Walking on Air

by Janann Sherman

  Walking on Air

  Walking on Air

  The Aerial Adventures of

  PHOEBE OMLIE

  Janann Sherman

  Willie Morris Books in Memoir and Biography

  www.upress.state.ms.us

  Designed by Peter D. Halverson

  The University Press of Mississippi is a member of the Association of American University Presses.

  Photograph on page ii by P. W. Hamilton, photographer for the Minneapolis Tribune. Phoebe Omlie Collection.

  Copyright © 2011 by University Press of Mississippi

  All rights reserved

  Manufactured in the United States of America

  First printing 2011

  ∞

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Sherman, Janann.

  Walking on air : the aerial adventures of Phoebe Omlie / Janann Sherman.

  p. cm. — (Willie Morris books in memoir and biography)

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  ISBN 978-1-61703-124-3 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-61703-125-0 (ebook)

  1. Omlie, Phoebe Fairgrave, 1902–1975. 2. Women air pilots—United States—Biography. 3. Air pilots—United States—Biography. 4. Aeronautics—United States—History—20th century. I. Title.

  TL540.O45S56 2011

  629.13092—dc22 [B] 2010053401

  British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data available

  To Charlie,

  who taught me how to live

  Contents

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  CHAPTER 1

  CHAPTER 2

  CHAPTER 3

  CHAPTER 4

  CHAPTER 5

  CHAPTER 6

  CHAPTER 7

  EPILOGUE

  AFTERWORD Finding Phoebe

  NOTES

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  INDEX

  Acknowledgments

  So many people have helped and guided me throughout this long journey. The following people have helped me find information, read my drafts, kept up my spirits, and most of all, never let me down.

  I’m listing names alphabetically but, because I’ve spent my whole life as an “S,” I’m doing so in reverse order: Pat Thaden Webb, Susan Ware, June Viviano, Steve Trimble, Heather Taylor, Michael Shenk, Matt Shearer, Janet Scott, Thelma Rudd, Cathie Rochau, Patrick Pidgeon, Shirley Oakley, Lisa Norling, Kim Nichols, Dee Navrkal, Vicki Murrell, Lynn Mirassou, Bob Minter, John McWhorter, Chriss Lyon, Marilyn Locke, Betsy Kidd, Jim Kacarides, Jim Johnson, Betty Huehls, Candice Hawkinson, Della May Hartley-Frazier, Ken and Jerry Guthrie, Andrea and Mattie Green, Velma Gillispie, Jim Fulbright, Harry Friedman, Delories Duncan, Patti du Toit, Charles Crawford, Lisa Cotham, Beverly Bond, Meg and Mike Bartlett, Paula Barnes.

  I hope I haven’t forgotten anyone. I am profoundly grateful to you all.

  Walking on Air

  Chapter One

  Aviation pioneer Phoebe Fairgrave Omlie was once one of the most famous women in America. In the 1930s, her words and photographs were splashed across the front pages of newspapers across the nation. The press called her “second only to Amelia Earhart Putnam among America’s women pilots,” and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt named her among the “eleven women whose achievements make it safe to say that the world is progressing.”

  Phoebe Fairgrave began her career in the early 1920s when aviation was unregulated and wide open to those daring enough to take it on, male or female. She bought a plane, established her own flying circus, and did stunts for the movies. She later earned the first commercial pilot’s license issued to a woman and became a successful air racer. During the New Deal, she became the first woman to hold an executive position in federal aeronautics. For twenty years, she was centrally involved in the development of commercial and private aviation policy and production.

  Yet somehow she got lost to history.

  She was forgotten partly because of the long shadow of Amelia Earhart, which has obscured the achievements of many daring women pilots, and partly because of the sad circumstances of her decline and death. She died in poverty and obscurity. Personal papers, documents of her life and achievements, were scattered and gone.

  She grew up rootless and perhaps that helped shape what she was to become, although one should be cautious about overdetermining a life. She was born into a troubled marriage between Madge Traister and Harry John “Jack” Park, a day laborer, in Des Moines, 21 November 1902, two years behind her only sibling, Paul. Named for her maternal grandmother, Phoebe Jane was six when her parents divorced in 1908.1 Although Madge told her children that their father had died, Jack Park had a distressing way of turning up occasionally until his actual death in a car accident in Missouri in 1962.2 At least twice in later years, Jack tried to make contact with his children: in 1943, he knocked on his son’s door in Omaha, and he once tried to speak to Phoebe after an air meet in Cleveland, but she rebuffed him with the remark that he couldn’t be her “real” father, her father was dead.3

  Three years after the Parks divorced, Madge married Andrew E. Fairgrave, who was himself divorced from a childless marriage. In 1915, Andrew and Madge and her two children, Paul, aged fifteen, and thirteen-year-old Phoebe, moved to St. Paul, Minnesota. From 1916 to 1919, Andrew Fairgrave ran a saloon downtown. After that, though his business was still in the same spot, he changed to soft drinks and “near-beer” with the advent of Prohibition.4

  Phoebe and her brother attended Mechanic Arts High School, which emphasized training in both the liberal arts and manual arts. The approximately 1,500 students were a diverse mix of children from families with modest incomes, including recent and second-generation immigrants from Ireland, Norway, Austria, Germany, Poland, and Sweden, with a handful of African American families.5 Mechanic Arts self-consciously saw itself as “a working model of the melting pot,” emphasizing equality of opportunity, regardless of ancestry, race, gender, or economic status. Any student could aspire to leadership in the school.6

  Phoebe thrived in this environment. She enjoyed working with her hands as well as her mind. In her third year, despite her diminutive size and her gender, she was elected president of her junior class. Her classmates noted that she was “the first girl to hold office as president of a Mechanic Arts class, but we felt that Phoebe was competent and had enough executive ability to manage the class successfully.”7 Her friend, Hugh O’Neill, whom she replaced as junior class president when he moved away, included her in his final poem, “History of the Class of 1920.” She appears in the eighth stanza:

  I forgot to mention, you’ll excuse it, I hope,

  A feminine head of suffragette note—

  Miss Phoebe J. Fairgrave who took up the stroke

  When the masculine head disembarked from the boat.8

  While at Mechanic Arts, Phoebe was active in the Cogwheel Club, which wrote for and edited the school newspaper, and the Mechanic Arts Literary Society, which compiled and published a periodical of students’ stories and poems called The M. In addition to creative writing, Phoebe found drama a welcome vehicle to act out her fantasies and build her self-confidence.9 She worked on school plays during her junior and senior years, and starred in her senior revue’s playlet “When Love is Young,” which her yearbook noted was “exceptionally well acted.” She even briefly enrolled in the Guy Durrel Dramatic School, despite her parents’ efforts to discourage her from pursuing drama. They were especially keen for her to go to the university in the fall; her brother Paul had disappointed them by opting out.10 But she already had other, grander ideas about her future, formulated during a chance encounter with the greatest adventure she could imagine.

  She was in physics class when the idea struck her. The year was 1919, her senior
year at Mechanic Arts, and her head was filled with plans to become an actress. The sound that drove her to the window that spring day would change everything. She looked up to see three enormous biplanes, flown by veterans of the recent war, make a low salute to President Woodrow Wilson as his motorcade wound through the streets. The president had come to St. Paul on his tour to promote his League of Nations, determined to win support from the people when he found little in Washington. He received a tumultuous reception in St. Paul where they pulled out all the stops in making him welcome. Wilson arrived by special train and was greeted by “a seething, undulating, cheering mass of humanity.” Some 45,000 people stormed the Kenwood Armory where the president was to speak, although he would be heard only by “the 10,000 vigorous” who got there first.11 Among the disappointed were “Toiling and moiling, sweating and swearing, men ready to fight, women hysterical, children almost suffocating … like a great human whirlpool. … Some were there who had come hundreds of miles to listen to Mr. Wilson.”12 The president’s parade, including “several hundred War Camp Community girls in costume, more than 1000 discharged soldiers in uniform [and] the government’s reception committee,” was serenaded by troops of singing schoolchildren along the route. Overhead thundered an aerial escort of military planes. As they followed the procession, the planes paused from time to time to do aerobatic stunts—steep climbs and rolls—in order to accommodate the speed of the planes to the pace of the parade.13 This is what Phoebe saw outside her classroom window. She later described her response to the noise, the power, the sunlight flashing off the spinning propellers, the sheer grandeur of those airplanes.

  As the three planes zoomed across the capitol park, on upward against our fabled Minnesota sky-blue back-drop, my heart did a series of nipups which rocked me to depths I didn’t know existed in human makeup. And out of the brief, violent inner tempest arose a vast yearning so intense that my very bones ached. Oh, how I wanted to fly! There was no gradual development or emergence, instead it was a vast compulsion such as makes butterflies burst from their cocoons and which defies description. I can only say that long before those airplanes had reached the top of their zooms, I was forever enthralled. Then, as the little clickers of sunlight on the upper surfaces of the top wings beckoned to me to come on up out of this world I recall distinctly saying to myself, “That’s what I want to do … this is it!” And from that moment hence my eyes have never been out of the heavens.14

  The show was life changing, though it is unlikely that it was her first introduction to the romance of flight. While military planes signaled the thrill of sheer power, young women like Phoebe also had female role models among these daring young fliers. The most prominent of these at this time was Ruth Law.15 Law’s spectacular flying circus made annual appearances in the Twin Cities during Phoebe’s formative years, from 1915 (shortly after Phoebe’s family moved to St. Paul) into the 1920s, when Phoebe was competing with Law for fair contracts.16

  Aviatrix Ruth Law had been front-page news since she executed thirty-five consecutive loop-the-loops in her open Curtiss Headless Pusher aeroplane over Lake Michigan in September 1916. Law made this plane famous, and it became the most widely used exhibition plane between 1909 and World War I. The pilot sat on a seat in the open-air forward of the wings, feet planted on rudders and gripping two “sticks”; the engine was mounted behind the wings. Built of wood and bamboo with flight surfaces of varnished linen, the plane was stable and maneuverable but expensive: in 1911 a complete Pusher delivered from the factory in Hammondsport, New York, cost between $4,500 and $6,000 (the equivalent of over $100,000 today).17

  In 1916, Law set distance and speed records in a flight from Chicago to New York, landing at Hornell, New York, 590 miles nonstop from Chicago. She took on minimal fuel to complete her journey to New York City. As her engine faltered from lack of gas over Harlem, she rocked the plane to splash fuel into the carburetor, and landed completely dry in a precision dead-stick landing on Governor’s Island.18 Her spectacular show in New York that December captured the front pages again. As President Wilson, aboard his yacht Mayflower in New York harbor, touched a button to light up the Statue of Liberty, Ruth Law flew out of the darkness carrying magnesium flares on her wingtips and an electric sign spelling “Liberty” on her plane’s lower wing.19 By 1917, she had established herself as America’s premier female flier, holding records for flying continuous loops, cart-wheeling her plane wing over wing, flying upside down for a mile and a half, and flying to an altitude of 11,200 feet.20

  Before the United States was officially involved in the war, Law went to Europe, flew with French aviators, reported back about the front, and demonstrated “the latest flying tactics in the great war” at county fairs.21 She enlisted in the U.S. Aviation Corps, eager to fly combat missions; the military authorized her to wear a uniform but denied her permission to fly in combat. Instead she served as a recruiting officer, dressed in the smart khaki uniform they permitted: a visored cap, regulation breeches and puttees, with her khaki collar ornamented with bronze eagles. She predicted that sooner or later Uncle Sam would come to his senses and make use of women in the army aviation service before the war ended.22 Failing to go to battle, Law engaged in “bombing” the midwestern states with pleas to buy liberty bonds.23 Her frustrated cry to “Let Women Fly!” was published in Air Travel and repeated in many newspapers. Her achievements reflected glory on all American women, noted an article entitled “Ruth Law, Hailed as New Superwoman, Destined to Lead Her Sex to Achievement.” She was proving to all the world that “being a woman is not a handicap, that, after all, women can do anything.”24

  Before the war was over, Law had established a flying circus and began signing state fair contracts for shows throughout the Midwest. These featured all her tricks including automobile-to-plane transfers, aerobatic stunts, flying through fireworks, wing-walking, and illuminated night flying. Her shows were well-staged extravaganzas and enormously popular.25 Indeed, on the very eve of President Wilson’s visit, the St. Paul Pioneer Press described an event at nearby White Bear, where Lt. Ray Miller, flying a Curtiss Flying Boat called the “Sea Gull,” took a number of young women, described as “embryo Ruth Laws … for trips in the clouds.” Much to their apparent delight, Miller treated them to a full complement of stunts: loop-the-loop, the “falling leaf,” and Immelman spirals. The falling leaf required the aircraft to be stalled and forced into a spin; as soon as the spin began, the controls were reversed to force the spin in the opposite direction. The Immelman, also known as roll-off-the-top, is an ascending half-loop followed by a half-roll. These maneuvers were almost certain to inspire nausea in inexperienced fliers. Although none of them as yet had attempted to follow Law’s career path, wrote the reporter, many were hoping for an airplane in their future.26

  Phoebe clearly had the same dreams. The Saturday following the president’s visit, she determined to go have a closer look at these marvelous machines. She took the trolley to the end of the line, then hiked a mile along a gravel road to reach the fence at the Curtiss Northwest Flying Field. There she beheld two JN4D biplanes, affectionately called “Jennys.” “What a joy they were to behold,” she later recalled, “so beautiful, so magnificent and so utterly unafraid.” Visiting this airfield became a ritual as the final year of her high school career unfolded. To her, “those two Jennys became living, breathing creatures, as animate as any pet I’ve ever owned.”27

  Throughout the summer after graduation, she worked at a series of unsatisfying jobs, trying to earn money so she could “break into flying.” She worked as secretary at the Noiseless Typewriter Company, manager of the candy counter at the Emporium Department Store, stenographer at an insurance company. Daydreaming about flying was distracting so none of the jobs lasted very long. She lived for Sunday afternoons and her trips to the field. Every weekend she positioned herself closer and closer to the hangar, until by and by she stood by the gate, where she could see and hear the mechanics working. And once in aw
hile, she would thrill to “the heavenly call from the office to ‘roll her out.’” She stood there with her face pressed against the perimeter fence, watching pilots come out, trim the plane, twirl the prop, and take off. Despite her position close by, the men ignored her.28

  After several months, Phoebe decided to venture inside. She had come to realize that the only way she could get the men to pay attention to her was to propose to buy an airplane.29 She entered the hangar, asked to see the president, and said she wanted to buy a Jenny. She thought such a declaration would, at the least, earn her a test flight, much like someone buying a car would take it for a test drive. At the most, it might afford her an opportunity to learn to fly. The manager, William Kidder, told her that they did not teach flying, only sold airplanes. Their completely overhauled and refurbished war surplus Jennys cost $3,500 (the equivalent of $38,152 today).30 When she didn’t flinch at the price, Kidder introduced her to a salesman. He took her out on the line, walked her around the huge machine, even let her climb in the cockpit for a look at the instrument panel. But when she asked for a demonstration flight, he told her that if she was interested in buying, he would take her up for $15, which would be deducted from the purchase price if she bought the plane. She didn’t have the $15 but vowed to return.31

  After this close encounter with a Jenny, Phoebe was more determined than ever to find a way to own one. She had been reading all she could find about aviation. A few popular magazines carried stories about exhibition flying and the daring young men who did it. She followed the exploits of wing-walker Ormer Locklear, the first man to change planes in midair, who had been lured to Hollywood to perform the first car-to-plane transfer on film in The Great Air Robbery (1919).32 She read about Ruth Law and her spectacular exhibitions, and she read about Charles Hardin, who had invented a new kind of parachute he called the “Lifepack.”33 It was this last story that particularly caught her attention. Hardin lived just across the river in Minneapolis, and she vowed to investigate his invention further.34 Phoebe was a big fan of the Saturday serial, The Perils of Pauline, that featured a consistently victimized, but always triumphant, young woman.35 Thinking about it, she believed that about the only escape from peril that Pearl White, who played Pauline, had not yet employed was by parachute. So Phoebe hatched a plan. She would go to the film company, sell them on the idea of using her as a double for Pearl White in a parachute stunt, and earn enough money to buy that Jenny.36