The Last Days of the Incas
Page 60
missionaries in, 358–65, 387–88, 389, 401, 402, 409, 417, 420, 422
modern literature on, 13, 392, 410–11, 412, 413, 417–18, 424–25, 433–36, 437, 448–53, 489n
native tribes of, 9, 195, 203–4, 228, 242, 253, 274–83, 308–9, 311, 316, 357, 366–67, 371, 440–41, 445; see also specific tribes
nobility of, 30–31, 61, 64–66, 75–76, 82–83, 88, 90, 101, 103, 108, 112, 114, 153, 155–56, 158–59, 162, 169–71, 173, 174, 182–83, 193–97, 227–28, 268, 276–78, 332, 355, 366–67, 443, 444
oral traditions of, 1–2, 43, 54, 80, 116, 145, 158, 197, 237, 278, 281, 366–67, 438–39, 443, 444, 460
original kingdom of, 40–44
palaces of, 154, 180, 207, 370–71, 384, 437–44, 447
Incan Empire (cont.)
peasantry of, 42, 44, 46, 51, 88, 92–93, 94, 100–101, 116, 145, 149, 155, 156–59, 173, 181, 195, 199, 268, 355–56, 461
population of, 101, 103, 112, 155, 156–57, 158, 460
priests in, 100, 115, 159, 171, 176–78, 205–6, 361, 370, 377
provinces of, 104, 185–86, 253, 382, 400; see also specific provinces
queens of, 174–76, 178, 264, 268, 289–90, 309, 313, 319–20, 321, 325–26, 328–30, 357n
religion of, 1, 2, 47, 53, 100, 103–7, 112–16, 131, 132, 133, 150–52, 158, 159, 171, 176–78, 180, 190, 196, 197, 205–6, 211, 272n, 277–78, 281, 290, 302, 309, 310, 356, 359–60, 361, 363–64, 369, 370, 377, 438–39, 461
roads built by, 57, 112, 233, 234, 235, 311–12, 315, 357, 361, 421, 428, 433, 437, 442, 443, 444, 447, 460–61
royal estates of, 437–44, 445n, 447, 459
ruins of, 7–14, 379–460; see also specific ruins
social structure of, 86–88, 112, 155–56, 185, 282–83, 316
Spanish atrocities against, 1, 15, 54, 57, 58, 64–66, 68, 77, 78–79, 81–85, 88, 92–93, 94, 138, 161–62, 176–77, 317, 328–30
Spanish conquest of, see conquistadores, Spanish
Supreme Council of, 158
as Tawantinsuyu empire, 45, 87, 95, 116, 144, 150, 156, 157, 159, 162, 178, 179, 182, 193, 223, 232, 256, 268, 269, 276, 284, 299, 310, 320, 321, 353, 356, 365, 373, 374
taxation in, 42, 45, 92–93, 94, 101, 155, 158, 162, 283, 308, 355–56, 442, 445, 447
temples of, 17, 100, 112–16, 159, 180, 198, 317, 356, 361–62, 369, 370, 377, 384, 397, 408, 410, 411, 447, 456–59
territory controlled by, 2, 7, 37–54, 96–97, 103, 112, 150, 154, 179, 195, 206, 232, 274–83, 366–67, 437–41, 460
topography of, 98, 257–58
trading system of, 100–101, 308–9, 445
weapons of, 143–45, 199, 200, 201, 204–5, 208, 209, 215, 237, 358
women in, 166, 173–76, 178, 180, 199, 201, 222–23, 250, 264, 268, 289–90, 302, 306, 309, 313, 319–20, 321, 325–26, 328–30, 357n
Indies, 21
Inés, Doña, 250
informants, 57, 198, 200, 265
Inguill, 176, 202, 321, 325–26
Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC), 489n
Interim Counterinsurgency Operations Field Manual, 305
International Community of Christ, Church of the Second Advent, 424–25, 427
interpreters, 33–34, 40, 60, 61–63, 76, 78, 89, 140, 143
Inti (Sun God), 100, 132n, 150, 153, 158, 180, 196, 198, 211, 356, 361–62, 369, 408, 410, 411, 438–39, 440, 454
Iron Age, 144
Isabella, Doña, 302
Isabella, Queen, 35–36
Isabella I, Queen of Castile, 33, 34, 35n
Italian Wars, 284
jaguar, 280
Jamil: The Child Christ (Savoy), 412, 416, 424
Jaquijahuana, 140, 351–52
Jaquijahuana, Battle of, 351–52
Jauja, 108, 138, 172, 185–86, 232–33, 234, 237, 238–39, 243, 251, 275, 310, 318, 357–58
“Jauja plot,” 358
javelins, 204, 206
Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 331
kallanka (meeting hall), 458
Kingdom of Castile, 1, 18n, 33, 34, 35n, 57
Kingdom of New Castile, 4, 34–37, 62, 77–79, 85, 88–90, 93–94, 102, 103, 120–24, 125, 140–41, 152–53, 155, 162–64, 167–68, 179, 230–33, 261, 264, 265, 266, 270–71, 286, 291–94, 296, 299, 302, 310–18, 333–36, 339, 350, 352, 470n
Kingdom of New Spain, 35, 55, 66, 70, 89, 143, 145, 295, 334, 424
Kingdom of New Toledo, 4, 163–67, 169, 171, 179, 187, 261–64, 265, 270, 273, 287, 291–94, 299, 301, 304, 338
Kipling, Rudyard, 379, 380–81, 454
Kon-Tiki (Heyerdahl), 413, 424
labor tax, 101, 158, 283, 308, 442, 445
La Ciudad de Los Reyes (Lima):
name of, 163, 232, 251
Pizarro’s founding of, 163, 230–32, 241–42, 244, 245–46, 250–55, 268, 295, 301, 330, 331–44
Quizo’s attack on, 203, 234, 244, 250–58, 275
as Spanish stronghold, 203, 230–32, 241–42, 243, 245, 250–58, 292, 295, 350
Lake Titicaca, 42, 44, 234, 310, 316, 388
lances, 142, 144, 145, 171, 237–38, 254, 298, 313–14
Lares, 191, 193–97, 227
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 21
Las Salinas, Battle of, 294–300, 301, 338
Lee, Nancy, 425, 427–29, 454–55
Lee, Vincent, 412, 425–36, 437, 445n, 454–55
legal system, Spanish, 58, 59, 77–79, 93, 94, 97–99, 112, 152–53, 188, 291–94, 336–38
Leguía, Augusto, 386
Leon, Marcelino, 383
leprosy, 453
Letter to a King (Huamán Poma de Ayala), 193, 331
Lima, Peru, 98, 100, 310
see also La Ciudad de Los Reyes (Lima)
Lima Geographical Society, 387
litters, 289, 332
livestock, 30, 32, 33, 41, 45
see also alpacas; llamas
Lizarraga, Agustín, 397, 449
llamas, 30, 32, 33, 41, 45, 47, 60, 88–89, 92, 104, 109, 110, 116, 121, 125, 126, 138, 141, 154, 206, 235n, 278, 290, 307, 309, 317, 443
llautu (headband), 180–81
Lluminabe, 127, 138, 156, 161–62, 179, 181
López de Gómara, Francisco, 48, 161
López Torres, 404
Lost City of the Incas (Bingham), 411, 413, 417, 449, 450–51, 489n
Louis XIV, King of France, 157
Lucana tribe, 290
Lucumayo River, 283, 288
Lupaca tribe, 316
Luque, Hernando de, 24
Luyes, 162
macaws, 306
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 86, 118, 138, 165, 193, 230, 259
Machiguenga tribe, 95n, 371
Machu Picchu, 7–14, 98, 392–99, 403, 408, 410–11, 413, 417, 418, 422, 423, 430–31, 433, 436, 437–44, 446, 448–52, 453, 456–57, 459, 460, 489n
Machu Pucará (Old Fort), 432
magistrates, 174
Maizabilica, 64–66
mamaconas (female attendants), 61
mamacuna (temple virgins), 115, 356, 408, 410, 411
mama-kilya (moon goddess), 100
Mama-Runtu, 287
Mañari tribe, 282, 371–72
Manco Inca, 169–258
Almagro’s relationship with, 170–71, 262–70, 271
ancestors of, 278, 281, 290, 309, 310
assassination of, 346–49, 353, 363, 378, 402–3
captivity of, 182–92, 217, 263–64
cavalry ambushes by, 194, 201, 203, 213–15, 233–50, 253, 289, 312–15, 324–25
concubines of, 173–76, 178, 179, 263, 264, 357n
coronation of, 139, 149–52
Cuzco attacked by, 191, 196, 203–33, 234, 237, 241, 242, 244–47, 251, 259–64, 272, 276, 287, 288, 291, 315, 319, 336–37, 410
as emperor, 4, 139, 140–41, 147, 148–52, 154, 156–59, 162, 169–258, 232, 238, 262–63, 266, 268–70, 274–78, 287–88, 295, 309–10, 320–21, 325–28, 346, 349, 357, 373, 459–60
generals of, 195,
196, 199, 202, 206, 213, 226–28, 234–58, 259, 275, 311, 317–18, 330, 345
intelligence reports of, 197, 207, 219, 226–27, 234, 252, 257–58, 274–78, 286, 307, 313, 343–44
as military commander, 9, 14, 178–92, 194, 195–97, 201, 203–29, 233–58, 268–70, 274–78, 286–91, 305, 311–30, 336–37, 342, 345, 352, 353, 373, 378, 381, 446, 459–60
personality of, 148–49, 266–68, 269
Pizarro’s relationship with, 140–41, 159–60, 175, 232, 268, 349
popular support for, 147–48, 153, 169–71, 179–81, 185–92, 274–78, 287–88
“principle wife” or queen of, 174–76, 264, 268, 289–90, 309, 313, 319–20, 321, 325–26, 328–30, 357n
as puppet emperor, 140–41, 147, 148–49, 156–59, 162, 169–92, 270, 459
rebellion led by, 9, 14, 178–92, 196–258, 269–70, 274–78, 291, 305, 311–30, 336–37, 342, 345, 352, 353, 373, 378, 381, 446, 459–60
royal court of, 154, 156, 196, 274–78
Spanish attacks against, 247–50, 274–75, 286–91, 313–15, 319–30, 344, 346–49, 358–59, 369–70, 391, 402–3, 459–60
Spanish prisoners taken by, 231, 246–47, 267–68, 269, 278, 287, 289, 300, 422
at Vilcabamba, 305–12, 326–30, 343–46, 369–70, 387, 404–11, 422–27, 445–48
Vitcos royal estate of, 274–83, 286–91, 307, 309, 321–22, 345–47, 357, 365, 369, 402–3, 429
wealth of, 173, 175, 183–85, 188–89, 190, 266–68, 269, 286–87, 289
Mandor Pampa, 388
Manifest Destiny, 4
manioc (alcoholic drink), 406
manorial system, 20–21, 155
Manosuyu tribe, 282
Mantaro River, 237
Manu Expeditions, 456
“Man Who Would Be King, The”
(Kipling), 454
Marañon River, 311
Marcachimbo, 173–74
Marcanay, 365
María Cusi Huarcay, 376
Markham, Clements, 489n
Martinillo (Incan native boy), 33–34, 40
Masahuay River, 371–72
mascaypacha (sacred royal fringe), 61, 113, 288, 295, 328, 357
matapalo (strangler fig), 421
Mejía, Francisco, 201
Mena, Cristóbal de, 115
Méndez, Diego, 284, 344–49
“Men of Cajamarca,” 121–22
“Men of Gallo,” 29
Mesa, Alonso de, 264, 368
messengers, Incan, 42, 53–54, 96–97, 101, 102, 103, 197, 203, 207, 234, 237, 243, 257, 261, 287–88, 290, 315–16, 443, 444
mestizo (mixed blood), 62
Mexico, 35, 55, 66, 70, 89, 143, 145, 295, 334, 424
mines, 144, 187
missionaries, 358–65, 387–88, 389, 401, 402, 409, 417, 420, 422
Mississippi River, 58, 172
mit’a (labor tax), 101, 158, 283, 308, 442, 445
mitmaqkuna (mitmaes) (rebellious natives), 180, 181, 282–83, 308–9, 444, 445
Mochacaxa, battle of, 50–51
Moche empire, 41–42
Mogrovejo, Evaristo, 400–401, 402
Mogrovejo, Pio, 384
Moguer, Pedro Martín, 108–16, 186
Molina, Alonso de, 31, 32
Molina, Cristóbal de, 177, 185, 209, 305
Momori Valley, 372–73
monarchy:
Incan, 2, 14, 15, 17, 31, 37, 39, 40, 43–57, 58, 72–73, 80, 103–7, 138, 140–41, 143, 147, 148, 150, 153, 156, 159, 169–71, 192, 195, 266, 275–76, 278, 287–88, 290, 295, 320–21, 325–26, 353–78, 408, 437–45, 459–60; see also specific emperors
Spanish, 3, 4, 18n, 20, 22, 25, 28, 62–63, 66, 76–79, 89, 97n, 124, 129n, 152–53, 162–64, 187–89, 242, 262–64, 265, 267, 302–3, 304, 336–37, 343–44, 350, 356, 374
Monastery of Santo Domingo, 223n
“money attracts money” principle, 58
monkeys, 306, 322, 399, 408
Montezuma II, Emperor of Mexico, 34–35, 89
moon goddess, 100
Moorish knights, 143, 246
Morgovejo de Quiñones, Juan, 233–34, 240
moriscas (Muslim slave women), 57, 72, 79, 201, 251
Mormons, 416
mountain lions, 235
Mount Salcantay, 391
Mount Veronica, 279, 391
Muhammad, 416
mummification, 278, 281, 290, 373, 443
Muñoz, Froilan, 458
Murra, John, 473n
Murúa, Mart쬠de, 182, 238, 364, 369–71, 430–31
National Geographic, 13, 392, 410, 456, 457, 459
National Geographic Society, 456, 459
native tribes, 9, 195, 203–4, 228, 242, 253, 261–65, 274–83, 308–9, 311, 316, 357, 366–67, 371, 440–41, 445
see also specific tribes
New Castile, 4, 34–37, 62, 77–79, 85, 88–90, 93–94, 102, 103, 120–24, 125, 140–41, 152–53, 155, 162–64, 167–68, 179, 230–33, 261, 264, 265, 266, 270–71, 286, 291–94, 296, 299, 302, 310–18, 333–36, 339, 350, 352, 470n
New Spain, 35, 55, 66, 70, 89, 143, 145, 295, 334, 424
New Toledo, 4, 163–67, 169, 171, 179, 187, 261–64, 265, 270, 273, 287, 291–94, 299, 301, 304, 338
Nicaragua, 60, 125, 138, 182
Niña (Columbus’ ship), 20
Ninan Cuyoche, 47, 48
Niza, Marcos de, 165
nobility:
Incan, 30–31, 61, 64–66, 75–76, 82–83, 88, 90, 101, 103, 108, 112, 114, 153, 155–56, 158–59, 162, 169–71, 173, 174, 182–83, 193–97, 227–28, 268, 276–78, 332, 335, 366–67 443, 444
Spanish, 154–57, 284, 285, 333
notaries, 58, 59, 97–99, 112
Núñez, Juan, 382, 383, 385
Núñez de Balboa, Vasco, 18, 22, 23, 60
Núñez Vela, Blasco, 346
Ocampo, Baltasar de, 385, 398, 399, 401
okho-paca (lower world), 132n
Old Testament, 416
Ollantaytambo fortress, 243–50, 257, 259–61, 263, 266, 268–69, 274–78, 287, 328–30, 385, 391, 395, 396, 399, 439, 440, 442, 443, 445, 446, 448, 450
Oñate, Pedro de, 264
Oncoy, 313, 315
On Guerrilla Warfare (Guevara), 305 Opatari tribe, 282
Order of Santiago, 120, 187, 285, 333
Oregon Archaeological Society, 414
orejones (“big ears”), 30–31, 108, 182–83, 227–28
Orgóñez, Rodrigo, 169, 273, 284–91, 292, 294–99, 300, 303, 320, 321, 333, 344, 357, 369
Oropesa, Spain, 284
Ortiz, Diego, 358–65, 387, 388, 401, 417
Ovando, Nicolás de, 22
Oviedo, Gabriel de, 418
Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo Fernández, 118
paca pucuy (earth ripening) (March), 189–90
Pachacamac, 470n
Pachacuti Inca, 42, 43–45, 46, 150, 154, 192, 269, 278, 281, 290, 309, 437–45, 447, 455, 459
pachacutis (cataclysmic events), 131, 261, 461–62
Pacific Ocean, 17, 22, 41, 60, 162
Paititi, 419n
pakoyok (nobility), 114
palaces, 154, 180, 207, 370–71, 384, 437–44, 447
Pampaconas, 405–6
Pampaconas River, 322, 369, 407, 418, 426, 444
Pampas River, 235
Panama, 22, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 102, 120, 136, 147, 242n, 284, 424
Pan-American Scientific Congress (1908), 381
panaqas (royal descent groups), 49–50, 439, 443, 447
Pancorbo, Sefior, 389
Pando, Martín, 363
Panticalla Pass, 243, 278, 279, 287, 391, 448
papa (potatoes), 70
Paraguay River, 31n
Pascac, 170, 201, 218, 247
Patacancha River, 249–50, 278
Paucar Huaman, 202, 226–27
Paucartambo, 198
Paullu Inca, 170, 171, 176, 261, 262, 286, 287–88, 290–91, 295, 299, 311, 316, 320–21, 325, 326, 328, 357
P
avia, Battle of, 284
peasantry, 42, 44, 46, 51, 88, 92–93, 94, 100–101, 116, 145, 149, 155, 156–59, 173, 181, 195, 199, 268, 355–56, 461
pelota (game), 334
perico ligero (giant anteaters), 308
Perou et Bolivie (Wiener), 450
Peru:
architecture of, 250–51, 321, 370, 409, 422, 430, 431
borders of, 31n, 32–33, 36
climate of, 41, 54, 57, 113 189–90, 340
Incan period of, see Incan Empire
maps of, ix, 380, 390
name of, 27, 33, 242n
population of, 310–11, 316, 353–55
as Spanish colony, 1, 33–37, 121–22, 187
tourism in, 452, 460
viceroys for, 366–68, 369, 374–75
Peruvian Times, 415
pesos, 102–3, 160, 336–37, 350, 371
pétanque (game), 334n
Philip II, King of Spain, 356, 367–68
pigs, 31
pikes, 142
Pilcosuni people, 308
pirca style, 445, 446, 456–57
Pisac, 396, 439, 442, 443, 446
Pizarro, Diego, 237
Pizarro, Francisco, 15–40
Almagro as partner of, 4, 16, 24, 28, 30, 102, 116, 117, 120–22, 126, 130, 136, 154–55, 160, 162–64, 256, 259, 261, 262–63, 291–94, 299, 300–301, 312, 335
assassination of, 330, 331–44, 345, 349, 353
Atahualpa’s relationship with, 88–91, 94–102, 105–6, 116–17, 126–37
background of, 17–27, 35, 37, 60, 86–88, 97–99, 121, 317, 331–35, 350, 475n
brothers of, 3, 19, 21n, 37, 57, 71, 141, 167–68, 172–76, 182–91, 207–11, 217–23, 233, 265–68, 270–74, 283–84, 286, 291–94, 299–304, 331, 349, 352; see also specific Pizarro brothers
Cajamarca captured by, 53, 58–59, 66, 67, 68–117, 94, 102, 103, 108, 113, 116–17, 121–24, 128, 131, 136, 138, 148, 154, 155, 161, 172, 184, 186, 188, 202, 262, 285, 310, 319
cities founded by, 102, 118–20, 163, 171–72, 179, 230, 232–33, 250–51, 310
company formed by, 24–27, 34–37, 102, 118–22, 154–55 concubine of, 173, 250
Cortés compared with, 34, 48, 55, 58, 66, 70, 72, 89, 93, 143
Cuzco captured by, 108–16, 126, 129, 138–56, 161, 162, 167, 172, 375, 447
Cuzco relieved by, 233–50, 258, 283–84, 286, 312
expeditions of, 15–40, 16, 47, 53–58, 70–71, 100, 102, 136–37, 143