQ rub, 238
beans (legumes):
in Ongoing Weight Loss phase, 124–25
in Pre-Maintenance phase, 152
Béchamel sauce, 206
beef:
broth, 241
choosing types of, 40–41
berries, 123–24
beverages:
alcohol, 127–28
coffee, 68, 100
in Induction phase, 92
juices, 68, 126, 152
water, 18, 67–68, 96, 108, 187
bingeing, 131, 185
blood pressure, 74, 79
eggs and, 101
high (hypertension), 5, 17–18, 19, 69, 74, 96, 173, 280
blood sugar, 5, 67, 69, 74, 79, 281, 282, 301
carbohydrates and, 6, 7, 21, 22, 23, 30, 65, 281, 296
diabetes and, see diabetes
exercise and, 302
fat burning and, 8, 22
fats and, 50
fiber and, 23, 66
metabolic syndrome and, 280, 281
protein and, 39, 40
understanding readings of, 297
blueberry pancakes, nutty, 139
Bombeck, Erma, 4
breakfast ideas and recipes:
for Induction phase, 99–100
for Ongoing Weight Loss phase, 138–39
shakes and smoothies, 99, 136, 138, 139
broths, 19, 96
beef, 241
chicken, 240–41
vegetable, 241–42
butter, 53, 54
brown, sauce, 221
butters, compound:
oil blend, 221
herb blend, 222
parsley, 222–23
Caesar salad dressing, 224
caffeine, 68, 100
Cajun rub, 239–40
calcium, 45, 68
calories, 3, 6, 19–20, 29, 40, 41, 50–51, 67, 68
from carbohydrates, 20, 50, 278, 279
from fats, 278, 279
protein and, 39
stored in body fat, 21
taking in too many, 107
cancer, 288
canola oil, 53, 54, 55, 56, 70
cantaloupe-orange smoothie, 140
carbohydrate gram counter, 74
Carbohydrate Level for Losing (CLL), 15, 117, 133–34, 143, 148–51, 159–60
carbohydrates, xiv, 3, 6–9, 19, 21–23, 28–35, 51–52, 57, 66, 187
adding to diet, 120–21, 160
benefits of, 29
blood sugar and, 6, 7, 21, 22, 23, 30, 65, 281, 296
body fat and, 34
calories from, 20, 50, 278, 279
changes and substitutions for, 156, 180
cravings for, 6, 30, 177
diabetes and, 296
energy from, 8, 21, 29, 72
exercise and, 72
fat burning and, 282–83
hidden, 108
high intake of, 50
insulin and, 282
ladder of, 120, 160
lowering intake of, 66–67
metabolic syndrome and, 280, 281
Net Carbs, see Net Carbs
refined grains, 33–34, 66, 111, 155–56, 176
replacing saturated fat with, 283
starchy vegetables, 154
tolerance for, 15, 117, 133–34, 143, 148–51, 159–60
two types of, 28–29
vegetarians and, 70
whole grains, 154–55
see also Atkins Carbohydrate Equilibrium; sugar
carbonara sauce, 216–17
cardiovascular disease, 40, 50, 277, 278, 279, 283, 298
cholesterol and, 52
eggs and, 101
inflammation and, 288
low-carbohydrate diets and, 282
metabolic syndrome and, 279, 280, 290
omega-6 essential fatty acids and, 55
potassium and, 68
trans fats and, 54
triglycerides and, 286
vascular function and, 289
carrot-ginger dressing, 231
case histories, see success stories
cheese:
”blue,” 140
blue, dip, 139
blue, dressing, 227–28
dip, nutty, 139
granola-topped, 138
in Induction phase, 84–85
in Ongoing Weight Loss phase, 124
Parmesan peppercorn dressing, 232
chicken broth, 240–41
chipotle marinade, 236
chocolate:
coconut shake, 99
peanut whip, 140
”pudding,” 102
cholesterol, 52, 53, 278, 279
eggs and, 100, 101
HDL (”good”), xiv, 5, 53, 74, 101, 173, 277, 278, 284, 286–87
LDL (”bad”), 53, 74, 277, 280, 284, 287–88
choline, 100–101
cocktail sauce, 212
coconut oil, 53, 54
coffee, 68, 100
coleslaw dressing, creamy, 226
condiments, 90–91
corn oil, 53, 55, 56
corn syrup, high-fructose, 32–33, 34
corned beef hash, 99
cottonseed oil, 53, 56
cravings, 6, 30, 177
C-reactive protein (CRP), 278, 288, 298
dairy products, 124
cheese, see cheese
milk, 68
dessert ideas and recipes: