The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels
Page 22
9.U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Fatal Injury Rate by Industry 2012, accessed May 4, 2014, www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfoi_rates_2012hb.pdf, 2.
10.Gasland, directed by Josh Fox (New York: HBO Documentary Films and International WOW Company, 2010), http://one.gaslandthemovie.com/home; Gasland 2, directed by Josh Fox (New York: HBO Documentary Films and International WOW Company, Apr. 21, 2013), www.gaslandthemovie.com.
11.Colorado Oil & Gas Association, “COGA’s the Truth About ‘GasLand,’” June 17, 2011, http://www.coga.org/FactSheets/FactSheetGasLand.pdf.
12.Leslie A. DeSimone, Pixie A. Hamilton, Robert J. Gilliom, “Quality of Water from Domestic Wells in Principal Aquifers of the United States, 1991–2004, Overview of Major Findings,” National Water-Quality Assessment Program, Circular 1332, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2009, pp. 17–18, http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1332/includes/circ1332.pdf.
13.“EPA Jackson ‘Not Aware of Any Proven Case Where the Fracking Process Itself Has Affected Water,’” Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works, press release, May 24, 2011, www.epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Minority.PressReleases&Content Record_id=23eb85dd-802a-23ad-43f9-da281b2cd287.
14.Duncan Graham-Rowe, “Lifestyle: When Allergies Go West,” Nature 479, no. 7374 (Nov. 24, 2011): S2–S4, doi: 10.1038/479S2a.
15.Heinrich Duhme et al., “Asthma and Allergies Among Children in West and East Germany: A Comparison Between Münster and Greifswald Using the ISAAC Phase I Protocol,” International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, European Respiratory Journal 11, no. 4 (Apr. 1988): 840–47, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/962 3686.
16.Ibid.
17.Willie Soon and Paul Driessen, “The Myth of Killer Mercury: Panicking People About Fish Is No Way to Protect Public Health,” Wall Street Journal, May 25, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703421204576329420414284558.html; Willie Soon, “A Scientific Critique of the Environmental Protection Agency’s NESHAP Proposed Rule,” March 16, 2011, 29, www.cfact.org/pdf/Scientific_Critique_of_EPA_MercuryRule062011.pdf.
18.P. W. Davidson et al., “Fish Consumption and Prenatal Methylmercury Exposure: Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes in the Main Cohort at 17 Years from the Seychelles Child Development Study,” Neurotoxicology 32, no. 6 (December 2011): 711–17, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208775/pdf/nihms327840.pdf.
19.“Paracelsus,” Toxipedia, Nov. 12, 2013, www.toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Paracelsus.
20.Sierra Club, “Beyond Natural Gas,” http://content.sierraclub.org/naturalgas (accessed May 8, 2014).
21.N. R. Warpinski, J. Du, and U. Zimmer, “Measurements of Hydraulic-Fracture-Induced Seismicity,” Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 151597, 2012, http://www.energy4me.org/hydraulicfracturing/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/SPE-151597-MS-P1.pdf.
22.Ibid.
23.American Petroleum Institute, “The Facts About Hydraulic Fracturing and Seismic Activity,” 2014, www.api.org/~/media/Files/Policy/Hydraulic_Fracturing/HF-and-Seismic-Activity-Report-v2.pdf.
24.Pierre Desrochers and Hiroko Shimizu, “Innovation and the Greening of Alberta’s Oil Sands,” Montreal Economic Institute, Oct. 2012, p. 16, www.iedm.org/files/cahier1012_en.pdf.
25.World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) Online Data.
26.World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) Online Data; World Health Organization, “Global Tuberculosis Report 2013,” 2013, www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en.
27.World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) Online Data.
28.Ibid.
CHAPTER 8:
FOSSIL FUELS, SUSTAINABILITY, AND THE FUTURE
1.David Miliband, “Speech by David Miliband to Congress 2006,” Trades Union Congress, Sept. 12, 2006, www.tuc.org.uk/about-tuc/congress/congress-2006/speech-david-miliband-congress-2006.
2.Bill McKibben, Deep Economy: The Wealth of the Communities and the Durable Future (New York: Times Books, 2007), 164.
3.Paul R. Ehrlich and John Holdren, Global Ecology: Readings Toward a Rational Strategy for Man (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), 7.
4.Paul R. Ehrlich, Anne H. Ehrlich, and John Holdren, Human Ecology: Problems and Solutions (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1973), 279.
5.Ibid.
6.Glenn M. Ricketts, “The Roots of Sustainability,” National Association of Scholars, Jan. 19, 2010, www.nas.org/articles/The_Roots_of_Sustainability.
CHAPTER 9:
WINNING THE FUTURE
1.Anis Shivani, “Facing Cold, Hard Truths About Global Warming,” Boston Globe, May 30, 2010, www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2010/ 05/30/facing_cold_hard_truths_about_global_warming.
2.Bill McKibben, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,” Rolling Stone, July 19, 2012, www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math-20120719.
3.Joe Romm, “McKibben Must-Read: ‘Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,’” Climate Progress blog, Think Progress, July 23, 2012, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/07/23/565751/mckibben-must-read-global-warming039s-terrifying-new-math.
4.Jane Mayer, “Taking It to the Streets,” New Yorker, Nov. 28, 2011, www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2011/11/28/111128taco_talk_mayer.
5.“Review of Emerging Resources: U.S. Shale Gas and Shale Oil Plays,” U.S. Energy Information Administration, July 2011, U.S. Department of Energy, www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/usshalegas/pdf/usshaleplays.pdf.
6.Steve Horn, “NY Assembly Passes Two-Year Fracking Moratorium, Senate Expected to Follow,” Huffington Post blog, Mar. 7, 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-horn/ny-assembly-fracking-morator ium_b_2831272.html.
7.Tripp Baltz, “Court Upholds Imposing Fracking Ban in Colorado City,” Bloomberg, Mar. 3, 2014, www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-03/court-upholds-imposing-fracking-ban-in-colorado-city.html.
8.“Fracking Moratorium Fails in California Despite Strong Public Support,” RT, May 30, 2014, http://rt.com/usa/162616-california-senate-kills-fracking-ban.
9.International Energy Agency, “World Energy Outlook 2013,” Nov. 12, 2013, www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2013.
10.David C. Scott and James A. Luppens, “Assessment of Coal Geology, Resources, and Reserve Base in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana,” U.S. Geological Survey, Feb. 26, 2013, http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3143/fs-2012-3143.pdf.
11.Patrick Rucker, “Analysis: Coal Fight Looms, Keystone-like, over U.S. Northwest,” Reuters, Sept. 23, 2012, www.reuters.com/article/2012/ 09/23/us-coal-keystone-idUSBRE88M07F20120923.
12.Emily L., “Robert F. Kennedy, Jr: ‘Coal is Crime,’” Care2, May 8, 2012, www.care2.com/causes/robert-f-kennedy-jr-coal-is-crime.html.
13.Paul Ciotti, “Fear of Fusion: What If It Works?” Los Angeles Times, Apr. 19, 1989, May 9, 2014, http://articles.latimes.com/1989-04-19/news/vw-2042_1_fusion-uc-berkeley-inexhaustible.
14.Ibid.
15.Rael Jean Isaac and Erich Isaac, The Coercive Utopians: Social Deception by America’s Power Players (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1984), 7.
16.Ibid.
17.Prince Philip, foreword to If I Were an Animal (New York: William Morrow, 1987).
18.David M. Graber, “Mother Nature as a Hothouse Flower: ‘The End of Nature’ by Bill McKibben,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 22, 1989, http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-22/books/bk-726_1_bill-mckibben.
19.Bryan Walsh, “Exclusive: How the Sierra Club Took Millions from the Natural Gas Industry—and Why They Stopped,” Time, Feb. 2, 2012, http://science.time.com/2012/02/02/exclusive-how-the-sierra-club-took-millions-from-the-natural-gas-industry-and-why-they-stopped.
20.Barack Obama, “Full Text: Obama’s Foreign Policy Speech,” July 16, 2008, speech, Washington, DC, Guardian (Manchester), www.the
guardian.com/world/2008/jul/16/uselections2008.barackobama.
21.Barack Obama, “Remarks to the Detroit Economic Club,” May 7, 2007, speech, Detroit, MI, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=77000 (accessed May 9, 2014).
INDEX
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to charts and graphs. The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
ability, energy as, 119
abuse-use fallacy, 162–63
agriculture:
and biomass, 55–57
calories produced by, 56
and climate, 129
fertilization, 82–83, 116
food prices, 56–57, 57
improvements in, 122–23, 126
mechanization of, 81
resources needed for, 56
air:
clean, 19, 142, 149–50
particles emitted into, 7
and smog, 20, 79, 143, 152, 158
see also pollution
air-conditioning, 128
alcohol, as fuel, 55
aluminum, 74
American Meteorological Society, 21
Arrhenius, Svante, 108
“artificial” fallacy, 168–69
atmosphere:
and climate livability, 93
CO2 in, 114, 121, 138
water vapor creation in, 94, 97, 99
atmospheric conditions, 93
battery technology, 72
Becquerel, Edmond, 47
bias, cause of, 29
big picture:
evaluating risks and benefits in, 15, 28–29
in fossil fuel technology, 86–88, 113–14, 138–40
health trends, 174–76, 174
ignoring, 18, 20, 116, 126
integrating knowledge in, 28, 33
biofuels, 55
biomass:
energy from, 3, 55–58, 65, 135
and farming, 55–57
and food prices, 56–57, 57
inadequacy as energy source, 56, 57–58, 65, 135
as natural source, 55
niche uses for, 58
renewable, 55, 57–58
storage system of, 55
Bissell, George, 73
blackouts, 50
Bonk, James, 90
Borlaug, Norman, 81, 82, 83
boron, 49
Bosch, Carl, 83
BP oil spill, 159
BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 28
Bradley, Robert Jr., 9–10
Brazil, coal consumption in, 67
Bryce, Robert, 152
Bush, George W., 3
cadmium telluride, 49
calories, 40–42, 56, 77–78
carbon atoms, 66, 68
carbon dioxide emissions, see CO2 emissions
carbon footprint, 116
Carson, Johnny, 6
Carter, Jimmy, 16
catastrophe, dire forecasts of, 4, 6–8, 16, 18, 21–25, 33, 106, 108, 109
cause and effect, 165–66
Center for Industrial Progress, 24, 201
charcoal, 66
chemicals, 166–69
China:
fossil fuels used in, 13, 14, 15, 67, 137
infant mortality in, 15
smog in, 20, 79, 152
technological progress in, 137, 158
toxic waste in, 155–56
Chipko movement, India, 32–33
cholera, 147–48
Christy, John, 103
civilization:
durable, 25
high-energy, 126–27
climate:
dangers of, 22–25, 127–29, 142
dependency on, 128–29
human impact on, 29, 31–32, 126
livability in, 92, 93–96, 126–29, 133, 137, 138
mastery of, 132–34, 138, 194
predictions of, 101, 103, 103, 108, 126
and sea level, 106
use of term, 93–94
volatility of, 94–95, 106
climate change:
believers vs. deniers, 91–92
computer models of, 100–104, 102, 103, 108, 138
dire forecasts of, 4, 16, 21–25, 100, 106, 108, 109
global, 94
and greenhouse effect, 21–22, 23, 91–93, 96, 99, 106–8
man-made, 94
and political goals, 109, 111
public statements about, 3, 8, 109, 112
use of term, 94
climate dishonesty, 104
equating greenhouse effect with catastrophic climate change, 106–8, 107
misrepresenting extreme weather, 105–6
97 percent fabrication, 109–11
climate ethics, 111–14
climate justice, 136–37
climate-related deaths, 23–25, 24, 120–26, 121–25, 137
climate science, 90
climate sensitivity, 100
climate system, global, 94
Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth, 6
CO2 emissions:
atmospheric, 93, 114, 121, 138
in burning coal, 68
and clean energy sources, 54
and climate change, 7, 106, 108
and climate ethics, 113–14
and climate-related deaths, 24, 24, 120–26, 121–25
computer models of, 100–104, 102, 103, 138
and energy effect, 92
and greenhouse effect, 91, 92, 97–101, 99
increasing, 23–24, 53, 89, 103–4
as plant food, 92, 114–17, 115, 208
reduction of, 3, 26, 88
and temperature, 22, 23, 108
coal:
availability of, 12, 17, 66, 156, 1 91–92
by-products and risks of, 154–57, 159, 192
consumption of, 11, 44, 44, 67, 68
energy from, 3, 66, 67–69, 157–58, 191–92
export of, 192
nineteenth-century technology, 43
pollution from, 68, 79, 152–53, 153, 156–57, 165
reducing pollution from, 156–59
reliability of, 12, 52
resources required for production of, 49–50, 49
for transportation fuel, 68
coal miners, 139, 159–60
common good, 160
computer models, 100–104, 102, 103, 108, 138
speculative, 164–65
concentrated solar power (CSP), 47–48
conservation, use of term, 12
Cook, John, 110
copper indium gallium selenide, 49
corn, energy from, 56
Crookes, William, 82
dams, 59–60, 131
death sentence, early, 43, 88, 126
decisions, evaluating risks and benefits in, 26, 28–29, 134
Deepwater Horizon, 159
Desrochers, Pierre, 172–73
development:
improvement via, 170, 192
reversal of, 179
use of term, 142
diesel engines, 71, 82
diluteness, 48–50, 49, 65
disasters, statistics about, 120–26, 121–25
diseases:
carried by insects, 128, 142, 145–46, 173
eradicating, 145–47, 146, 175
medication for, 166–67
Drake, Edwin, 73
droughts, deaths from, 23, 121, 122–23
, 122, 126
dung, energy from, 55
earthquakes, 142, 167
economic system, computer models of, 102
Edison, Thomas, 157
Ehrlich, Paul:
and climate ethics, 113
dire predictions of, 6, 7, 8, 16, 80,
196
Global Ecology, 179
influence of, 7, 8, 9–10, 194
The Population Bomb, 80–81
electric grid, 69
electricity:
base-load power, 69
battery-powered vehicles, 72
blackouts, 50, 53
from coal, 157–58
excess, 53
inadequate, 38–39, 42–43
lack of, 126, 139
opponents of (1970s), 9
peak load, 69
reliability of, 52–53
resource intensity of, 49, 49
storage of, 53
emissions targets, 206–7
energy:
as ability, 119
and accidents, 159–60
availability in U.S., 41–42
from burning fossil fuels, 2–3, 97,
114
by-products of, 47
cheap, plentiful, reliable, 15–25, 33, 42–45, 58–59, 60, 137, 139, 177, 194, 198
conservation of, 12
definition of, 40
future resources of, 73–76, 178
growth needed in, 57
from hazelnuts, 45–47, 55, 56
and life, 37–39
as life and death issue, 54
and machine calories, 40–42
as master industry, 84
and power, 41
production of, 12, 43, 46–47, 57–58, 68, 139
progressive, 76
rationing of, 9
reliability of, 50, 52–53
from renewable sources, 3, 12, 55, 57–58
supply and demand, 12
and technology, 129
uses of, 86
what we all must do, 206–9
workable source of, 46–47
world use of, 11–13, 11, 44, 44
energy effect, 92, 119, 133–34, 138
energy revolution, 201
England, coal pollution in, 79
environment:
human-centered view of, 169–71, 183
human nonimpact on, 31–32, 197
improving quality of, 4, 86, 141–45, 175–76, 198
pollution of, 6, 19, 153