The Food Explorer
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the Columbian Exchange: Crosby, Alfred W. Jr. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972.
Columbus never set foot: Strauss, Valerie. “Christopher Columbus: 3 Things You Think He Did That He Didn’t.” Washington Post, October 14, 2013.
Smallpox alone is thought to have diminished: Mann, Charles C. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York: Knopf, 2005.
a heavily wooded continent: Pillsbury, Richard. No Foreign Food: The American Diet in Time and Place. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.
barley, wheat, and peaches: Mann, Charles C. “How the Potato Changed the World.” Smithsonian Magazine, November 2011.
a sustainable system for growing food: Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998.
James Oglethorpe, the British general: Harris, Thaddeus Mason. Biographical Memorials of James Oglethorpe, Founder of the Colony of Georgia. Boston: Printed for the Author, 1841, p. 128.
support silk, hemp, and flax: Rothbard, Murray N. Conceived in Liberty. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1979, pp. 609–10.
Before he was president: Higginbotham, Don. George Washington Reconsidered. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2001, p. 75.
investigating the optimal fertilizer: Randall, Willard Sterne. George Washington: A Life. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1997, pp. 209–10.
his revelation that cows, rather than horses: Lengel, Edward G., ed. A Companion to George Washington. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
“The greatest service which can be rendered”: Peterson, Merrill D. Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. p. 537.
Farmers accounted for 90 percent: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. A History of Agricultural Policy: Chronological Outline. By Wayne D. Rasmussen and Douglas E. Bowers. 1992.
just over half: Output, Employment and Productivity in the United States after 1800: Studies in Income and Wealth No. 30. By Dorothy S. Brady. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, Dist. by Columbia University Press, 1966. Table 2.
courses on horticulture: Rasmussen, Wayne, D. “Lincoln’s Agricultural Legacy.” National Agricultural Library. Accessed May 21, 2015. https://www.nal.usda.gov/Lincolns-agricultural-policy.
“It is now generally conceded”: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1880. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1881, pp. 19–20.
“The high-pitched, screaming voices”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 32.
“Sitting on the sea-wall [in Naples]”: “Scenes in Charming Old Naples.” Chicago Sunday Tribune, November 18, 1894.
An Italian painter: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 32.
a view of Mount Vesuvius: Jepson, Tim. National Geographic Traveler: Naples and Southern Italy. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2007, p. 65.
“pestiferous ragamuffins”: Fairchild, David. Pocket notebook. Undated. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
“thirteen characters who were all killed”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 33.
Paul Mayer, a marine biologist: Fairchild, David. Pocket notebook. Undated. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
“As a boy I watched termites”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, unpublished draft. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
where pizza was invented: Helstosky, Carol. Pizza: A Global History. London: Reaktion, 2008.
“The professor and I”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 35.
the era’s average salary: Rees, Albert, and Donald P. Jacobs. National Bureau of Economic Research. Real Wages in Manufacturing, 1890–1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961, pp. 120–27.
Lathrop seemed a peculiar man: Douglas, Marjory Stoneman. Adventures in a Green World: The Story of David Fairchild and Barbour Lathrop. Coconut Grove, FL: Field Research Projects, 1973, p. 9.
“Well, don’t you think you’d better”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 37.
Bank of Scotland, 19 Bishopsgate Street Within: Fairchild, David. Pocket notebook. Undated. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
CHAPTER THREE: East of Suez
“How foolish I would be”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, unpublished draft. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
W. A. Taylor, assistant pomologist: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Session of the American Pomological Society: Held in Sacramento, Cal., January 16–18, 1895. Topeka: American Pomological Society, 1895, pp. 175–76.
The fruit itself was larger: Reuther, W., et al., eds. The Citrus Industry, Volume I: History, World Distribution, Botany, and Varieties. Oakland: University of California, 1967.
four major original citrus: Karp, David. “Mandarin Oranges, Rising Stars of the Fruit Bowl.” New York Times, February 1, 2016.
fruits’ hardy Asian ancestors: Karp, David. “Citrus Phylogeny (for National Geographic).” Interview by author. April 2016.
Americans in the 1890s: Pabor, W. E. “Our Plant Immigrants.” The Sun (Jacksonville, FL), July 7, 1906.
“real value” to American citrus growers: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 50.
The saplings would bolster: Geisseler, Daniel, and William R. Horwath. “Citrus Production in California.” University of California, Davis, June 2016, pp. 1–4. https://apps1.cdfa.ca.gov/FertilizerResearch/docs/Citrus-Production_CA.pdf.
Ted Nichols, was studying: “Dartmouth Physics: Ernest Fox Nichols.” Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science. October 9, 2012. http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/2012/10/ernest-fox-nichols-2/#.V0IYoa6rS1t.
“Incredible as it may seem”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, unpublished draft. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
the French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi: Berenson, Edward. The Statue of Liberty: A Transatlantic Story. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012, pp. 22–29.
“You approach Java with a feeling”: Fairchild, David. “Sumatra’s West Coast.” National Geographic, November 1898: 449–64.
a jungle of rattan palms: Fairchild, David. Garden Islands of the Great East: Collecting Seeds from the Philippines and Netherlands India in the Junk “Chêng Ho.” New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1943, p. 8.
“as hot as liquid fire”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 71.
one made of rolled oats: Markham, Charles Edwin. “California at the World’s Fair.” The Californian Magazine, November 1893: 762–71.
Termites struck Fairchild as ironic: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 66.
a calculation he completed twice: Fairchild, David. Pocket notebook. Undated. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
Lathrop said he was “shocked”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 80.
several wise investments: Funigiello, Philip J. Florence Lathrop Page: A Biography. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1994, p. 25.
“a lawyer cannot tell the truth”: Douglas, Marjory Stoneman. Adventures in a Green World: The Story of David Fairchild and Barbour Lathrop. Coconut Grove, FL: Field Research Projects, 1973, p. 5.
“The entire city buzzed”: Kamiya, Gary. Cool Gray City of Love. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013, p. 209.
“a newspaperman”: Annals of the Bohemian Club, Vol. 1. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL. Date unknown.
a front-row seat to important events: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
He quit his job: Douglas, Marjory Stoneman. Adventures in a Green World: The Story of David Fairchil
d and Barbour Lathrop. Coconut Grove, FL: Field Research Projects, 1973, pp. 8–9.
“sire of high jinks”: Douglas, Marjory Stoneman. Adventures in a Green World: The Story of David Fairchild and Barbour Lathrop. Coconut Grove, FL: Field Research Projects, 1973, p. 7.
Bryan’s wife annoyed everyone: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
the great Chicago dynasty of Robert McCormick: McCormick, Leander James. Family Record and Biography. Chicago, 1896. p. 309.
A sight that delighted Fairchild: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 81.
Lathrop banished him from the hotel: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
“I’m not accustomed to it”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 81.
officials in New York and Connecticut deployed fire engines: Thornton, Ian. Krakatau: The Destruction and Reassembly of an Island Ecosystem. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, p. 24.
a chain of protruding volcanoes: Fairchild, David. “Sumatra’s West Coast.” National Geographic, November 1898: 449–64.
He assured her that: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 83.
CHAPTER FOUR: Guest and Protégé
Only after she delivered her first child: Fairchild, David. “Sumatra’s West Coast.” National Geographic, November 1898: 455–56.
Fairchild shook it to test its strength: “Bamboo in the South.” Goldsboro Daily Argus (Goldsboro, NC), July 21, 1903.
“the most beautiful and useful of plants”: Fairchild, David. Japanese Bamboos and Their Introduction into America. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903.
“He didn’t propose to spend the rest of his life”: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
He made all the major decisions: Douglas, Marjory Stoneman. Adventures in a Green World: The Story of David Fairchild and Barbour Lathrop. Coconut Grove, FL: Field Research Projects, 1973.
“the public morality”: “Discovering the Decades: 1850s.” City of Alexandria, VA. Accessed October 28, 2015. https://www.alexandriava.gov/historic/info/default.aspx?id=28408.
Lathrop stared at the lens: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 84A.
Lathrop stood up and threw his napkin: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 92.
“I was the guest and protégé”: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
Two others had come prior: Pauly, Philip J. Fruits and Plains: The Horticultural Transformation of America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007, p. 126.
Lathrop identified himself as “bohemian”: “The Literature of Bohemia.” The Westminster Review 79 (spring 1863): 32.
The fashion of the so-called Gay Nineties: Chauncey, George. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York: BasicBooks, 1994.
“It’s a collection expedition”: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
a system of cogs with teeth: Coulter, John Merle. Botanical Gazette Volume 30. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1900, pp. 127–28.
Swampy jungle lined both sides: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
Without one specimen collected: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
“You’re a worker, Fairchild”: Douglas, Marjory Stoneman. Adventures in a Green World: The Story of David Fairchild and Barbour Lathrop. Coconut Grove, FL: Field Research Projects, 1973, p. 17.
Collecting useful things couldn’t be done: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
“If you’re going to travel with me”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 83.
“what do you think we should collect?”: Handwritten notes for “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
a Catholic priest appeared: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 84.
his first taste of a banana: Handwritten notes for “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
“If I was a botanist”: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
Just over seven thousand Spanish people: Hine, Darlene Clark, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold. The African-American Odyssey: Combined Volume. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 376.
nine days before the agreement was signed: “The California Gold Rush.” PBS. September 13, 2006. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/peopleevents/e_goldrush.html.
to defend it from Indians: House of Representatives, United States Indian Affairs Committee. Hearings by a Subcommittee of the Committee on Indian Affairs, Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920, pp. 704–706.
The only other catch: Sonneborn, Liz. Chronology of American Indian History: The Trail of the Wind. New York: Facts on File, 2001.
its first agricultural depression: Pauly, Philip J. Fruits and Plains: The Horticultural Transformation of America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.
“the highest authority on horticultural subjects”: Shambaugh, Benjamin Franklin. Biographies and Portraits of the Progressive Men of Iowa: Leaders in Business, Politics and the Professions; Together with an Original and Authentic History of the State, by Ex-Lieutenant-Governor B. F. Gue. Des Moines: Conaway & Shaw, 1899, pp. 135–37.
a set of chimes at midnight: “A New Year Ushered In.” New York Times, January 1, 1897.
Fairchild and Lathrop were floating in the dark: Douglas, Marjory Stoneman. Adventures in a Green World: The Story of David Fairchild and Barbour Lathrop. Coconut Grove, FL: Field Research Projects, 1973, p. 18.
CHAPTER FIVE: The Listless Pacific
delighting the hotel’s owner so much: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, pp. 85–86.
It dawned on Fairchild first: Fairchild, David. Pocket notebook. Undated. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
Native Hawaiians: Thrum, Thomas G. Hawaiian Almanac and Annual. Honolulu: Thos. Thrum Publisher, 1912, p. 20.
In December of 1893: Cox, Francis M. Message from the President of the United States to the Two Houses of Congress at the Beginning of the Second Session of the Fifty-third Congress with the Reports of the Heads of Departments and Selections from Accompanying Documents. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894, pp. 35–48.
“Uncle Barbour was a great raconteur”: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
“What’s the finest fruit”: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
“It’s the wampi”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 87.
rough, pale skin that would pass for a yellow grape: Lower, Elsie E. Clausena lansium. 1911. USDA Pomological Watercolors, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD.
the wampi would one day: Morton, Julia F. Fruits of Warm Climates. Miami, FL: J. F. Morton, 1987, pp. 197–98.
“incomprehensible”: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 89.
He witnessed a man fall: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 89.
North German Lloyd: “Prominent Pe
ople on Board.” Hapag-Lloyd Insight. Accessed February 25, 2016. https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/news-insights/insights/2015/08/prominent-people-on-board_42541.html.
“the delightfulest”: Jobb, Dean. Empire of Deception: The Incredible Story of a Master Swindler Who Seduced a City and Captivated the Nation. New York: Algonquin Books, 2015.
“Pshaw, I don’t believe it”: Fairchild, David. “Uncle Barbour.” 1934. TS, Barbour Lathrop Collection, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
they stared straight and walked away: Nicholson, Evelyn Louise. Diary of a Trip to Australia 1897. University of Sydney Library, 1999. Accessed online: http://adc.library.usyd.edu.au/data-2/p00067.pdf.
a small lyrebird: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 91.
there were more than five hundred: “Genus: Eucalyptus L’Her.” U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. January 27, 2009. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=4477.
he had been lured down under: Blanchard, Frieda Cobb. “Nathan A. Cobb: Botanist and Zoologist, a Pioneer Scientist in Australia.” Asa Gray Bulletin 3, no. 2 (1957).
Developing governments: Huettel, R. N., and A. N. Golden. “Nathan Augustus Cobb, the Father of Nematology in the United States.” United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Accessed April 25, 2016. http://www.ars.usda.gov/News/docs.htm?docid=9626.
He presented a small wheel: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 91.
On special occasions: Wells, Kathryn. “Australian Food and Drink.” Australia.gov.au. April 7, 2015. http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-food-and-drink.
Fairchild directed the conversation: Fairchild, David. Pocket notebook. Undated. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Coral Gables, FL.
a Boston man named Tudor: Seaburg, Carl, and Stanley Paterson. The Ice King: Frederic Tudor and His Circle. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2003.
He passed the shrinking cube: Fairchild. The World Was My Garden, p. 97.
eating human flesh out of necessity: Sanday, Peggy Reeves. Divine Hunger: Cannibalism as a Cultural System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 151–53.