Empire of Crime
Page 30
Re-designation of communist bandits as terrorists in Secretary of Defence memorandum, British National Archives, File CO 1022/48. Headhunter quote from article by P.J. Dixon in The Spectator, 5 September 1952, and further information on Iban in radio broadcast in Kuala Lumpur, 15 March 1952, both in British National Archives, File CO 1022/57. Jack Moran quotes from his memoirs, Spearhead in Malaya (London: Peter Davies, 1959). Peter Guest quotes from his journals, extracts of which are published in Stewart, Smashing Terrorism in the Malayan Emergency (Subang Jaya: Pelanduk Publications, 2004). Roy Follows quotes from his memoirs, The Jungle Beat (Bridgnorth: TravellersEye Ltd, 1999).
CHAPTER 12
‘Remarks of the Honourable Harry J. Anslinger, United States Representative on the United Nations Commissions on Narcotic Drugs, Eighth Session, 15 April 1953 – the Illicit Narcotic Traffic in the Far East’ and subsequent British Embassy in Washington DC comments, 15 January 1954, 13 April 1954 and 29 April 1954, all in British National Archives, File FO 371/112506. For comment that British police officers in Hong Kong colluded with FBN to lie about communist Chinese opium seizures, see McWilliams, The Protectors (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1990); see also Meyer and Parssinen, Webs of Smoke (Lanham: Rowmen & Littlefield, 1998). CIA report in Intelligence Memorandum, ‘An Examination of the Charges of Chinese Communist Involvement in the Illicit Opium Trade’, 9 November 1956, CIA/RR IM-438.
Report by political agent in Kuwait of incidents involving smuggling of narcotics, to Foreign Office, 19 May 1954, in British National Archives, File FO 371/112506; memorandum on drug smuggling in Kuwait, prepared by Eastern Department of the Foreign Office, 15 April 1957, in British National Archives, File FO 371/129979. Letter from Royal Afghan Embassy, London, to Foreign Office, 18 April 1957, and report from Sir John Russell, senior diplomat at British Embassy in Tehran, 21 February 1957, both in British National Archives, File FO 371/129979. Later Anslinger quotes from his The Murderers (London: Arthur Barker Ltd, 1962); Russell Pasha quote from Egyptian Service 1902–1946 (London: John Murray, 1949). Excerpts from Central Narcotics Intelligence Bureau report quoted in ‘Intensified Drug Traffic’, The Times, 30 March 1948.
CHAPTER 13
Description of King David Hotel bombing in ‘39 Killed in Jerusalem Headquarters’, The Times, 23 July 1946 and ‘Action to Cope with Terrorists’, The Times, 24 July 1946. Police Sergeant S.W. Mills quote and further police quotes from Horne, A Job Well Done (Lewes: The Book Guild, 2003). For a thorough investigation of bombing, see Clarke, T., By Flood and Fire (New York: GP Putnam’s, 1981).
British General Staff quotes from ‘History of the disturbances in Palestine 1936–1939’, Jerusalem, December 1939, and description of cordon system used against Arab gangs, December 1937 to March 1938, both in British National Archives, File WO 191/88. Description of Palestine Police gendarmerie from memorandum by General Haining, 14 February 1939, and note on recruiting Sudanese by Major G.S., 16 February 1939, both in British National Archives, File WO 106/5720. Extract from British secret intelligence report on Zionism, Irgun and Stern Gang (especially their Axis link), 28 October 1941; Jewish Agency views on Irgun dissension, 28 January 1945; and A.J. Kellar’s report on the Stern Gang, following his Middle Eastern visit, February 1945, all in British National Archives, File KV 5/29. ‘Lord Moyne Shot’, The Times, 7 November 1944. See also Bell, Terror Out of Zion (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1977) and Heller, The Stern Gang (Ilford: Frank Cass, 1994).
Secret British intelligence report on Jewish illegal immigration, 18 July 1947, in British National Archives, File KV 3/56. Lansky quotes from Eisenberg, Dan, and Landau, Meyer Lansky (New York & London: Paddington Press, 1979).
CHAPTER 14
Description of the murder of PC Evan Chima and the confessions of Etuk Uku, Paul Nwaka, an Anang trader, and Udem Edem Ebo, an Idiong member, are all contained in ‘The Leopard Murders and the Idiong Society’, a police report written by Senior Assistant Superintendent D.S. Fountain, 3 February 1947, sent by the Governor of Nigeria to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, now in the British National Archives, File CO 583/294/4. This file also contains the British Curfew Ordinance for the Abak and Opobo Divisions of the Calabar Region, 7 December 1946.
Fountain’s earlier report, ‘The Leopard Murders – Review of Situation’, sent by the Governor of Nigeria to the Secretary of State, 16 October 1946, is in British National Archives, File CO 583/294/4. Some of this material found its way into a newspaper article by Graham Stanford, ‘The Leopard Men Strike at Dusk’, London Daily Mail, 30 June 1947. See also ‘10 Leopard Men Hanged’, The Times, 23 September 1946; Ahire, Imperial Policing (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991); Clayton and Killingray, Khaki and Blue (Ohio University: Monographs in International Studies, Africa Series, No. 51, 1989).
Copy of the Mau Mau letter, threatening Lady Churchill, 15 March 1954; Colville letter to Guppy, 18 March 1954; statement of Inspector Amey, 19 March 1954, all in British National Archives, File MEPO 2/9602. Telegram from Baring to Churchill, 7 March 1954, British National Archives, File PREM 11/696. See also ‘Police Protection of Ministers’, The Times, 19 March 1954.
CHAPTER 15
Lari and ‘Mickeys’ atrocity quotes from Anderson, Histories of the Hanged (New York & London: WW Norton & Co., 2005). Drummond quotes from Holman, Bwana Drum (London: WH Allen, 1964); see also Drummond’s obituary in Daily Telegraph, 12 June 2007. For greatly contrasting accounts of Kenya Emergency, see Stoneham, Mau Mau (London: Museum Press, 1953) and Alao, Mau-Mau Warrior (Oxford: Osprey, 2006).
Rules of engagement for pseudo-gangs, Kenya Police Headquarters, 27 October 1955, and secret military report on ‘Future Use of Special Forces’ in Kenya, 24 November 1955, both in British National Archives, File WO 276/431. Court of Inquiry report regarding allegations of brutality against Mau Mau, including the severing of hands from dead bodies, December 1953, in British National Archives, File PREM 11/696.
CHAPTER 16
Hong Kong government ‘Report on the Riots in Kowloon and Tsuen Wan, October 10th to 12th, 1956’; Sir Alexander Grantham’s draft report, 6 December 1956; and further comments by A.M. MacDonald, 17 January 1957, and W.A. Muller, 18 January 1957, all in British National Archives, File CO 1030/389. Gurkha quote from McAlister, Bugle and Kukri (Ryde: Regimental Trust 10th Princess Mary’s Own Gurkha Rifles, 1984). Descriptions of Walled City by P.H. Grattan, Private Secretary, 20 December 1973, and Dame Joan Vickers in letter to Prime Minister Edward Heath, 6 December 1973, both in British National Archives, File FCO 21/1139.
Description of 14K in security intelligence report ‘Triad Societies in Hong Kong’, 1962, in British National Archives, File WO 208/5183. See also Traver, H. ‘Controlling Triads and organized crime in Hong Kong’, Hong Kong Journal, 4 January 2009, and Booth, The Dragon Syndicates (London: Bantam Books, 2000). Secretary for Chinese Affairs report on ‘The Drug Problem in Hong Kong’, 7 May 1957, in British National Archives, File CO 1030/899. Report by Arthur Maxwell, Commissioner of Police in Hong Kong, ‘The traffic in narcotics between Bangkok and Hong Kong’, sent to the Foreign Office, 4 April 1957, in British National Archives, File FO 371/129979.
Metropolitan Police documents regarding smuggling of drugs aboard HMS Belfast in 1962, including statement of ship’s commander, David Anning Loram, New Scotland Yard descriptions of perpetrators and translations of incriminating letters, all contained in British National Archives, File CRIM 1/3955. See also ‘Chinese from Ship on Drug Charges’, The Times, 20 June 1962, and ‘Gaol for Drug Traffickers’, The Times, 26 July 1962.
CHAPTER 17
Copies and extracts from Probationary Police Inspector Wallace’s six letters to the Prime Minister, from 16 November 1963; letter from Prime Minister’s Private Secretary, 9 December 1963; J.D. Higham’s letter to Sir Robert Brown Black, Governor of Hong Kong, 31 December 1963; note for the Minister of State, 12 March 1964; and memo entitled ‘Corruption in the Hong Kong Police Force’ by Hong Kong Commissioner of Police
Henry Heath, 12 August 1964, all contained in British National Archives, File CO 1037/250. Thanks to Keith Lomas of the Royal Hong Kong Police Association.
Letter of complaint about Hong Kong Police corruption by Pun Ting Chau, 3 January 1974, and response of Winston Churchill MP, all contained in British National Archives, File FCO 40/555. Letters from Elsie Elliott, 30 January 1974 and 17 March 1974, plus account of ICAC in British National Archives, File FCO 40/554. Documents regarding case of Peter Godber, including Report of Commission of Inquiry, 13 June 1973, in British National Archives, File FCO 40/451. See also ‘Hong Kong Court Told of Bribe for Promotion’, The Times, 18 February 1975 and ‘Chinese Woman Police Officer is Accused’, The Times, 20 June 1975.
CHAPTER 18
Roderic Knowles’s quotes from his book, How to Rob Banks Without Violence (London: Michael Joseph, 1972), and about his later life, from author interview with him. Regarding the CIA interest in his gold smuggling, Knowles claims this information came from a journalist’s brother who worked for British Intelligence: ‘He assured me (on several occasions) that what his brother had confided in him was absolutely true.’ See also Knowles, R. What the Hell Am I Doing on Planet Earth? (Drogheda: Choice Publishing, 2005). Quotes on gold smuggling by ship come from Ministry of Trade and Civil Aviation report by D.G. Fagan, sent to Colonial Office, 30 May 1958, in British National Archives, File CO 1030/753.
Account of Chan Chi Fu opium battle from British Consulate in Chiang Mai, 11 August 1967, and related documents in British National Archives, File FCO 15/145. Letter from Sir David Trench on Hong Kong crime wave, 6 August 1970, and response from Sir Leslie Monson, 7 January 1971, both in British National Archives, File FCO 40/299. Report from his successor Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Murray MacLehose, entitled ‘International aspects of the narcotics trade as they affect Hong Kong’, addressed to British Foreign Secretary, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, 19 February 1973, accompanied by statement from Hong Kong Commissioner for Narcotics, N.G. Rolph, describing covert approach of Law Sing-hon, 23 January 1973, in British National Archives, File FCO 40/460. See also The US Heroin Problem and Southeast Asia – Report of a Staff Survey Team of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1973) and ‘Chinese Jailed after Biggest Heroin Haul’, Daily Telegraph, 19 January 1973.
Jackie Pullinger quote from her book, Chasing the Dragon (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1980). Crime-free Walled City quote from ‘Descriptions of Walled City’ report by P.H. Grattan, 20 December 1973, British National Archives, File FCO 21/1139.
_______
BIBLIOGRAPHY
For precise archival references to unpublished sources, newspaper and journal articles, see Notes on Sources.
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INDEX
Allison, John 145
Ang Bin Hoey (ABH) 131–8, 144, 146, 255
Anslinger, Harry 69, 116, 160, 252, 257
Cold War drugs politics 161–5, 169–70, 216; early career 70–1, 74–6; end of career 170; fighting drugs in US 76–7; fighting international smuggling networks 77–83
Anti-Japanese Union and Forces (AJUF) 120–2, 141
Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, President of Turkey 68
Attlee, Clement, Prime Minister 162, 173, 183
Auden, W.H. 107
Bacula, Carlos Fernandez 81
Balfour Declaration 174
Bates, Miner Searle 112–13
Belfast, HMS (drugs bust) 9, 219–22, 260
Black, Robert, Governor of Hong Kong 226–7
Borgeest, Guy 217
Brent, Charles Henry 71