Cuba beyond the Beach
Page 16
NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1I’ve heard this story, popular in Cuban studies circles in Canada, attributed to both Professors Hal Klepak and John Kirk. No doubt they would both be honoured to claim credit for it.
2This list of tourist-sending nations is based on statistics from the first six months of 2015. Venus Carillos Ortega, “Turismo en Cuba,” CubaContemporánea.com October 26, 2015.
3Wayne Smith, “Still the Full Moon,” NACLA Report on the Americas September/October 2004, https://nacla.org; Louis A. Pérez, Jr., “Cuba as an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder,” Center for Democracy in the Americas, April 2014, www.democracyinamericas.org.
4Mélanie Josée Davidson, Ensalada mixta: geographical explorations of food and Cuba, MA Thesis, Geography Department, Queen’s University, 2015, 64.
5J.C.M. Ogelsby, Gringos from the Far North: Essays in the History of Canadian-Latin American Relations, 1866–1968 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976), 111.
6Christopher Armstrong and H. V. Nelles, Southern Exposure: Canadian Promoters in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1896–1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 123.
7Don Munton and David Vogt, “Inside Castro’s Cuba: The Revolution and Canada’s Embassy in Havana,” in Robert Wright and Lana Wylie Wright (eds.), Our Place in the Sun: Canada and Cuba in the Castro Era (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), 46.
8John W. Graham, Whose Man in Havana? Adventures from the Far Side of Diplomacy (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2015), 31–52; Don Munton, “Intelligence Cooperation Meets International Studies Theory: Explaining Canadian Operations in Castro’s Cuba,” Intelligence and National Security, 24:1, 2009, 119–138.
9Cynthia Wright, “Between Nation and Empire: The Fair Play for Cuba Committees and the Making of Canada-Cuba Solidarity in the Early 1960s,” in Robert Wright and Lana Wylie Wright, (eds.) Our Place in the Sun, 96–120.
10For more on Sherritt’s activities in Cuba, see Rachel Pulfur, “Castro’s Favourite Capitalist,” Walrus, December 2009, and Archibald Ritter, “Canadian-Cuban Economic Relations: Past, Present, and Prospective,” in Wright and Wylie Wright, (eds.) Our Place in the Sun, 246–281.
11Rafael Betancourt, “Canadian Universities in Cuba,” Report commissioned by the Embassy of Canada in Cuba, 2012.
12Terry Fox was a young Canadian who, despite losing a leg to cancer, began a cross-country marathon in 1980 to draw attention to cancer research. He died in 1981 and his run has become an annual event.
13Peter James Hudson, “Imperial Designs: The Royal Bank of Canada in the Caribbean,” Race and Class Vol. 52.1 Winter 2010, 33–59.
14“Toronto’s Cuba Scene Has Lula Lounge and GTA restaurants including Havana Style Café,” Toronto Star, July 25, 2015, www.thestar.com.
15X Alfonso, “Cambiara” Reverse, Fabrica de Arte Cubano, 2011.
16Jennifer Hosek, Sun, Sex and Socialism: Cuba in the German Imaginary (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013).
17Iván de la Nuez, Fantasía roja Los intelectuales de izquierda y la revolución cubana (Barcelona: Mondadori, 2006).
18Moneda Dura, “Tercer mundo” Alma Sin Bolsillos, EGREM 2007.
19Susan Lord, Dannys Montes de Oca Moreda, Zaira Zarza (eds.), “Havana” Public 52, Fall 2015.
20Rachel Weiss, “Some Thoughts on the Right Way (for us) To Love Cuba” in Susan Lord, Dannys Montes de Oca Moreda, Zaira Zarza (eds.) “Havana” Public 52, Fall 2015, 49–57.
21“A Republican Joins Obama in Seeking Ties to Cuba,” New York Times, February 3, 2015, www.nytimes.com.
22Molly Kane, “International NGOs and the Aid Industry: Constraints on International Solidarity” Third World Quarterly No. 34, Vol. 8, 2013. See also Alisha Nicole Apale and Valerie Stam, Generation NGO (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2011), and John S. Saul, Revolutionary Traveller: Freeze Frames from a Life (Winnipeg: ARP Books, 2009).
CHAPTER ONE
1Maria del Carmen Zabala Arguelles, “Poverty and Vulnerability in Cuba Today,” in A Contemporary Cuba Reader, Second Edition, Philip Brenner et al. (eds.), (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015), 173–182.
2Andrea Carter, “Cuba’s Food-Rationing System and Alternatives” in Per Pinstrup-Anderson, “Food Policy for Developing Countries: The Role of Government in the Global Food System,” Case Study 4–6, Cornell University, 2011.
3“Corruption in Cuba: The Cleanup Continues” The Economist, Online Edition, May 6, 2011, www.economist.com.
4Interactivo “A diario,” Goza Pepillo BIS Music, 2005.
5“Egg Theft in Havana Leads to 18 Prison Sentences from 5 to 15 Years,” Havana Times, March 20, 2015, www.havanatimes.org.
6M. Davidson and C. Krull, “Adapting to Cuba’s Shifting Food Landscapes: Women’s Strategies of Resistance,” Cuban Studies Vol. 42, 2011, 59–77.
7Frank Delgado, “Carta de un niño Cubano a Harry Potter,” Pero, qué dice el coro? La Lu Produciones, 2008.
8Moises Simons, El Manisero, New York: E.B.Marks Inc, nd.
9Vincent Adrisani, “The Sweet Sounds of Havana: Space, Listening and the Making of Sonic Citizenship,” Sounding Out September 2015 http://soundstudiesblog.com.
10Maria Magdalena Campos-Pons and Neil Leonard, “Llego FeFa,” 11th Havana Biennial 2012, www.google.ca.
11Ariana Hernandez-Reguant, “Socialism with Commercials: Consuming Advertising in Today’s Cuba,” ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America Winter 2000. http://revista.drclas.harvard.edu.
12Silje Lundgren, “‘Mami, you’re so hot!’ Negotiating hierarchies of masculinity through piropos in contemporary Havana,” in Laura Alvarez Lopez et al. (eds.), Stockholm Review of Latin American Studies 2013, 5–20.
13Roman de la Campa, Cuba on My Mind: Journeys to a Severed Nation (London: Verso, 2000), 41. The most thorough account of Operation Peter Pan remains Maria de los Angeles Torres, The Lost Apple: Operation Pedro Pan, Cuban Children in the U.S. and the Promise of a Better Future (Boston: Beacon Press, 2003).
14Marvin Leiner, Children are the Revolution: Daycare in Cuba (New York: Penguin Books, 1974), 131. See also Karen Wald, Children of Che: Childcare and Education in Cuba (Palo Alto: Ramparts, 1978).
15Margot Kirk, “Early Childhood Education in Revolutionary Cuba during the Special Period,” in Phillip Brenner et al. (eds.), A Contemporary Cuba Reader (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008).
16“Más círculos infantiles: un problema menos para los padres,” Cubadebate, February 11, 2015, www.cubadebate.cu.
17“Crisis con círculos infantiles desestimula crecimiento poblacional en Cuba,” CaféFuerte, November 9, 2015. http://cafefuerte.com.
18“Círculos infantiles: cárceles o castillos?” Diario de Cuba, April 15, 2015. www.diariodecuba.com.
19UNICEF, “The Child Care Transition, Innocenti Report Card 8,” UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, 2008.
CHAPTER TWO
1John Finn and Chris Luckinbeal, “Musical Cartographies: Los Ritmos de los Barrios de la Habana” in Ola Johansson and Thomas Bell, (eds.) Sound Society and the Geography of Popular Music (Surrey: Ashgate, 2009), 127–144.
2I owe this observation to Ruth Warner, from a frustrated text exchange about the general level of ignorance concerning Cuban musical training, in December 2015.
3This history of musicianship and music education in Cuba draws from Robin D. Moore, Music and Revolution: Cultural Change in Socialist Cuba (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
4Carlos Varela, “Memorias” Carlos Varela En Vivo Bis Music 1991.
5Joaquín Borges-Triana, “Timbatón and the Moral Economy of Perreo,” Cuban Counterpoints, August 25, 2015, http://cubacounterpoints.com.
6Geoffrey Baker, Buena Vista in the Club: Rap, Reggaetón, and Revolution in Havana (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011).
7This and subsequent references to Varela’s songs are explained more fully in Maria Caridad Cumana, Karen Dubinsky, and Xenia Reloba (eds.), My Havana: The Musical C
ity of Carlos Varela (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014).
8Ana Menéndez, In Cuba I Was a German Shepherd (New York: Grove Press, 2001).
9Carlos Fraguela, “Better than Sex: Cuba’s Interactivo,” Havana Times, January 20, 2015, www.havanatimes.org.
10Interactivo, La Pelicula, Director Tané Martínez (Colorbox Productions, 2011).
11Goza Pepillo, Documental, Directors Ana Maria Rabosa and Cari Rojas (BIS Music, 2006).
12Ibid.
13Francis del Rio “No Entiendo Nada,” Interactivo: que lindo es el amor, RLG Records, 2015.
14Roberto Carcassés, “Que No Pare El Pare,” Cubanos Por El Mundo, BIS Music, 2010.
15Interactivo, La Pelicula, Director Tané Martínez (Colorbox Productions, 2011).
16Fernando Ravsberg, “Un Error no debe conducir a otro Error,” Sept. 19, 2013, www.bbc.co.uk.
17Susan Thomas, “Did No One Pass the Girls the Guitar? Queer Appropriations in Cuban Popular Song,” Journal of Popular Music Studies vol. 18, no. 2 (2006), 124–143.
18Telmary “Que Equivoca’o,” A Diario, BIS Music, 2007.
19Kalamu ya Salaam, “Review: Telmary Diaz “Que Equivoca’o,” The New Black Magazine, Friday, November 9, 2007, www.thenewblackmagazine.com.
20“Rochy,” Ecudred.cu No date. http://www.ecured.cu. Julio César explains the anti-violence against women campaign in Cuba in detail (in English translation) in an interview: Karen Dubinsky, Julio César González Pagés, Anne Rubenstein, Michael Kaufman & Zaira Zarza, “‘Masculinities in Latin America and beyond’: a panel discussion with Julio César González Pagés, Anne Rubenstein, and Michael Kaufman.” Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies/Revue canadiennedes études latino-américaines et caraïbes, 39:1, (2014), 139–156.
21Patricia Grogg, “Violence Against Women Out of the Closet,” Interpress News Agency, November 27, 2011. www.ipsnews.net.
22“Rochy Ameniero, cantante cubana y líder del proyecto cultural Todas Contracorriente,” Cubainformacíon, June 19, 2013, www.cubainformacion.tv.
23“Suzanne Cope, “The New Face of Havana Nightlife,” Punchdrunk, June 25, 2015, http://punchdrink.com.
24Laura Evans, “Havana Nights: Where to Party in Cuba” Gothamist, July 6, 2015, http://gothamist.com.
25X Alfonso, “Mi Abuelo Dice,” Interactivo que lindo es el amor, RLG Records, 2015.
26X Alfonso, “Revoluxcion,” Revoluxcion National, 2011.
CHAPTER THREE
1Jeffrey Goldberg, “Fidel: ‘Cuban Model Doesn’t Even Work for Us Anymore,’” The Atlantic, September 8, 2010, www.theatlantic.com.
2Jorge Mario Sánchez Egozcue, “Challenges of Economic Restructuring in Cuba,” in Philip Brenner, Marguerite Rose Jiménez, John M. Kirk, William M. Leogrande, A Contemporary Cuba Reader, Second Edition (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015), 129.
3Ibid. See also Philip Peters, “Cuba’s Entrepreneurs: Foundation of a New Private Sector,” in Phillip Brenner et al., 145–153.
4Richard E. Feinberg, Soft Landing in Cuba? Emerging Entrepreneurs and Middle Classes, Latin American Initiatives at Brookings, November 2013.
5Ibid, 34.
6“An Arugula Growing Farmer Feeds a Culinary Revolution in Cuba,” Washington Post.com, August 21, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com.
7“Cubans Are Confident USA Will Alleviate Their Suffering,” Havana Times, February 5, 2015, www.havanatimes.org.
8Thomas J. Donohue, “We Applaud and Support Your Reforms,” Progresso Weekly, May 29, 2014, http://progresoweekly.us.
9“Cuba’s President Raúl Castro’s speech at the close of Cuba’s National Assembly session,” December 18, 2010, Voltaire.net.org, www.voltairenet.org.
10Pedro Monreal, “La globalización y los dilemas de las trayectorias económicas de Cuba,” Temas 30, Septiembre 2002, 4.
11The Technological Disobediance of Ernesto Oroza, Motherboard Films, 2013, www.youtube.com.
12http://havana-cultura.com.
13“Gallo’s World,” Cuba Absolutely, www.cubaabsolutely.com.
14Philip Peters, Cuba’s Real Estate Market (Washington: Brookings Institute, February 2014), 1.
15Hope Bastian Martinez, “Housing in Havana,” Anthropology News, November 2013, www.anthropology-news.org.
16Carollee Bengelsdorf, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 179.
17“Batallón de policías sale a recoger basura en La Habana,” Café Fuerte, http://cafefuerte.com.
18Yusnaby Post, July 15, 2015, http://yusnaby.com.
19Geoffrey Baker, Buena Vista in the Club: Rap, Reggaetón and Revolution in Havana (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 223.
20“Cuba: un juicio cada tres minutos en tribunal,” Café Fuerte, July 5, 2014, http://cafefuerte.com.
21Dick Cluster, “To Live Outside the Law You Must be Honest,” in Cuba Today: Continuity and Change since the “Periodo Especial,” in Mauricio Font (ed.), Visions of Power in Cuba (New York: Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere Studies, 2005), 31–40.
22Kabir Vega Castellanos, “Time Has No Value in Cuba,” Havana Times, July 30, 2015, www.havanatimes.org.
23Circles Robinson, “Cuba Sends 6 Teachers to Jail for Academic Fraud,” Havana Times, November 4, 2014, www.havanatimes.org.
24“Atlanta Educators Convicted in School Cheating Scandal,” New York Times.com, April 1, 2015, www.nytimes.com.
25“Art Theft in Havana,” Cuba Art News, March 4, 2014, www.cubanartnews.org.
26“Cuban poison moonshine defendants get sentences of up to 30 years,” The Guardian, June 18, 2014,www.theguardian.com.
27“Shock at Deaths and Corruption in Psychiatric Hospital,” Inter Press Service, January 25, 2011, www.ipsnews.net.
28Morales’ blog is at http://estebanmoralesdominguez.blogspot.ca His article on corruption is reprinted in a collection of his writings, El Reto de Mirar Hacia Adentro (The Challenge of Looking Inside) (Coral Gables, FL: Editorial Letra Viva, 2014).
29“Esteban Morales on ‘Corrosive’ Corruption in Cuba,” Havana Times, August 19, 2010, www.havanatimes.org.
30Joseph L. Scarpaci, Roberto Segre, and Mario Coyula, Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis, Revised Edition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
31“Sixty Havana Waste Management Employees Accused of Corruption,” Havana Times, November 26, 2014, www.havanatimes.org.
32“Batallón de policías sale a recoger basura en La Habana,” Café Fuerte, January 6, 2015, http://cafefuerte.com.
CHAPTER FOUR
1“Measuring the Information Society Report 2014,” www.itu.int (International Telecommunications Union, Geneva Switzerland, 2014), 58, 102, 103. See also Jorge Domínquez, “What you might not know about the Cuban economy,” Harvard Business Review, August 17, 2015, https://hbr.org.
2John M. Kirk, “Surfing Revolico.com, Cuba’s Answer to Craig’s List,” in Phillip Brenner et al. (eds.), A Contemporary Cuba Reader, Second Edition. 443–446.
3www.havanastreetview.com.
4“The world in a package,” Progreso Semanal, April 3, 2014.
5“No Internet? No Problem,” Forbes Magazine, July 1, 2015.
6Frank Delgado, “La Otra Orilla,” La Habana Está de bala, BIS Music, 1998.
CONCLUSION
1“Does the Diplomatic Thaw Mean the End of Old Havana?” Al Jazeera, July 18, 2015, www.aljazeera.com.
2“Cuba on Edge as Drought Worsens,” Reuters.com, August 17, 2015, www.reuters.com.
3Fernando Ravsburg, “Cuba’s Problems Cannot Be Solved With Magic Spells,” Cartes Desde Cuba, August 27, 2015, http://cartasdesdecuba.com.
INDEX
[Note: page numbers in italics refer to images]
Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi, 23
Adrisani, Vincent, 47
advertisements, 47, 50
agromercado (market), 35–36
Aitkin, Max (Lord Beaverbrook), 11
alcohol
poisoning scandal, 147–48
Alfonso, Carlos, 107
Alfonso, Eme, 107
Alfonso, Gerardo, 92, 95
Alfonso, X, 19, 106–12; “Mi Abuelo Dice” [My Grandfather Says], 108; “Revoluxcion,” 112
Allende, Salvador, 38
Almodóvar, Pedro, 25
Ameneiro, Rochy, 97, 102–4
Anti-Imperialist Tribunal (protestodromo), 4, 88
apartment matching, 31
Arafat, Yasser, 22
Bajo el mismo sol [Under the Same Sun], 103
Baker, Geoffrey, 77
Bank of Nova Scotia, 14–15, 16
Baraka, Amiri, 20
Barreto: “Viente Años” [Twenty Years], 73
baseball, 51–52
Bastian Martinez, Hope, 128–30
Batista, Fulgencio, 11, 17
Bay of Pigs invasion, 61
Belafonte, Harry, 77
Beltrán, Marcel, 168
Belyea, Susan, 5, 36, 44, 54, 91, 105
Belyea Dubinsky, Jordi, 6, 62, 64, 105, 162, 168–70, 182
Beyoncé, 2, 170
bicycles, 42
Bieber, Justin, 16
bodegas, 36, 39
Bolívar, Simón, 68
Borges-Triana, Joaquín, 16, 26, 76–77, 91, 92, 164, 166–67
brand consciousness, 118
Browne, Jackson, 81
Bryans, Billy, 99
Buena Vista Social Club, 97
Bueno, Descemer, 26, 178–79
Bunnett, Jane, 99
Bush, George W., 4
Café Madrigal, 121
cakes, 42–44
Callejon de Hamel, 126–27
Campos-Pons, Maria Magdalena, 47
Canada: Cuban diaspora in, 18; cultural influences on Cuba, 16–17; diplomatic ties with Cuba, 11–12; economic ties with Cuba, 13; items purchased in for Cubans, 162–64, 167; as tourist-sending nation, 1
Canción de Barrio [Neighbourhood Song], 135–36
capitalism, 3, 124, 158, 180–81
Carballea, Enrique, 84
Carcassés, Bobby, 83
Carcassés, Roberto, 83–85, 89–90; “Que no pare el Pare,” 88
Carpentier, Alejo, 149
cars, 114, 115, 118, 125, 138
Casa de Las Américas, 172–73
casas de cultura, 75