The Last Days of the Incas

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The Last Days of the Incas Page 59

by KIM MACQUARRIE


  Chulimasa, 86, 89

  Chullcomayo, 275

  Chuncho tribe, 282

  chuño (freeze-dried potatoes), 110n

  Chupas, Battle of, 343–44

  Chuquichaca hanging bridge, 283, 288, 289, 321–22, 368, 385, 399, 440, 441, 448, 450

  Chuquipalpa, 361–62, 387, 398, 402–4, 420, 426, 429, 455

  churches, 1, 17, 198, 211, 273, 321, 335

  Cieza de León, Pedro de, 168, 169, 210, 259, 269, 273, 277–78, 288–89, 295–96, 297, 311–12, 317, 339, 340, 342, 344

  Cisneros, Mariana, 384

  cloud forests, 233

  clubs, battle, 144, 237

  Cobo, Bernabé, 438, 440, 441

  Cobos, Benjamin, 420–21

  Cobos, Julio, 420, 429, 453

  coca leaves, 8, 235n, 283, 308–9, 393, 445, 461

  Cocospata, 440

  Collao, 186, 234

  Collasuyu quarter, viii, 179–80

  Colombia, 27, 28

  Colpacasa Pass, 322, 369, 406

  Columbus, Christopher, 19–20, 21, 27, 34, 35n, 47, 48, 89

  compañías (exploration companies), 24–27, 34–37, 58, 60, 102, 118–22, 154–55

  Company of the Levant, 24–27, 34–37, 102, 118–22, 154–55

  Concevidayoc River, 308

  conch shells, 206

  Condoré, Sefñor, 405

  Condormarca, 447–48

  condors, 235

  Conquest of Peru, The (Prescott), 381

  conquistadores, Spanish:

  armor worn by, 79, 81–82, 142–43, 144, 217n, 220n, 221, 225, 322

  artillery of, 70, 72, 81, 84–85, 142, 168, 238, 242, 272, 300

  atrocities by, 1, 15, 54, 57, 58, 64–66, 68, 77, 78–79, 81–85, 88, 92–93, 94, 138, 161–62, 176–77, 317, 328–30

  casualties of, 64–65, 201, 203, 213–15, 220, 221–23, 228–29, 233–50, 253, 267–68, 269, 278, 287, 289, 300, 312–15, 324–25, 422

  cavalry of, 53, 54, 60, 61, 67, 68, 79–80, 91, 116, 141–47, 148, 160, 172, 178, 194, 197–202, 203, 210, 213–20, 224–29, 233–58, 261, 262, 268, 273, 289, 295–97, 300, 312–15, 316, 317, 320, 321–25, 345, 368, 460

  chronicles of, 1–5, 13–14, 42, 44, 46–47, 48, 49n, 53, 58, 61, 62–63, 74–75, 82–83, 84, 95–96, 102, 103, 106–7, 109–11, 114, 115, 140–52, 161, 168, 183–85, 214–16, 227–28, 235, 238, 241, 246, 256, 277–78, 281, 288–89, 295–96, 297, 308, 311–12, 326–30, 334–35, 360–62, 369–71, 380, 384–86, 387, 398, 399, 417, 418–19, 426–27, 430–31, 432, 438, 440–41, 447–48

  chronological table for, xi-xiii

  churches built by, 1, 17, 198, 211, 273, 321, 335

  compañías (exploration companies) formed by, 15, 24–27, 34–37, 58, 60, 102, 118–22, 154–55

  counterinsurgency measures of, 305, 311–30, 342, 345, 379–80

  disease carried by, 38–40, 39, 46–48, 55, 134, 143, 150, 326, 357

  as encomenderos or encomienda class, 154–57, 163, 167, 171, 179, 186–87, 188, 232, 238, 240–41, 251, 259, 264, 266–67, 271, 285, 286, 311, 316, 317, 319, 320, 325, 331, 332, 334, 338, 351, 353, 355–57, 358, 368, 371

  as extremeños (natives of Extremadura region), 18–19, 23, 24–27, 35, 37, 59, 225, 304, 317, 319

  financial backing of, 15, 24–27, 34–37, 58, 60, 62–63, 66, 76–79, 102, 118–22, 154–55, 187–89, 242, 302–3, 304, 336–37, 343–44, 350, 374 336–37, 343–44, 350, 374

  foot soldiers of, 145–47, 201, 215, 237, 249–50, 252, 295, 320

  gold and silver plundered by, 15–17, 22, 23, 28, 30, 42, 44, 58, 66, 68, 88, 91–103, 112–16, 153–57, 171, 180, 186–87, 242, 266–68, 269, 285, 319, 320, 343, 380, 440–41, 443

  governorships granted to, 34–37, 60, 62, 77–79, 85, 88–90, 93–94, 102, 103, 120–24, 125, 140–41, 152–53, 155, 162–68, 169, 171, 179, 187, 230–33, 261–62, 265, 266, 270–71, 287, 291–94, 296, 299, 301, 302, 304, 310–18, 333–36, 338, 339, 350, 352, 470n

  helmets worn by, 144, 217n, 221, 225

  informants used by, 57, 198, 200, 265

  interpreters for, 33–34, 40, 60, 61–63, 76, 78, 89, 140, 143

  “legal” procedures used by, 58, 59, 77–79, 93, 94, 97–99, 112, 152–53, 188, 291–94, 336–38

  military forces and tactics of, 3, 15–37; 67, 69–70, 81–85, 141, 142–47, 172, 178, 194 224–29, 233–58, 261, 262, 268–69, 273, 275, 289, 295–99, 300, 312–15, 316, 317, 320 321–325; 345, 367–73, 460

  conquistadores, Spanish (cont.)

  military occupation by, 1–5, 15–37, 54, 57, 58, 59–68, 77, 78–79, 81–85, 88, 92–93, 94, 99, 112, 138, 161–62, 176–92, 203, 317, 328–30, 352, 353–56, 358, 365–80, 459–61

  missionaries in, 358–65, 387–88, 389, 401, 402, 409, 417, 420, 422

  native auxiliaries of, 249, 261–65, 274, 286, 287, 295, 299, 311, 316–17, 320–21, 368

  notaries employed by, 58, 59, 97–99, 112

  physical appearance of, 32, 47, 53–54, 60, 142–43, 148

  power struggles among, 167–70, 265–68, 270–74, 283–84, 286, 291–304, 330, 331–52, 353

  as prisoners, 231, 246–47, 267–68, 269, 278, 287, 289, 300, 422

  religious justification for, 33, 58, 70, 72, 76–79, 359–60

  retirement as goal of, 88, 154–55

  royal sanction for, 34–37, 62–63, 66, 71, 76–79, 89, 93, 94, 120, 121, 124, 160, 162–64, 169, 187–89, 242, 261, 262–64, 265, 270, 292, 294, 302–3, 304, 334, 336–37, 343–44, 350, 374

  shields used by, 142, 222, 295

  ships of, 16, 37, 99, 115–16, 143, 172–73

  slavery practiced by, 1, 3, 21, 22–23, 24, 31, 58, 79, 89, 138, 142, 182, 187, 201, 209–10, 220, 229, 232, 238, 240, 251, 261, 311, 329, 353–56, 373

  viracochas as Incan name for, 142–43, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 197, 240, 244, 275, 310, 355

  weapons used by, 81–85, 142–44, 145, 203, 295, 296–99, 313–14, 345, 460

  women seized by, 166, 173–76, 178, 180, 201, 222–23, 250, 302, 319–20, 328–30

  see also specific conquistadores

  Consora tribe, 316

  copper money, 100

  copper tools, 42

  Cordillera Blanca, 98, 317, 415

  Coriatao, 202

  corn beer, 67, 73, 197, 206, 227, 269, 461

  corregidors (magistrates), 174

  Cortés, Hernando, 18, 19, 23, 34, 37, 48, 55, 58, 66, 70, 89, 93, 143, 160, 162, 165, 241, 295, 334, 336

  Cosireni River, 371

  Cotacoca site, 458–59

  Council of the Indies, 3

  counterinsurgency measures, 305, 311–30, 342, 345, 379–80

  Coya Raymi (Festival of the Moon) (September), 373

  coyas (queens), 174–76, 178, 264, 268, 289–90, 309, 313, 319–20, 321, 325–26, 328–30, 357n

  Cozopanga, 162

  crossbows, 242, 289, 298, 313, 314, 319, 327

  Cuillas, 202

  cumpi cloth, 289

  Cuntisuyo quarter, viii, 179–80, 186–87, 316–17

  curacas (local chiefs), 159, 185, 187

  Cura Ocllo, 174–76, 178, 264, 268, 289–90, 309, 313, 319–20, 321, 325–26, 328–30, 357n

  Curi-Huallpa, 202

  currency, 99, 100, 102–3, 146, 160, 174, 302, 336–37, 350, 371

  Cusi-Rimac, 239

  Cusi Yupanqui, 42, 43–45, 46, 150, 154, 192, 269, 278, 281, 290, 309, 437–45, 447, 455, 459

  Cuyos people, 439

  Cuzco:

  Almagro’s occupation of, 167–68, 262, 266, 270–74, 283–84, 294

  as Incan capital, 9, 39, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 63, 73, 94, 98, 100, 107–16, 126, 129, 439, 440–41, 442, 443, 446, 456–57

  Manco’s siege of, 191, 196, 203–33, 234, 237, 241, 242, 244–47, 251, 259–64, 272, 276, 287, 288, 291, 315, 319, 336–37, 410

  maps of, 52, 98, 348

  modern city of, 9, 381

  Pizarro’s capture of, 108–16, 126, 129, 138–56, 161, 162, 167, 172, 375, 447

  Pizarro’
s relief of, 233–50, 258, 283–84, 286, 312

  population of, 310, 316, 346, 352, 356–58, 365–66, 367, 447

  Saqsaywaman fortress of, 52, 175, 198, 200, 207, 213, 216–29, 230, 245, 247, 299–300, 321, 381–82, 403n

  as Spanish stronghold, 15–17, 167–68, 172, 178, 183, 191, 197–204, 207–11, 237, 244–47, 258, 259–61, 265–66, 270–74, 288, 316, 319, 447

  Cuzco Valley, 40, 42–43

  death sentences, 158–59

  Destruction of the Indies, The (Casas), 118

  Díaz, Rui, 266–68, 269, 278, 287, 289, 300

  Discovery and Conquest of Peru, The (Cieza de León), 259

  disease, 38–40, 39, 46–48, 55, 134, 143, 150, 326, 357

  divination, 47

  Domínguez, Martín, 186

  Don Quixote (Cervantes), 17

  drinking, 67, 73, 151–52, 197, 206, 227, 269, 359–60, 461

  duho (royal stool), 156, 195, 278

  Duque, Alberto, 388–89, 404

  dynastic succession, 48–57, 58, 72–73, 80, 103–4, 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 159, 169–71, 195, 278, 287–88, 295, 320–21, 325–26, 356–57, 365–66, 367

  economic system, 42, 44, 45, 88, 92–102, 155, 156–59, 162, 282–83, 308–9, 355–56, 440–41, 443, 445, 447, 473n

  Ecuador, 27–28, 46, 100, 138, 150, 160, 161–62, 195, 233, 235, 323

  Egypt, 144

  el dinero llama al dinero (money attracts money) principle, 58

  El Niño, 460

  emperors, Incan, 2, 14, 15, 17, 31, 37, 39, 40, 43–57, 58, 72–73, 80, 103–7, 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 159, 169–71, 192, 195, 266, 275–76, 278, 287–88, 290, 295, 320–21, 325–26, 353–78, 408, 437–45, 459–60

  see also specific emperors

  encomenderos or encomienda class, 154–57, 163, 167, 171, 179, 186–87, 188, 232, 238, 240–41, 251, 259, 264, 266–67, 271, 285, 286, 311, 316, 317, 319, 320, 325, 331, 332, 334, 338, 351, 353, 355–57, 358, 368, 371

  encomienda (Indian grant), 23

  Erving, William, 9, 13, 386, 391, 394

  escudos (wooden shields), 142

  esparto (short grass), 57

  Espinosa, Gaspar de, 106, 291–94, 299

  Espíritu Pampa, 405–9, 417–24, 426, 429–33, 446, 453, 489n

  Estete, Miguel de, 58–59, 75, 103, 145, 151–52

  exploration companies, 15, 24–27, 34–37, 58, 60, 102, 118–22, 154–55

  Explorer, The (Kipling), 379, 380–81

  extremeños (natives of Extremadura region), 18–19, 23, 24–27, 35, 37, 59, 225, 304, 317, 319

  Feast of St. John-ante-Portam-Latinam, 206

  Feast of St. Lazarus, 294

  Feathered Serpent, The, 424

  Felipillo (Incan native boy), 33–34, 40, 60, 61–63, 76, 78, 81

  Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, 34

  Festival of the Moon, 373

  feudalism in, 20–21, 24, 92–93, 123–24, 155

  fishing, 41

  Florida, 22–23, 57–58, 172

  food supplies, 101, 112, 157, 444, 458, 473n

  Foote, Harry, 9, 13, 386, 390, 391, 393, 394, 399, 400, 403–6, 421

  foot soldiers, 145–47, 201, 215, 237, 249–50, 252, 295, 320

  Forgotten Vilcabamba (Lee), 412

  four quarters (suyus), viii, 9, 95, 112, 131, 144–45, 158, 179–80, 186–87, 193–95, 316–17, 356, 376, 382–83

  Francis I, King of France, 284

  freeze-dried potatoes, 110n

  Frost, Peter, 455–57, 459

  Gaete, Alonso de, 239–40

  Galician language, 81n

  Gallo, 28–29, 120

  Gárate, Gaspar de, 124–26

  Garcia, Aleixo, 31n, 57n

  Garcia, Marcos, 358–62, 364, 389, 401, 417, 420

  García de Loyola, Martín, 371–73, 398

  Garcilaso de la Vega, 2, 62–63, 215–16, 351

  garúa (mist), 251, 340

  Gasca, Pedro de la, 351

  Giesecke, Albert, 388, 392, 449, 451

  glycoalkaloids, 110n

  Godoy, Francisco de, 239, 240

  Gómez de Luna, 343

  Gómez de Malver, Juan, 264

  Gorsuch, Scott, 455–56

  governorships, 34–37, 60, 62, 77–79, 85, 88–90, 93–94, 102, 103, 120–24, 125, 140–41, 152–53, 155, 162–68, 169, 171, 179, 187, 230–33, 261–62, 265, 266, 270–71, 287, 291–94, 296, 299, 301, 302, 304, 310–18, 333–36, 338, 339, 350, 352, 470n

  grasslands, 235, 307

  gross domestic product, 101

  guanacos, 122n

  Guaraní tribe, 31n

  guavas (fruit), 269

  Guerra de Chupas, La (Cieza de León), 342

  guerrilla warfare, 9, 14, 305, 357–58, 446, 459–60

  Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 305

  Guillén, Edmundo, 488n

  guinea pigs, 71

  gunpowder, 24, 142, 326–27

  Guzmán, Alonzo Enríquez de, 228, 230–31, 246, 336–37

  hanac-paca (upper world), 132n

  hanging bridges, 87

  Harper’s, 9

  harquebuses, 142, 146, 148, 172, 238, 242, 254, 258, 295, 296–99, 313, 314, 319, 326–27, 345, 368, 429, 460

  Hatun ayllu descent group, 49–50

  Hatun Cancha, 207–11, 273

  hatun pucuy (“great ripening”) (February), 189–90

  helmets, 144, 217n, 221, 225

  Hemming, John, 431

  Herencia, Francisco de, 340

  Herrada, Juan de, 341

  Heyerdahl, Thor, 413, 424

  Highway of the Sun (von Hagen), 413, 418, 433

  highways, Incan, 234, 311–12, 315

  “Hints to Travellers,” 383

  Hispaniola, 21–22

  History of the Incas (Sarmiento de Gamboa), 38

  History of the Indies (Oviedo y Valdés), 118

  History of the Peloponnesian War, The (Thucydides), 38, 55, 353

  Honduras, 22, 284

  horses, 53, 54, 60, 61, 67, 68, 79–80, 91, 116, 142–43, 144, 145–47, 148, 160, 178, 198–99, 203, 214–15, 216, 236, 240, 253, 254, 261, 322, 325, 345, 368, 460

  huacas (idols), 277, 302

  Huadquiña, 419–20

  Huaitará, 235

  Huamanchoque, 195

  Huamanga, 237, 357–58

  Huaman-Quilcana, 202

  Huanca tribe, 253

  Huánuco tribe, 253, 317

  Huarancalla, 360, 362–65, 429

  Huascar, 47, 49–53, 72–73, 103–4, 113, 117, 126, 140, 147, 148, 150, 153, 161, 288, 326

  Huascarán Mountain, 415

  Huaspar, 321, 325–26

  Huayla tribe, 104, 253

  Huayna Capac, 31, 39, 40, 46–47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 111, 130, 134, 138, 140, 143, 150, 151, 153, 154, 173, 174, 185, 190, 192, 250, 272, 277, 278, 287, 288, 290, 326, 445, 459

  Huayna Kawri, 290

  Huayna Picchu, 11, 389–90, 393, 410, 418, 433, 447, 448, 450

  Huayna Pucará (New Fort), 429–30

  Huaypalcon, 161

  huey zahuatl (“big rash”), 48

  Humboldt, Alexander von, 380

  Humboldt Current, 29, 41

  Hurtado de Arbieto, Martín, 368, 369, 371, 373, 399

  ichu grass, 445

  Icma Coya, 426

  Illa Tupac, 195, 318

  imperial style, 384, 423, 439–43, 446, 456–57

  Inca Land (Bingham), 451

  Incan Empire:

  agriculture of, 40–42, 44, 45, 51, 110n, 157, 189–90, 214, 283, 308–9, 396

  ancestor cult of, 150–52, 278, 281, 290, 309, 310

  Antisuyu quarter of, viii, 9, 95, 144–45, 179–80, 382–83

  architecture of, 12–13, 112–16, 370–71, 381–82, 384, 385–86, 393, 395–97, 401, 407–11, 420–24, 430–33, 439–46, 447, 456–57, 459

  Aztec Empire compared with, 34–35, 48, 58, 66, 70, 89, 93, 110, 143

  census of, 158

  Chinchasuyu qu
arter of, viii, 179–80

  chronology of, xi-xiii

  civilization of, 1–5, 15–37, 40–44, 54, 58, 59–68, 86–88, 99–112, 155–59, 185, 282–83, 316, 366–67, 410–11, 424, 437–44, 460–61

  Collasuyu quarter of, viii, 179–80

  Cuntisuyo quarter of, viii, 179–80, 186–87, 316–17

  Cuzco as capital of, 9, 39, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 63, 73, 94, 98, 100, 107–16, 126, 129, 439, 440–41, 442, 443, 446, 456–57

  disease carried into, 38–40, 39, 46–48, 55, 134, 143, 150, 326, 357

  drinking in, 67, 73, 151–52, 197, 206, 227, 269, 359–60, 461

  dynastic succession in, 48–57, 58, 72–73, 80, 103–4, 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 159, 169–71, 195, 278, 287–88, 295, 320–21, 325–26, 356–57, 365–66, 367

  economic system of, 42, 44, 45, 88, 92–102, 155, 156–59, 162, 282–83, 308–9, 355–56, 440–41, 442, 443, 445, 447, 473n

  emperors of, 2, 14, 15, 17, 31, 37, 39, 40, 43–57, 58, 72–73, 80, 103–7, 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 159, 169–71, 192, 195, 266, 275–76, 278, 287–88, 290, 295, 320–21, 325–26, 353–78, 408, 437–45, 459–60; see also specific emperors

  fortifications of, 31n, 429–30, 432;

  see also Ollantaytambo fortress;

  Saqsaywaman fortress

  four quarters (suyus) of, viii, 9, 95, 112, 131, 144–45, 158, 179–80, 186–87, 193–95, 316–17, 356, 376, 382–83

  generals of, 50, 51–53, 54, 140, 181, 195, 196, 199, 202, 206, 213, 226–28, 234–58, 259, 275, 311, 317–18, 321, 330, 345; see also specific generals

  gold and silver plundered from, 15, 22, 23, 28, 30, 42, 44, 58, 66, 68, 88, 91–103, 112–16, 153–57, 171, 180, 186–87, 242, 266–68, 269, 285, 319, 320, 343, 380, 440–41, 443

  history of, xi-xiii, 1–5, 13–14, 37–54, 86–88, 112, 155–56, 185, 195, 282–83, 316, 366–67, 379–80, 384–87, 398, 399, 401, 402, 408, 430, 438–39, 444

  imperial government of, 50–53, 103–7, 156–59, 185–86, 195, 444, 460, 473n

  judicial system of, 158–59

  languages of, 8, 11, 45n, 62–63, 74, 97, 114, 145, 156–57, 203–4, 232, 235n, 262, 373, 377, 400, 438, 456, 460, 461;

  see also runasimi language;

  Quechua language

  livestock raised in, 30, 32, 33, 41, 45

  local chiefs of, 64–66, 153, 159, 185, 187, 203–4, 228, 242, 274–78, 357, 367

  maps of, viii, 98, 348, 380, 390, 426–27, 429, 430–36, 437, 448, 449–50

  military forces and tactics of, 2, 9, 14, 17, 43–46, 49–54, 57, 67–68, 69, 72–76, 79–80, 89–90, 92, 94, 127–28, 138–40, 143–47, 160–62, 178–92, 194, 195–97, 201, 203–29, 233–58, 268–70, 274–78, 286–91, 305, 311–30, 336–37, 342, 345, 352, 353, 373, 378, 381, 446, 459–60

 

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