Info We Trust
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Lieberman, Matthew D., 169
Light detection of, 80
as religious metaphor, 80
Lightness, 81
Lincoln, Abraham, 16, 147
Linear regression, 102
Lippincott, Kristen, 50
Live at the Apollo (Brown), 14, 20, 21
Loewenstein, George, 38
Logarithms, 106–107, 107, 108, 108
Logic of Scientific Discovery, The (Popper), 116
Lorenz, Max, 108
Lorenz curve, 108
Loua, Toussaint, 32
Lucas, George, 142, 144
Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, Los Angeles, 143
Lucian, 113
Luminance, 80, 81, 85, 87, 88
Lupi, Giorgia, 28, 98, 120, 156, 206
Lupton, Ellen, 144
Luria, Aleksandr, 21
Lyapunov Time, 113
M
MacGuffins, 20
Malamed, Connie, 71
Malcolm, Ian, 109
Malay language, 44
Manual for Small Museums (Coleman), 131
Maps, 59–64 Cartesian coordinate system and, 60, 62, 63, 63, 64, 95
cathedral orientation on, 177, 180
curved surface of globes and, 60, 63, 180
data storage using, 20
experiential knowledge applied to, 64
horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axes in, 61
polar coordinates on, 62
origin of word, 60
projection choices in, 60–61
satellite photos compared with, 160
semantic color on, 83
shapes for city population on, 74
2-D plane in, 59–60
visual storytelling with, 184
Mathematical Analysis of Logic, The (Boole), 18
Mathematics assembly-number metaphor in, 46–47, 48, 48
close for operations in, 46
early counting systems behind, 18
Gemowe lines in, 32
length-number metaphor in, 47–48
material origins of data in, 15
object-number metaphor in, 46
x used in, 61
Mattern, Shannon, 59
Maunder, Annie and Walter, 27
Mazur, Joseph, 17
McAfee, Andrew, 204
McCloud, Scott, 139, 160, 160, 161
McGill, Marylen E., 96
McGill, Robert, 96
Mean (average), 47, 97, 120
Meaning, 67–78 bar charts and, 72–74
horizontal dimension and, 68, 69, 69
myths and, 142
options for conveying, 68
shapes and, 74–78
smaller shapes assembled into bigger patterns in, 77–78
time on horizontal axis and, 69–71
up direction and vertical dimension and, 68–69, 68, 69
Measurements, precision of, 117
Median, 98, 98, 101, 102
Meeks, Elijah, 88
Memory appeal to the eye in, 44
color perception and, 95
compressing information into details in, 21
data pattern recognition and, 96
encoding in, 21, 41
inability to forget and, 21, 152
mental categories in, 36
model of world carried in, 59
numbers and reliance on, 17, 94
sleep and filtering thoughts for, 201
technologies for outsourcing, 26, 26, 90
visual story elements stored in, 147
Memory palace technique, 66
Mental cinema, 42
Mesopotamia, 26, 148
Metaphor aim of, 40
charts using, 73, 184
data visualized using, 19, 58, 68
depiction of time and, 50, 56
graphical display and, 43
ideograms with, 54
learning of, 40–41
mathematics and, 46–48
new understandings created from, 37, 39
origin of word, 40
personification and, 49
physical expressions used in, 40, 41
screen navigation using, 54
sharing of common set of, 43, 44
speeches using, 163
visual. See Visual metaphors
visual worlds and, 58
Metaphor-mapping, 36, 39–42
Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff and Johnson), 69
Method of loci, 66
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 127
Metz Cathedral, France, 182
Michelangelo, 90
Miller, George, 147
Models, and probability, 114–115
Mondrian, Piet, 148
Moore, Terry, 61
More, metaphorical ways of conveying, 72
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 3, 53, 74, 198
Multiplication, in comparisons, 9s-94
Munari, Bruno, 146
Munzer, Tamara, 108, 191
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 131
Museums, 125–132 conveying information and, 131
labels in, 130–131
navigation of, 127–129
object arrangements in galleries in, 130
reasons for existence of, 132
route design in, 129
Myths and mythology creation stories in, 4, 52
hero's struggles in, 5–6
meanings from, 142
N
Narrative art, 143
NASA, 92–93, 94
National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City, Mexico, 129, 129
Naves, 176–177, 178
Network graphs, 65–66
Neurath, Marie, 67, 72, 188
Neurath, Otto, 72
Newton, Isaac, xii, 28, 53
Neyman, Jerzy, 118
Nietzsche, Frederich, 134
Nightingale, Florence, 9
Node-link network graphs, 65
Norman, Don, 18, 28, 29, 53
Nostalgia for paradise, xiii
Notre-Dame de Paris, France, 178, 183, 188, 193, 194
Novalis, 92
Numbers assembly-number metaphor, 46–47, 48
counting for thinking about and visualizing, 46
language for talking about, 49, 49
object-number metaphor, 46
Numeral systems, 16–19 base-10 system in, 17
basis for number symbols and multiples in, 17, 17
counting and abstraction in, 17–18
early examples of slash-characters in, 16–17, 16
scorekeeping and, 16, 102
sign values for calculations using, 17
unary approach to, 16
value types in, 18–19, 18
Núñez, Rafael E., 19, 46, 49
O
Object-number metaphor, 46
Obrist, Hans Ulrich, 132
Observations on the Bills of Mortality (Graunt), 25–26, 31
O'Connor Flannery, 136
Ogilvy, David, 27, 144, 144, 200
Old English language, xi
Old French language, 198
Old High German language, xi
Old Norse language, xi, xii, 16
Organizational chart, 64
Orwell, George, 40
P Q
Patternicity, 95, 95
Patterns, 95–98, 139 design decisions impacting, 96–97
exploring data with, 95, 98, 100, 110
meaning built on, 189
recognizing, 95–96
reordering to show, 102
smaller shapes assembled into, in storytelling, 73
sorting categories to reveal, 112
texture with, 154
Pearson, Karl, 100
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 163
Perception, 41 common set of visual metaphors in, 43
correlation between body's physical experience and, 44
decoding (interpreting) data in, 43
stimulus strength and intensity of, 42–43, 42
synthesis of parts in, 149
three-dimensional image of the world in, 50–51
Perec, Georges, 7
Persia, 17
Personification, 49, 51
Pie charts, 62–63, 62, 207
Pinker, Steven, 28, 137, 147, 149, 184, 205
Plato, 1, 15, 136
Playfair, William, 26, 32, 134, 43, 44, 66, 73, 94, 98, 206–207
Pliny the Elder, 120
Polar charts, 62, 63, 63, 64, 66, 74
Popper, Karl, 6, 92, 110, 112, 116, 117
Population study, 26
Pormpuraawan culture, 55
Power relationships, vertical metaphor for, 64
Prigogine, Ilya, 56, 112
Primates, color vision in, 82
Probability, 26, 113–116, 113, 114, 115
Profiles of data, 100–101
Proportion, and conveying ideas, 44
Prototypes, 201
Pseudodoxia Epidemica (Browne), 110
Psychophysics, 42
Quiller-Couch, Arthur, 187
R
Radial bar charts, 74
Rao, Venkatesh, 206
Rating systems, 172
Rational numbers, 46, 48
Ratio scales, 71
Raymo, Chet, 39
Reading direction of, 51, 53–54
visualization in, 41–42
Reading gravity, 51
Recorde, Robert, 32
Remixing, 201
Reordering data, 102–104
Republic, The (Plato), 1, 15
Residual, 102, 103, 103
Ricoeur, Paul, 137, 140, 141
Rituals, 3
Roam, Dan, 154, 163
Rockwell, Norman, 144, 144
Rod (measurement unit), 47
Roman Empire, 17, 61, 91, 128
Roman mythology, 112, 112
Roosevelt, Theodore, 206
Rosling, Hans, 20, 92, 206
Rothko, Mark, 156, 156
Rough, 103
Roughness, 153–154, 153
Rounding numbers, 31–32
Routines, in data storytelling, 198–199
Rumsey, Abby Smith, 21, 25, 26, 59, 91, 152, 169
Rumsey, David, 229
Russell, Bertrand, 117
Russian language, 44
S
Sacred trees, xii
Samana, 42
Sample size, 97
Sampling, 116, 118, 158
Sander, Emmanuel, 21, 36, 39, 40, 41, 145, 147, 188
Sanskrit language, xi
Saturday Evening Post, 144, 102
Savage, Sam, 120
Scagnostics, 96
Scales, 105
Scatter plot matrix, 109
Schaffner, Ingrid, 131, 131
Science, and falsifiability, 116–117
Scorekeeping, 16, 102
Seasonality, 103, 103
Shading, in tables, 32
Shahn, Ben, 135, 142, 184, 187, 199
Shiner, The (Rockwell), 144
Shlain, Leonard, 54, 149
Siebel, Frederick, 143
Sigma, 120
Signaling theory, 172
Silver, Nate, 110
Simmon, Rob, 85, 88
Simon, Herbert, 127
Simone, Nina, 153
Size bar charts showing, 72–73
grouping of shapes and, 72, 75
importance related to, 43–44, 72
meaning conveyed by, 68
Smoot (measurement unit), 47
Smoot, Oliver R., 47
Smooth, 103
Social bonds, and trust, xi, xiii
“Solar Orientation of the Gothic Cathedrals of
France, The” (Sparavigna), 181
Sousanis, Nick, 6, 38, 58, 91, 104, 149, 219
Space time conflated with, 50–51
travel distance and, 48–49
Spacing patterns around data and, 96
tables with, 30–31, 32
Spain, 61
Spatial diagrams, 58–61
Spatial relationships dimensionality of data and, 72
meaning of vertical dimension in, 69
memory palace technique for, 66
Spear, Mary Eleanor, 9
Sparavigna, Amelia, 181
Speeches, and metaphor, 163
Star Wars (film series), 20, 66
Statistics, 15 accuracy pf results in, 32
background to beginning of, 26
charts as abstract diagrams in, 14, 163
chart types used in, 184
data as foundational pillar of, 27
material origins of data in, 15
normal distribution in, 104
pictorial method of, 72
root word for, 26
rounding of numerals in, 31
simulations using, 114–115
trust and confidence in, 116, 118–119, 121
Steinbeck, John, 89
Stem-and-leaf display, 33–34, 100
Stevens, Steven S., 42
Stevens, Wallace, 35, 145
Stigler, Stephen, 27, 116
Stone, Maureen, 84, 87
Stone tablets, 31
Storr, Robert, 126, 129
Story. See also Data stories conveying information using, 6–7
knowledge transmitted by, 7
superficial contradiction between data and, 6–7
Story design, 133–142 elements of, 135
endings and closure in, 138–139, 139
feelings for characters in, 139–140
linear flow of, 136, 137, 139
narrative connections in, 136–137
plot structures in, 137
symbols in, 141–142
truth and, 134–135
Storytellers. See Data storytellers
Stuart, Gilbert, 207
Sumer, 24
Summary curve, 71
Summary line, 71, 102, 103
Superposition in comparison, 94
T
Tables, 31–34 arrangement of entries in, 32
building blocks of, 31
color in, 32
communication focus of, 31, 31
conveying information using, 134
data storage using, 20, 31, 134
design for readability of, 31
horizontal and vertical lines in, 32
origin of, 31
popularity of, 134
rounding of numerals in, 31–32
shading in, 32
spacing for readability in, 30–31, 32
stem-and-leaf display in, 33–34
value clusters in, 32
Temperature, on charts, 19, 71, 103
Tetlock, Philip E., 115
Third eye, 42
Thomson, Virgil, 131
Thoreau, Henry David, 175
Threat detection, 135, 148
Time, 50–56 cardinal directions and movement of, 55
chronometric, 53
chronostatic, 53
daily rituals of creative people and, 3
data exploration and, 109
diagrams and, 162
horizontal axis associated with, 69–71
as irreversible performance, 56, 112
linear comprehension of, 50–51
linear flow of stories and, 136, 137, 139
map grid choices and, 61
metaphor in depiction of, 50, 56
motion in perception of, 51
natural cycles and, 55
perception of future time, 50, 51, 55
personal relationship with, 52
prediction horizon and, 115
reading direction and, 54
regular intervals in, 103
scales for showing, 71
sequential activities reinforcing linearity of, 53–54
space conflated with, 50–51
spiral metaphor for linear and circular time
spliced together, 55
summary curve showing, 71
summary line for, 102
time-as-money metaphor, 56
timeline as visual way of seeing, 53
trust related to, 171–172
Time-is-distance metaphor, 53
Timelines history on, 74
personal perception of, 52
spans of time perceived on, 53
Time-series charts, 70
Tolkien, J.R.R., 11, 142
Tooby, John, 170
Trade, and data development, 24–25
Transforming data, 104–108
Translating (reordering) data, 102–104, 108
Travel distance, 48–50
Tree of knowledge story, xii-xiii, 52
Tree (data) helmets illustration using, 8–9
hierarchy in data storage and, 19
mental model of data using, 20
Trees (plants) ancestors' home in, 2
archetypal images of, xiii
axis mundi reflected in, xii
direction of up and gravity evoking, 68
evolutionary ancestor's mental map of the world
using, 63
information and trust associated with, xi, xii
Truffault, François, 139
Trust, 167–174, 171 believability and, 168
conceptual system and, 170
conveying information and, xiii, 4, 172
data sketches and, 110
evolution of, 174
mental models of how things work and, 168–169
social origin of meaning of word, xi
statistics and, 121
time factor in, 171–172
trees associated with, xi, xii
visual design and, 171–174
Truth, 111–121 certainty and, 118–120
confidence interval and, 118–120, 118, 119
data stories and, 4, 7
explanation and, 138
limits of, 117
probability and, 113–116, 113, 114, 115
science and falsifiability and, 116–117
statistical concepts for, 113
statistics and, 116, 118–119, 121
story design and, 134–135
Tufte, Edward, 87, 196
Tukey, John, 17, 31, 32, 33, 91, 91, 92, 94, 98, 100, 103, 103, 105, 106, 108, 119, 121, 190
Turkish language, 44