Chulimasa, 86, 89
Chullcomayo, 275
Chuncho tribe, 282
chuño (freeze-dried potatoes), 110n
Chupas, Battle of, 343–44
Chuquichaca hanging bridge, 283, 288, 289, 321–22, 368, 385, 399, 440, 441, 448, 450
Chuquipalpa, 361–62, 387, 398, 402–4, 420, 426, 429, 455
churches, 1, 17, 198, 211, 273, 321, 335
Cieza de León, Pedro de, 168, 169, 210, 259, 269, 273, 277–78, 288–89, 295–96, 297, 311–12, 317, 339, 340, 342, 344
Cisneros, Mariana, 384
cloud forests, 233
clubs, battle, 144, 237
Cobo, Bernabé, 438, 440, 441
Cobos, Benjamin, 420–21
Cobos, Julio, 420, 429, 453
coca leaves, 8, 235n, 283, 308–9, 393, 445, 461
Cocospata, 440
Collao, 186, 234
Collasuyu quarter, viii, 179–80
Colombia, 27, 28
Colpacasa Pass, 322, 369, 406
Columbus, Christopher, 19–20, 21, 27, 34, 35n, 47, 48, 89
compañías (exploration companies), 24–27, 34–37, 58, 60, 102, 118–22, 154–55
Company of the Levant, 24–27, 34–37, 102, 118–22, 154–55
Concevidayoc River, 308
conch shells, 206
Condoré, Sefñor, 405
Condormarca, 447–48
condors, 235
Conquest of Peru, The (Prescott), 381
conquistadores, Spanish:
armor worn by, 79, 81–82, 142–43, 144, 217n, 220n, 221, 225, 322
artillery of, 70, 72, 81, 84–85, 142, 168, 238, 242, 272, 300
atrocities by, 1, 15, 54, 57, 58, 64–66, 68, 77, 78–79, 81–85, 88, 92–93, 94, 138, 161–62, 176–77, 317, 328–30
casualties of, 64–65, 201, 203, 213–15, 220, 221–23, 228–29, 233–50, 253, 267–68, 269, 278, 287, 289, 300, 312–15, 324–25, 422
cavalry of, 53, 54, 60, 61, 67, 68, 79–80, 91, 116, 141–47, 148, 160, 172, 178, 194, 197–202, 203, 210, 213–20, 224–29, 233–58, 261, 262, 268, 273, 289, 295–97, 300, 312–15, 316, 317, 320, 321–25, 345, 368, 460
chronicles of, 1–5, 13–14, 42, 44, 46–47, 48, 49n, 53, 58, 61, 62–63, 74–75, 82–83, 84, 95–96, 102, 103, 106–7, 109–11, 114, 115, 140–52, 161, 168, 183–85, 214–16, 227–28, 235, 238, 241, 246, 256, 277–78, 281, 288–89, 295–96, 297, 308, 311–12, 326–30, 334–35, 360–62, 369–71, 380, 384–86, 387, 398, 399, 417, 418–19, 426–27, 430–31, 432, 438, 440–41, 447–48
chronological table for, xi-xiii
churches built by, 1, 17, 198, 211, 273, 321, 335
compañías (exploration companies) formed by, 15, 24–27, 34–37, 58, 60, 102, 118–22, 154–55
counterinsurgency measures of, 305, 311–30, 342, 345, 379–80
disease carried by, 38–40, 39, 46–48, 55, 134, 143, 150, 326, 357
as encomenderos or encomienda class, 154–57, 163, 167, 171, 179, 186–87, 188, 232, 238, 240–41, 251, 259, 264, 266–67, 271, 285, 286, 311, 316, 317, 319, 320, 325, 331, 332, 334, 338, 351, 353, 355–57, 358, 368, 371
as extremeños (natives of Extremadura region), 18–19, 23, 24–27, 35, 37, 59, 225, 304, 317, 319
financial backing of, 15, 24–27, 34–37, 58, 60, 62–63, 66, 76–79, 102, 118–22, 154–55, 187–89, 242, 302–3, 304, 336–37, 343–44, 350, 374 336–37, 343–44, 350, 374
foot soldiers of, 145–47, 201, 215, 237, 249–50, 252, 295, 320
gold and silver plundered by, 15–17, 22, 23, 28, 30, 42, 44, 58, 66, 68, 88, 91–103, 112–16, 153–57, 171, 180, 186–87, 242, 266–68, 269, 285, 319, 320, 343, 380, 440–41, 443
governorships granted to, 34–37, 60, 62, 77–79, 85, 88–90, 93–94, 102, 103, 120–24, 125, 140–41, 152–53, 155, 162–68, 169, 171, 179, 187, 230–33, 261–62, 265, 266, 270–71, 287, 291–94, 296, 299, 301, 302, 304, 310–18, 333–36, 338, 339, 350, 352, 470n
helmets worn by, 144, 217n, 221, 225
informants used by, 57, 198, 200, 265
interpreters for, 33–34, 40, 60, 61–63, 76, 78, 89, 140, 143
“legal” procedures used by, 58, 59, 77–79, 93, 94, 97–99, 112, 152–53, 188, 291–94, 336–38
military forces and tactics of, 3, 15–37; 67, 69–70, 81–85, 141, 142–47, 172, 178, 194 224–29, 233–58, 261, 262, 268–69, 273, 275, 289, 295–99, 300, 312–15, 316, 317, 320 321–325; 345, 367–73, 460
conquistadores, Spanish (cont.)
military occupation by, 1–5, 15–37, 54, 57, 58, 59–68, 77, 78–79, 81–85, 88, 92–93, 94, 99, 112, 138, 161–62, 176–92, 203, 317, 328–30, 352, 353–56, 358, 365–80, 459–61
missionaries in, 358–65, 387–88, 389, 401, 402, 409, 417, 420, 422
native auxiliaries of, 249, 261–65, 274, 286, 287, 295, 299, 311, 316–17, 320–21, 368
notaries employed by, 58, 59, 97–99, 112
physical appearance of, 32, 47, 53–54, 60, 142–43, 148
power struggles among, 167–70, 265–68, 270–74, 283–84, 286, 291–304, 330, 331–52, 353
as prisoners, 231, 246–47, 267–68, 269, 278, 287, 289, 300, 422
religious justification for, 33, 58, 70, 72, 76–79, 359–60
retirement as goal of, 88, 154–55
royal sanction for, 34–37, 62–63, 66, 71, 76–79, 89, 93, 94, 120, 121, 124, 160, 162–64, 169, 187–89, 242, 261, 262–64, 265, 270, 292, 294, 302–3, 304, 334, 336–37, 343–44, 350, 374
shields used by, 142, 222, 295
ships of, 16, 37, 99, 115–16, 143, 172–73
slavery practiced by, 1, 3, 21, 22–23, 24, 31, 58, 79, 89, 138, 142, 182, 187, 201, 209–10, 220, 229, 232, 238, 240, 251, 261, 311, 329, 353–56, 373
viracochas as Incan name for, 142–43, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 197, 240, 244, 275, 310, 355
weapons used by, 81–85, 142–44, 145, 203, 295, 296–99, 313–14, 345, 460
women seized by, 166, 173–76, 178, 180, 201, 222–23, 250, 302, 319–20, 328–30
see also specific conquistadores
Consora tribe, 316
copper money, 100
copper tools, 42
Cordillera Blanca, 98, 317, 415
Coriatao, 202
corn beer, 67, 73, 197, 206, 227, 269, 461
corregidors (magistrates), 174
Cortés, Hernando, 18, 19, 23, 34, 37, 48, 55, 58, 66, 70, 89, 93, 143, 160, 162, 165, 241, 295, 334, 336
Cosireni River, 371
Cotacoca site, 458–59
Council of the Indies, 3
counterinsurgency measures, 305, 311–30, 342, 345, 379–80
Coya Raymi (Festival of the Moon) (September), 373
coyas (queens), 174–76, 178, 264, 268, 289–90, 309, 313, 319–20, 321, 325–26, 328–30, 357n
Cozopanga, 162
crossbows, 242, 289, 298, 313, 314, 319, 327
Cuillas, 202
cumpi cloth, 289
Cuntisuyo quarter, viii, 179–80, 186–87, 316–17
curacas (local chiefs), 159, 185, 187
Cura Ocllo, 174–76, 178, 264, 268, 289–90, 309, 313, 319–20, 321, 325–26, 328–30, 357n
Curi-Huallpa, 202
currency, 99, 100, 102–3, 146, 160, 174, 302, 336–37, 350, 371
Cusi-Rimac, 239
Cusi Yupanqui, 42, 43–45, 46, 150, 154, 192, 269, 278, 281, 290, 309, 437–45, 447, 455, 459
Cuyos people, 439
Cuzco:
Almagro’s occupation of, 167–68, 262, 266, 270–74, 283–84, 294
as Incan capital, 9, 39, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 63, 73, 94, 98, 100, 107–16, 126, 129, 439, 440–41, 442, 443, 446, 456–57
Manco’s siege of, 191, 196, 203–33, 234, 237, 241, 242, 244–47, 251, 259–64, 272, 276, 287, 288, 291, 315, 319, 336–37, 410
maps of, 52, 98, 348
modern city of, 9, 381
Pizarro’s capture of, 108–16, 126, 129, 138–56, 161, 162, 167, 172, 375, 447
Pizarro’
s relief of, 233–50, 258, 283–84, 286, 312
population of, 310, 316, 346, 352, 356–58, 365–66, 367, 447
Saqsaywaman fortress of, 52, 175, 198, 200, 207, 213, 216–29, 230, 245, 247, 299–300, 321, 381–82, 403n
as Spanish stronghold, 15–17, 167–68, 172, 178, 183, 191, 197–204, 207–11, 237, 244–47, 258, 259–61, 265–66, 270–74, 288, 316, 319, 447
Cuzco Valley, 40, 42–43
death sentences, 158–59
Destruction of the Indies, The (Casas), 118
Díaz, Rui, 266–68, 269, 278, 287, 289, 300
Discovery and Conquest of Peru, The (Cieza de León), 259
disease, 38–40, 39, 46–48, 55, 134, 143, 150, 326, 357
divination, 47
Domínguez, Martín, 186
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 17
drinking, 67, 73, 151–52, 197, 206, 227, 269, 359–60, 461
duho (royal stool), 156, 195, 278
Duque, Alberto, 388–89, 404
dynastic succession, 48–57, 58, 72–73, 80, 103–4, 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 159, 169–71, 195, 278, 287–88, 295, 320–21, 325–26, 356–57, 365–66, 367
economic system, 42, 44, 45, 88, 92–102, 155, 156–59, 162, 282–83, 308–9, 355–56, 440–41, 443, 445, 447, 473n
Ecuador, 27–28, 46, 100, 138, 150, 160, 161–62, 195, 233, 235, 323
Egypt, 144
el dinero llama al dinero (money attracts money) principle, 58
El Niño, 460
emperors, Incan, 2, 14, 15, 17, 31, 37, 39, 40, 43–57, 58, 72–73, 80, 103–7, 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 159, 169–71, 192, 195, 266, 275–76, 278, 287–88, 290, 295, 320–21, 325–26, 353–78, 408, 437–45, 459–60
see also specific emperors
encomenderos or encomienda class, 154–57, 163, 167, 171, 179, 186–87, 188, 232, 238, 240–41, 251, 259, 264, 266–67, 271, 285, 286, 311, 316, 317, 319, 320, 325, 331, 332, 334, 338, 351, 353, 355–57, 358, 368, 371
encomienda (Indian grant), 23
Erving, William, 9, 13, 386, 391, 394
escudos (wooden shields), 142
esparto (short grass), 57
Espinosa, Gaspar de, 106, 291–94, 299
Espíritu Pampa, 405–9, 417–24, 426, 429–33, 446, 453, 489n
Estete, Miguel de, 58–59, 75, 103, 145, 151–52
exploration companies, 15, 24–27, 34–37, 58, 60, 102, 118–22, 154–55
Explorer, The (Kipling), 379, 380–81
extremeños (natives of Extremadura region), 18–19, 23, 24–27, 35, 37, 59, 225, 304, 317, 319
Feast of St. John-ante-Portam-Latinam, 206
Feast of St. Lazarus, 294
Feathered Serpent, The, 424
Felipillo (Incan native boy), 33–34, 40, 60, 61–63, 76, 78, 81
Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, 34
Festival of the Moon, 373
feudalism in, 20–21, 24, 92–93, 123–24, 155
fishing, 41
Florida, 22–23, 57–58, 172
food supplies, 101, 112, 157, 444, 458, 473n
Foote, Harry, 9, 13, 386, 390, 391, 393, 394, 399, 400, 403–6, 421
foot soldiers, 145–47, 201, 215, 237, 249–50, 252, 295, 320
Forgotten Vilcabamba (Lee), 412
four quarters (suyus), viii, 9, 95, 112, 131, 144–45, 158, 179–80, 186–87, 193–95, 316–17, 356, 376, 382–83
Francis I, King of France, 284
freeze-dried potatoes, 110n
Frost, Peter, 455–57, 459
Gaete, Alonso de, 239–40
Galician language, 81n
Gallo, 28–29, 120
Gárate, Gaspar de, 124–26
Garcia, Aleixo, 31n, 57n
Garcia, Marcos, 358–62, 364, 389, 401, 417, 420
García de Loyola, Martín, 371–73, 398
Garcilaso de la Vega, 2, 62–63, 215–16, 351
garúa (mist), 251, 340
Gasca, Pedro de la, 351
Giesecke, Albert, 388, 392, 449, 451
glycoalkaloids, 110n
Godoy, Francisco de, 239, 240
Gómez de Luna, 343
Gómez de Malver, Juan, 264
Gorsuch, Scott, 455–56
governorships, 34–37, 60, 62, 77–79, 85, 88–90, 93–94, 102, 103, 120–24, 125, 140–41, 152–53, 155, 162–68, 169, 171, 179, 187, 230–33, 261–62, 265, 266, 270–71, 287, 291–94, 296, 299, 301, 302, 304, 310–18, 333–36, 338, 339, 350, 352, 470n
grasslands, 235, 307
gross domestic product, 101
guanacos, 122n
Guaraní tribe, 31n
guavas (fruit), 269
Guerra de Chupas, La (Cieza de León), 342
guerrilla warfare, 9, 14, 305, 357–58, 446, 459–60
Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 305
Guillén, Edmundo, 488n
guinea pigs, 71
gunpowder, 24, 142, 326–27
Guzmán, Alonzo Enríquez de, 228, 230–31, 246, 336–37
hanac-paca (upper world), 132n
hanging bridges, 87
Harper’s, 9
harquebuses, 142, 146, 148, 172, 238, 242, 254, 258, 295, 296–99, 313, 314, 319, 326–27, 345, 368, 429, 460
Hatun ayllu descent group, 49–50
Hatun Cancha, 207–11, 273
hatun pucuy (“great ripening”) (February), 189–90
helmets, 144, 217n, 221, 225
Hemming, John, 431
Herencia, Francisco de, 340
Herrada, Juan de, 341
Heyerdahl, Thor, 413, 424
Highway of the Sun (von Hagen), 413, 418, 433
highways, Incan, 234, 311–12, 315
“Hints to Travellers,” 383
Hispaniola, 21–22
History of the Incas (Sarmiento de Gamboa), 38
History of the Indies (Oviedo y Valdés), 118
History of the Peloponnesian War, The (Thucydides), 38, 55, 353
Honduras, 22, 284
horses, 53, 54, 60, 61, 67, 68, 79–80, 91, 116, 142–43, 144, 145–47, 148, 160, 178, 198–99, 203, 214–15, 216, 236, 240, 253, 254, 261, 322, 325, 345, 368, 460
huacas (idols), 277, 302
Huadquiña, 419–20
Huaitará, 235
Huamanchoque, 195
Huamanga, 237, 357–58
Huaman-Quilcana, 202
Huanca tribe, 253
Huánuco tribe, 253, 317
Huarancalla, 360, 362–65, 429
Huascar, 47, 49–53, 72–73, 103–4, 113, 117, 126, 140, 147, 148, 150, 153, 161, 288, 326
Huascarán Mountain, 415
Huaspar, 321, 325–26
Huayla tribe, 104, 253
Huayna Capac, 31, 39, 40, 46–47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 111, 130, 134, 138, 140, 143, 150, 151, 153, 154, 173, 174, 185, 190, 192, 250, 272, 277, 278, 287, 288, 290, 326, 445, 459
Huayna Kawri, 290
Huayna Picchu, 11, 389–90, 393, 410, 418, 433, 447, 448, 450
Huayna Pucará (New Fort), 429–30
Huaypalcon, 161
huey zahuatl (“big rash”), 48
Humboldt, Alexander von, 380
Humboldt Current, 29, 41
Hurtado de Arbieto, Martín, 368, 369, 371, 373, 399
ichu grass, 445
Icma Coya, 426
Illa Tupac, 195, 318
imperial style, 384, 423, 439–43, 446, 456–57
Inca Land (Bingham), 451
Incan Empire:
agriculture of, 40–42, 44, 45, 51, 110n, 157, 189–90, 214, 283, 308–9, 396
ancestor cult of, 150–52, 278, 281, 290, 309, 310
Antisuyu quarter of, viii, 9, 95, 144–45, 179–80, 382–83
architecture of, 12–13, 112–16, 370–71, 381–82, 384, 385–86, 393, 395–97, 401, 407–11, 420–24, 430–33, 439–46, 447, 456–57, 459
Aztec Empire compared with, 34–35, 48, 58, 66, 70, 89, 93, 110, 143
census of, 158
Chinchasuyu qu
arter of, viii, 179–80
chronology of, xi-xiii
civilization of, 1–5, 15–37, 40–44, 54, 58, 59–68, 86–88, 99–112, 155–59, 185, 282–83, 316, 366–67, 410–11, 424, 437–44, 460–61
Collasuyu quarter of, viii, 179–80
Cuntisuyo quarter of, viii, 179–80, 186–87, 316–17
Cuzco as capital of, 9, 39, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 63, 73, 94, 98, 100, 107–16, 126, 129, 439, 440–41, 442, 443, 446, 456–57
disease carried into, 38–40, 39, 46–48, 55, 134, 143, 150, 326, 357
drinking in, 67, 73, 151–52, 197, 206, 227, 269, 359–60, 461
dynastic succession in, 48–57, 58, 72–73, 80, 103–4, 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 159, 169–71, 195, 278, 287–88, 295, 320–21, 325–26, 356–57, 365–66, 367
economic system of, 42, 44, 45, 88, 92–102, 155, 156–59, 162, 282–83, 308–9, 355–56, 440–41, 442, 443, 445, 447, 473n
emperors of, 2, 14, 15, 17, 31, 37, 39, 40, 43–57, 58, 72–73, 80, 103–7, 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 159, 169–71, 192, 195, 266, 275–76, 278, 287–88, 290, 295, 320–21, 325–26, 353–78, 408, 437–45, 459–60; see also specific emperors
fortifications of, 31n, 429–30, 432;
see also Ollantaytambo fortress;
Saqsaywaman fortress
four quarters (suyus) of, viii, 9, 95, 112, 131, 144–45, 158, 179–80, 186–87, 193–95, 316–17, 356, 376, 382–83
generals of, 50, 51–53, 54, 140, 181, 195, 196, 199, 202, 206, 213, 226–28, 234–58, 259, 275, 311, 317–18, 321, 330, 345; see also specific generals
gold and silver plundered from, 15, 22, 23, 28, 30, 42, 44, 58, 66, 68, 88, 91–103, 112–16, 153–57, 171, 180, 186–87, 242, 266–68, 269, 285, 319, 320, 343, 380, 440–41, 443
history of, xi-xiii, 1–5, 13–14, 37–54, 86–88, 112, 155–56, 185, 195, 282–83, 316, 366–67, 379–80, 384–87, 398, 399, 401, 402, 408, 430, 438–39, 444
imperial government of, 50–53, 103–7, 156–59, 185–86, 195, 444, 460, 473n
judicial system of, 158–59
languages of, 8, 11, 45n, 62–63, 74, 97, 114, 145, 156–57, 203–4, 232, 235n, 262, 373, 377, 400, 438, 456, 460, 461;
see also runasimi language;
Quechua language
livestock raised in, 30, 32, 33, 41, 45
local chiefs of, 64–66, 153, 159, 185, 187, 203–4, 228, 242, 274–78, 357, 367
maps of, viii, 98, 348, 380, 390, 426–27, 429, 430–36, 437, 448, 449–50
military forces and tactics of, 2, 9, 14, 17, 43–46, 49–54, 57, 67–68, 69, 72–76, 79–80, 89–90, 92, 94, 127–28, 138–40, 143–47, 160–62, 178–92, 194, 195–97, 201, 203–29, 233–58, 268–70, 274–78, 286–91, 305, 311–30, 336–37, 342, 345, 352, 353, 373, 378, 381, 446, 459–60
The Last Days of the Incas Page 59