Newman and His Contemporaries
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8 Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (London, 1931). Geoffrey Elton, Policy and Police (Cambridge, 1972). Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars (New Haven, 1992).
9 Present Position of Catholics in England, p. 63.
10 Robert Blake, Disraeli (London, 1967), p. 209.
11 Andrew Roberts, Salisbury: A Victorian Titan (London, 1999), p. 12,
12 Robert Rhodes James, Rosebery (London, 1963), p. 217.
13 Rosebery, quoted in Leo McKinstry, Rosebery: Statesman in Turmoil (London, 2005), p. 191.
14 LD, 28:351, note; see The Times (26 April 1878).
15 LD, 28:123, JHN to R. W. Church (15 October 1876).
16 LD, 2:125, JHN to Mrs. Elizabeth Newman (1 March 1829).
17 LD, 3:55, JHN to Charles Portales Golightly (10 June 1832).
18 LD, 3:242, JHN to Thomas Mozley (9 March 1833).
19 Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians (London, 1918), p. 121.
20 LD, 3:90, JHN to Samuel Francis Wood (4 September 1832).
21 Boswell, Life of Johnson (Oxford, 1934), Vol 2, p. 106.
22 “Wisdom and Innocence,” (1843) in Sermons on Subjects of the Day, p. 300.
23 “Faith and the World,” (1838) in Sermons on Subjects of the Day, Sermon 7, p. 91.
24 “Submission to Church Authority” (1836), in Parochial Sermons, Book 3, Sermon 14.
25 Apologia, p. 146.
26 Flannery O’Connor, Mystery and Manners (New York, 1969), p. 34.
27 “The Religion of the Day” (1832), in Parochial Sermons, Vol. I, p. 24.
28 Anglican Difficulties, p. 240.
29 “Conditions of the Members of the Christian Empire,” (1840) in Sermons on Subjects of the Day, p. 274.
30 Apologia, p. 296.
31 Tamworth Reading Room (1841), in Discussions and Arguments, p. 268.
32 The Idea of a University, p. 121.
33 See Jenkins, in Newman: A Man for Our Time, ed. David Brown (Connecticut, 1990), p. 155.
34 The Idea of a University, p. 166.
35 Letters of Sidney Smith, ed. Nowel-Smith (Oxford, 1953), Vol. 2, p. 766.
36 Ian Ker, Newman and the Fullness of Christianity (Edinburgh, 1993), p. 81.
37 Essay on the Development of Doctrine (1845), pp. 357–58.
38 Edward Norman, The English Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1984), p. 156.
39 “For The Dead,” in Verses on Various Occasions, p. 315.
40 The Rise and Progress of Universities, pp. 130–32.
41 Theodore Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation: 1846–1886 (Oxford, 1998), p. 614.
42 LD, 26:55, JHN to Frederick George Lee (5 April 1872).
43 LD, 28:180, JHN to Lord Blachford (14 March 1877).
44 LD, 28:388, JHN to Lord Blachford (22 July 1878).
45 LD, 4:339–43 (October 1834).
46 “Profession without Ostentation,” (1831) in Parochial Sermons, Vol. I, p. 14.
47 Newman and Gladstone on the Vatican Decrees, ed. Ryan (Notre Dame, 1962), p. 12.
48 William Ullathorne, Mr.Gladstone’s Expostulation Unravelled (New York, 1875), pp. 19 and 37–38.
49 Grammar of Assent, p. 33.
50 Apologia, p. 340.
51 LD, 14:134, JHN to James Hope (20 November 1850).
52 From Matthew Arnold, “Dover Beach” (1851).
53 Anglican Difficulties, pp. 247–48.
54 “Preparation for the Judgment” (1848), in Faith and Prejudice and Other Sermons, p. 38.
55 LD, 8:415, JHN to John Keble (6 January 1842): “I do not agree with Gladstone … Again his great object is the religionizing the State …”
56 LD, 27:265, JHN to John Rickards Mozley (4 April 1875).
57 “The Danger of Riches,” (1835) in Parochial Sermons, Book 2, Sermon 28, p. 353.
58 “The World Our Enemy,” (1829) in Parochial Sermons, Book 7, Sermon 3, p. 33.
59 “The Danger of Accomplishments,” (1831) in Parochial Sermons, Book 2, Sermon 30, p. 369.
60 Letter to Pusey, p. 89.
61 “In the World But Not Of The World,” (1873) in Sermons on Various Occasion, Sermon 14, pp. 275–76.
Chapter 6 Newman and the Female Faithful
1 LD, 30:67, JHN to Geraldine Penrose Fitzgerald (17 March 1882). The Anglo-Irish Fitzgerald, who was as committed a Unionist as Gerard Manley Hopkins, must have bemused Newman when she reported to him in an undated letter: “I am at present engaged in writing a novel in which my design is to bring out the difference between the Irish and the English characters, the utter absence of all conception of truthfulness in the Irish brought into as sharp relief as I can place it with the sturdy unbending honesty of the English nature …” See LD, 30:111, note 1.
2 Students of Tractarianism may recall Maria Giberne from Tom Mozley’s Reminiscences of Oriel and the Oxford Movement (1882), where he describes her as “tall, strong of build, majestic, with aquiline nose, well-formed mouth, dark penetrating eyes, and a luxuriance of glossy black hair. She would command attention anywhere.” Newman’s brother Frank had an unrequited crush on her, which drove him to find solace in the wilds of Persia. See Mozley, Vol. II, p. 44.
3 LD, 1:151, JHN to Mrs. Jemima Newman (5 November 1822).
4 LD:13.239, JHN to Maria Giberne (23 July 1849):
5 The Autobiography of Isaac Williams, B.D., ed. George Prevost (London, 1892), p. 61.
6 LD, 10:303, JHN to Aunt Elizabeth Newman (25 July 1844).
7 LD, 21:131, JHN to Sister Mary Gabriel du Boulay (25 June 1864).
8 See Charlotte Bronte. Jane Eyre (London, 1850), p. 186.
9 LD, 20:447, JHN to Emily Bowles (19 May 1863).
10 LD, 20:216, JHN to the Editor of the Morning Advertiser (29 June 1862).
11 LD, 20:453, JHN to Emily Bowles (29 May 1863).
12 LD, 20:454, JHN to Emily Bowles (29 May 1863).
13 LD, 24:280, Emily Bowles to JHN (3 June 1869). See note 3.
14 See Joseph Spence’s excellent entry on Lecky in the new ODNB. As Spence notes, Lecky was “both the first national historian of Ireland and the first ‘revisionist’ of the nationalist idealization of Ireland,” whose work on Ireland has been unjustly neglected. F. S. L. Lyons and J. J. Lee, modern Ireland’s best historians, owed much to his pioneering example.
15 See Alfred Lord Tennyson: The Major Works, ed. Adam Roberts (Oxford, 2000), p. 527.
16 Emily Bowles, quoted in Meriol Trevor, Newman: The Pillar of the Cloud (London, 1962), p. 113.
17 Emily C. Agnew, Geraldine: A Tale of Conscience, single-volume edition (London, 1868), pp. 564–66. After reviewing the novel, which he considered a piece of straightforward, if bungling propaganda that sought to recommend the Church of Rome to English Protestants, Newman wrote to Catherine Holdsworth in April 1838, before she married William Froude: “… you could, I feel sure, be of use to the cause of Catholic Truth … Certainly we do want tales on our side very much – to take people’s imagination – as such works as Geraldine on the one side and Father Clement [an anti-Catholic novel] on the other show – and I should much rejoice if persons such as yourself gave the composition of them a fair trial.” See LD, 6:238, JHN to Catherine Holdsworth (27 April 1838). As it happened, Catherine was too busy bringing up her six children to undertake novel writing.
18 See Newman’s review of Geraldine in British Critic, Vol. 24 (July 1838).
19 See the British Critic, Vol. 24 (July 1838).
20 See Matthew Arnold, “Emerson”, from Discourses in America (New York, 1924), p. 141 and Emily Bowles, quoted in Trevor, Newman: The Pillar of the Cloud, p. 276.
21 Emily Bowles, quoted in Meriol Trevor, Newman: Light in Winter (London, 1962), p. 279.
22 Emily Bowles, quoted in Trevor, Newman: The Pillar of the Cloud, p. 320.
23 Sugg, Ever Yours Affly, pp. 65–67. Anyone familiar with this gem of a book will know that my indebtedness to it is immense. Also see A Packet of Letters: A Selection from the Corre
spondence of John Henry Newman, ed. Joyce Sugg (Oxford, 1983).
24 Trevor, Newman: Light in Winter, p. 391. Some complain that Trevor neglects Newman’s writings and spends too much time defending him, especially with regard to his differences with the London Oratory. These are false complaints. Trevor brings out the Cardinal’s vital personal qualities (without which his writings cannot be understood) and in defending him shows how principle, not pique, animated his sometimes rocky relationship with the London Oratory.
25 Emily Bowles, quoted in Sugg, Ever Yours Affly, p. 71.
26 See DNB.
27 Thackeray met Lady Georgiana in London in 1852, when they discussed Miss Holmes, the governess, who at that time was without work, and the Achilli trial, about which he observed: “as the law is, the verdict was right—though I think the Judge’s behaviour in the trial was most unfair and unworthy.” Among several unfairnesses, Lord Campbell forbade Newman from delivering a speech he had prepared for his defense. See The Letters and Private Papers of William Makepeace Thackeray, ed. Gordon Ray (Harvard, 1946), Vol. III, p. 66.
28 Coincidentally enough, Father Brownbill lived in the Jesuit house at No. 15 Bolton Street, Piccadilly, at the same time that Henry James lived at No. 3.
29 LD, 15:236, JHN to Lady Georgiana Fullerton (1 January 1853).
30 William Gladstone, Review of Ellen Middleton in The English Review, Vol. 1 (April–July 1844), p. 337.
31 Ibid., p. 359.
32 LD, 10:295, JHN to Edward Bouverie Pusey (11 July 1844).
33 LD, 13:475, JHN to Mrs. Henry Wilberforce (27 May 1850).
34 LD, 9:523, JHN to Mrs. John Mozley (15 September 1843).
35 See David Bebbington, The Mind of Gladstone: Religion, Homer and Politics (Oxford, 2004), pp. 81–82: “Although Gladstone felt the characters in Ellen Middleton were unamiable, he judged Lady Georgiana Fullerton, its author, to be what was all too rare, ‘the true preacher in the guise of a novelist …’”
36 William Gladstone, Review of Ellen Middleton in The English Review, Vol. 1 (April–July, 1844), p. 336.
37 See Article V, “Lady Georgina Fullerton,” by Emily Bowles in Dublin Review, Vol. 20 (October–July 1888), p. 334.
38 Bessie Raynor Belloc, In a Walled Garden (London, 1895), p. 112.
39 Tamworth Reading Room, pp. 281–82.
40 Henry James, Portraits of Places (Boston and New York, 1883), pp. 190–97.
41 LD, 21:456, JHN to Emily Bowles (1 May 1865).
42 See Emily Bowles, St. Martin’s Home or Work for Women (Dublin, 1864) and The Inner Life of Lady Georgiana Fullerton (London, 1899).
43 See Henry Mayhew, London Characters and Crooks (Folio Society, 1996), pp. 18–19.
44 See The Month, Vol. 1 (XX) (January–April 1874), p. 258.
45 See LD, 27:13, note 1.
46 H. H. Munro (‘Saki’), Reginald (London, 1904), p. 13. Chartreuse is made by the monks of La Grande-Chartreuse (the head monastery of the Carthusians, near Grenoble) with aromatic herbs and brandy.
47 LD, 20:396 JHN to W. G. Ward (16 January 1863)
48 LD, 23: 324 JHN to Emily Bowles (27 August 1867).
49 LD, 24:341. Emily Bowles recounts this scene in her unpublished “Memorials of John Henry Newman.”
50 LD, 23:365 JHN to Lady Simeon (10 November 1867).
51 Trevor, Newman: Light in Winter, p. 516.
52 LD, 27:204, Emily Bowles to JHN (27 January 1875).
53 See Wilfred Ward, William George Ward and the Catholic Revival (London 1893), p. 272.
54 Cuthbert Butler, Life and Times of Bishop Ullathorne (New York, 1926), p. 312.
55 LD, 23:16, JHN to Emily Bowles (8 January 1867).
56 LD, 20:446, JHN to Emily Bowles (19 May 1863).
57 LD, 28:13, JHN to Emily Bowles (15 January 1876).
58 Trevor, Newman: Light in Winter, p. 537.
59 LD, 32:428, JHN to Octavian Blewitt (8 May 1881).
60 See LD, 23:96, note 1. “Pall Mall Gazette, which was founded in London in 1865, took its name from a fictional paper that Thackeray described in Pendennis, the founder of which declares: We address ourselves to the higher circles of society: we care not to disown it—the Pall Mall Gazette is written by gentlemen for gentlemen; its conductors speak to the classes in which they live and were born. The field-preacher has his journal, the radical free-thinker has his journal: why should the Gentlemen of England be unrepresented in the Press?”
61 LD, 25:326–27, JHN to Emily Bowles (30 April 1871).
62 LD, 26:228, JHN to Canon Walker (5 January 1873).
63 Lady Georgiana’s only son died of a brain tumor in 1854 when he was 21. Both she and her husband mourned him for the rest of their lives.
64 Belloc, In A Walled Garden, p. 108.
65 See Article V in Dublin Review, Third Series, Vol. 20, 1888, p. 328.
66 See the ODNB entry for Charles Worth.
67 Madeleine Beard, Faith and Fortune (London, 1997), p. 84.
68 See LD, 14:469, note 1 and Cecil Marchioness of Lothian a Memoir, ed. Cecil Kerr (London, n.d. [about 1920]), p. 111.
69 See LD, 5:263 JHN to Maria Giberne (20 March 1836).
70 LD, 16:365, JHN to Lady Lothian (26 January 1855).
71 LD, 26:309, JHN to Marchioness of Lothian (10 May 1873).
72 LD, 25:326–27, JHN to Emily Bowles (30 April 1871).
73 LD, 22:194, JHN to Lady Chatterton (Holy Thursday 1866).
74 LD, 29:181, JHN to Lady Herbert of Lea (6 October 1879).
75 LD, 22:194, JHN to Lady Chatterton (29 March 1866).
76 Edward Heneage Dering, Memoirs of Georgiana, Lady Chatterton (London and Leamington, 1901), p. 188. Apropos Ullathorne, Newman said after they had first crossed swords: “Just as gentlemen make acquaintance with bowing and civil speeches, so the way to be good friends with him is to begin with a boxing bout.” After this initial skirmish, both formed a long and deep respect for one another. Cf. LD, 12:337, JHN to J. M. Capes (19 November 1848).
77 Ibid., p. 217.
78 LD, 27:358, JHN to Lady Chatterton (20 September 1875).
79 Ullathorne, quoted in Judith Champ, William Bernard Ullathorne: A Different Kind of Monk (London, 2006), p. 412.
80 Dering, Memoirs of Georgiana, Lady Chatterton, p. 37.
81 Ibid., pp. 33–34.
82 Ibid., pp. 37–38.
83 Ibid., p. 61.
84 Ibid., pp. 63–64.
85 Sugg, Ever Yours Affly, p. 162.
86 Dering, Memoirs of Georgiana, Lady Chatterton, p. 171.
87 LD, 22:194 JHN to Lady Chatterton (Holy Thursday 1866).
88 Ibid., p. 195.
89 LD, 19:122, JHN to Isy Froude (8 May 1859).
90 LD, 24:248, JHN to Louisa Simeon (29 April 1869).
91 LD, 24:275, JHN to Louisa Simeon (25 June 1869).
92 After Julia’s death, Arnold looked back on their stormy marriage and confessed to a friend who had advised against the marriage: “Your advice was quite sound, for in many ways we were quite unsuited to one another; and yet not only was it impossible for me to take it, for she had subjugated me by her beauty to that degree that I belonged much more to her than to myself—but now I thank God with all my heart for having given us to one another, and hope, and believe, that I shall see and know my darling again on the other side of the grave.” See Bernard Bergonzi, A Victorian Wanderer: A Life of Thomas Arnold the Younger (Oxford, 2003), pp. 86 and 222.
93 LD, 24:34, JHN to Maria Giberne (11 February 1868).
94 LD, 28:19 JHN to Mrs. William Robinson Clark (27 January 1876).
95 LD, 28:115, JHN to William Robinson Clark (27 September 1876).
96 LD, 28:203, JHN to Vicar Clark (early in June 1877).
97 LD, 28:203, note 4.
98 The idea of conversion as delusion would give way in Ronald Knox’s youth to conversion as bluff. In his autobiography, Knox observes how “… the coterie to which I belonged had a peculiar attitude towards conversion. It was thought of �
�� as a kind of threat, useful for bargaining purposes; almost as a kind of blackmail. Very much as the representative of an Eastern European country will insist on having its own way at some conclave of the United Nations, making it clear that if he does not get his own way he will walk out, we thought and talked of submission to Rome as a useful weapon when we were trying to avert scandals in the Establishment. ‘You mean to admit Nonconformists, publicly and officially to Communion? Very well then, I shall become a Roman Catholic.’ When … your bluff was called, you would have to decide whether or not you really meant it. Thus we used to account for any defection from our own ranks by the unsympathetic attitude of the Anglican authorities: ‘He went over in the Brighton row,’ was a typical epitaph.” See Ronald Knox, A Spiritual Aneid (London, 1958), p. xvi.
99 LD, 11:18, JHN to Edward Badeley (19 October 1845).
100 LD, 11:62, note 2.
101 LD, 16:305, The Earl of Dunraven to JHN (30 November 1854)
102 LD, 28:329, JHN to Mrs. William Robinson Clark (14 March 1878).
103 Cf. Deuteronomy 30:10–14: “This commandment which I command you this day is not too hard for you, neither is it far off. It is not in heaven, that you should say, ‘Who will go up for us to heaven, and bring it to us, that we may hear it and do it?’ Neither is it beyond the sea, that you should say, `Who will go over the sea for us, and bring it to us, that we may hear it and do it?’ But the word is very near you; it is in your mouth and in your heart, so that you can do it.”
104 I am using perseverance in the non-technical sense, which the OED defines thus: “The fact, process, condition, or quality of persevering; constant persistence in a course of action, purpose, or state; steadfast pursuit of an aim; tenacious assiduity of endeavour.”
105 LD, 26:231, JHN to Miss M. R. Giberne (9 January 1873). In writing to Miss Giberne over the years (later Sister Pia), Newman was always full of good counsel: “I am grieved indeed at your illness, it arises from the damp. I wonder whether you have flannel next your skin. An old lady, a penitent of mine here, had rheumatism. I managed that she should get some woollen underclothing – and she has had no rheumatism since. It is only by constant vigilance that I keep rheumatism from me – and I doubt not if I did half the imprudent things you (I suppose) do every day, I should be laid up. I wish you had a good English doctor. Do you take quinine?”