New York at War

by Steven H. Jaffe

  11 Rudd, Underground, 194–195; Wilkerson, Flying Close, 340–341.

  12 Homer Bigart, “Many Buildings Evacuated Here in Bomb Scares,” New York Times, March 13, 1970, 1; “History of Bombings Before ‘Village’ Explosion,” New York Times, March 13, 1970, 26; Michael Knight, “15 at the Electric Circus Injured in Bomb Explosion,” New York Times, March 23, 1970, 1.

  13 Peter Kihss, “Three Castro Foes Arrested in Firing of Bazooka at U.N.,” New York Times, December 23, 1964, 1; Vincent J. Cannato, The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 478–481; Joseph P. Fried, “2 Policemen Slain by Shots in Back; 2 Men Are Sought,” New York Times, May 22, 1971, 1.

  14 Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 24.

  15 “Bomb Kills One; Police Escape,” New York Times, March 29, 1908, 1; “No ‘Red’ Plot, Say the Police,” New York Times, March 30, 1908, 1; “Bomb Thrower Tells All,” New York Times, April 7, 1908, 1; Ibid., 96, 99, 101, 104–106.

  16 Julian F. Jaffe, Crusade Against Radicalism: New York During the Red Scare, 1914–1924 (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1972), 87–88, 93.

  17 Gage, The Day Wall Street, 31–37, 171, 329–330.

  18 Ibid., 325–326; Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 204–207, 245 n32. In a sense, the Wall Street bombing was anticipated by the similarly indiscriminate Preparedness Day bombing in San Francisco in July 1916, in which a suitcase bomb, allegedly planted by leftists, killed ten and wounded forty.

  19 Rudd, Underground, 215.

  20 Gitlin, The Sixties, 403; Hoffman, Autobiography, 249.

  21 Gage, The Day Wall Street, 28, 95; Robert M. Fogelson, America’s Armories: Architecture, Society, and Public Order (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 163.

  22 Gage, The Day Wall Street, 3; Richard Esposito and Ted Gerstein, Bomb Squad: A Year Inside the Nation’s Most Exclusive Police Unit (New York: Hyperion, 2007), 68–69.

  23 “Public Found to Take Hard View on Bombings, Hijackings, Riots,” New York Times, April 23, 1970, 26.

  24 Gage, The Day Wall Street, 313; Mel Gussow, “Tranquility Is Shaken On 11th Street,” New York Times, March 10, 1970, 45.

  25 Esposito and Gerstein, Bomb Squad, 78, 79, 255; Joseph T. McCann, Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetrators from the Famous to the Forgotten (Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications, 2006), 119, 120–121.

  26 Esposito and Gerstein, Bomb Squad, 79.

  27 Philip Foner, editor, The Black Panthers Speak (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1995), 280.

  28 Mike Wallace, “Nueva York: The Back Story,” in Nueva York: 1613–1945, ed. Edward J. Sullivan (New York: The New-York Historical Society, 2010), 51–53, 64; Ira Rosenwaike, Population History of New York City (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1972), 197.

  29 McCann, Terrorism on American Soil, 87–88.

  30 Ibid., 88–89, 91, 93–95.

  31 Esposito and Gerstein, Bomb Squad, 25, 45, 79–81.

  32 Ibid., 82–85.

  33 David A. Andelman, “Groups Claiming F.A.L.N. Ties Raid Offices of Bush and Carter,” New York Times, March 16, 1980, 1.

  34 Esposito and Gerstein, Bomb Squad, 87; Robert D. McFadden, “4 Killed, 44 Injured in Fraunces Tavern Blast,” New York Times, January 25, 1975, 1; Selwyn Raab, “F.A.L.N. Terrorists Tied to 10 Bombings Here and in Newark,” New York Times, February 7, 1975, 1.

  35 Wright, Looming Tower, 201–203; McCann, Terrorism on American Soil, 187–188; Esposito and Gerstein, Bomb Squad, 96–104.

  36 Steven Emerson, American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us (New York: Free Press, 2002), 52; Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, 3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 62–63.

  37 Andrew C. McCarthy, Willful Blindness: A Memoir of the Jihad (New York: Encounter Books, 2009), 192–193.

  38 Deborah Sontag, “Manhattan Is Held in the Grip of Traffic Snarls and Anxiety,” New York Times, February 27, 1993, 1.

  39 Esposito and Gerstein, Bomb Squad, 101; Emerson, American Jihad, 45–47.

  40 McCarthy, Willful Blindness, 188.

  41 Ibid., 231.

  42 Ibid., 78–79; Emerson, American Jihad, 130–131; Wright, Looming Tower, 204.

  43 Emerson, American Jihad, 51, 130, 251; Wright, Looming Tower, 164; The 9/11 Commission, The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, authorized ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 55–56, 58–59, 466–467n22.

  44 McCarthy, Willful Blindness, 89–90, 119–121, 127, 182.

  45 Emerson, American Jihad, 43–44; ibid., 127–134.

  46 McCann, Terrorism on American Soil, 191, 240–248; Samuel M. Katz, Jihad in Brooklyn: The NYPD Raid That Stopped America’s First Suicide Bombers (New York: New American Library, 2005), 128–136.

  47 Email communications to author from Katherine Edgerton, National September 11 Memorial & Museum, July 29 and September 16, 2010.

  48 Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror: Radical Islam’s War Against America (New York: Random House, 2002), 66–68, 91–93; 9/11 Commission Report, 161; James C. McKinley Jr., “Man Accused in Terror Plot Bombed Gay Bar, U.S. Says,” New York Times, January 14, 1995, 26.

  49 Benjamin and Simon, Age of Sacred Terror, 6, 92.

  Epilogue

  1 New York City Office of Emergency Management, Ready New York: Preparing for Emergencies in New York City, n.d., 4, 7.

  2 Mark Jacobson, “Muhammad Comes to Manhattan,” New York, August 30–September 6, 2010, 27–28; Fareed Zakaria, “The Real Ground Zero,” Newsweek , August 16, 2010, 18.

  3 Rob Snyder, “Losing the Best of 9/11,” Greater New York: A Blog About New York’s Politics, Culture and History, September 12, 2010.

  4 Steve Benen, “Meet Aliou Niasse,” Washington Monthly, May 5, 2010.

  5 Warren Lehrer and Judith Sloan, Crossing the BLVD: Strangers, Neighbors, Aliens in a New America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 321–329; Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, Candice C. Carter, Susanna Palomares, Linda K. Williams, and Bradley L. Winch, Chicken Soup for the Soul: Stories for a Better World (Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, 2005), 158–159.

  For Further Reading

  General

  Albion, Robert G. The Rise of New York Port: 1815–1860. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1939.

  Bayor, Ronald H., and Timothy J. Meagher, editors. The New York Irish. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

  Burns, Ric, and James Sanders, with Lisa Ades. New York: An Illustrated History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.

  Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

  Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History. New York: Coward-McCann, 1966.

  Gilmore, Russell S. Guarding America’s Front Door: Harbor Forts in the Defense of New York City. New York: The Fort Hamilton Historical Society, 1983.

  Homberger, Eric. The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City’s History, Revised and Updated. New York: Henry Holt, 2005.

  Lehrer, Warren, and Judith Sloan. Crossing the BLVD: Strangers, Neighbors, Aliens in a New America. New York: W. W. Norton, 2003.

  Lotchin, Roger W., editor. The Martial Metropolis: U.S. Cities in War and Peace. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1984.

  Page, Max. The City’s End: Two Centuries of Fantasies, Fears, and Premonitions of New York’s Destruction. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.

  Polaski, Leo, and Glen Williford. New York City’s Harbor Defenses. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2003.

  Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps. The Iconography of Manhattan Island. 6 volumes. New York: R. H. Dodd,
1915–1928.

  Dutch Colonial Era

  Haefeli, Evan. “Kieft’s War and the Cultures of Violence in Colonial America.” In Lethal Imagination: Violence and Brutality in American History. Edited by Michael A. Bellesiles. New York: New York University Press, 1999.

  Jacobs, Jaap. New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America. Leiden: Brill, 2005.

  Jameson, J. Franklin, editor. Narratives of New Netherland 1609–1664. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909.

  Kammen, Michael. Colonial New York: A History. New York: Scribner, 1975.

  Merwick, Donna. The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch-Amerindian Encounters in New Netherland. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.

  Otto, Paul. The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006.

  Shomette, Donald G., and Robert D. Haslach. Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672–1674. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.

  Van der Zee, Henri and Barbara. A Sweet and Alien Land: The Story of Dutch New York. New York: Viking Press, 1978.

  English Colonial Era

  Davis, Thomas J. A Rumor of Revolt: The “Great Negro Plot” in Colonial New York. New York: Free Press, 1985.

  Kammen, Michael. Colonial New York: A History. New York: Scribner, 1975.

  Lepore, Jill. New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.

  Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus Rediker. The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000.

  Matson, Cathy. Merchants and Empire: Trading in Colonial New York. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

  Nash, Gary B. The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.

  Ritchie, Robert C. Captain Kidd and the War Against the Pirates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.

  Swanson, Carl E. Predators and Prizes: American Privateering and Imperial Warfare, 1739–1748. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991.

  Truxes, Thomas M. Defying Empire: Trading with the Enemy in Colonial New York. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008,

  Zabin, Serena R., editor. The New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741: Daniel Horsmanden’s Journal of the Proceedings with Related Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004.

  American Revolution

  Burrows, Edwin G. Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War. New York: Basic Books, 2008.

  Gallagher, John J. The Battle of Brooklyn, 1776. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 1995.

  Gilje, Paul A. The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763–1834. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

  Hodges, Graham Russell. Root & Branch: African Americans in New York & East Jersey, 1613–1863. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

  Ketchum, Richard M. Divided Loyalties: How the American Revolution Came to New York. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.

  Martin, Joseph Plumb. A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier. New York: Signet Classic, 2001.

  McCullough, David. 1776. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005.

  Rose, Alexander. Washington’s Spies: The Story of America’s First Spy Ring. New York: Bantam Books, 2006.

  Schecter, Barnet. The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.

  Tiedemann, Joseph S., and Eugene R. Fingerhut, editors. The Other New York: The American Revolution Beyond New York City, 1763–1787. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005.

  Van Buskirk, Judith L. Generous Enemies: Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.

  French Revolutionary Era and War of 1812

  Crawford, Michael J., editor. The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. Volume 3. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 2002.

  Dudley, William S., editor. The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. Volumes 1 and 2. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985, 1992.

  Gilje, Paul A. Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

  Guernsey, R. S. New York City and Vicinity During the War of 1812–15 (2 volumes). New York: Charles L. Woodward, 1889, 1895.

  Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream. New York: Touchstone, 2002.

  Young, Alfred F. The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967.

  Civil War

  Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

  Brandt, Nat. The Man Who Tried to Burn New York. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1986.

  Cook, Adrian. The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974.

  Daly, Maria Lydig. Diary of a Union Lady, 1861–1865. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.

  Holzer, Harold, editor. State of the Union: New York and the Civil War. New York: Fordham University Press, 2002.

  McKay, Ernest A. The Civil War and New York City. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990.

  Nevins, Allan, and Milton Halsey Thomas, editors. The Diary of George Templeton Strong. 4 volumes. New York: Macmillan, 1952.

  Quigley, David. Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.

  Quigley, David, and David N. Gelman, editors. Jim Crow New York: A Documentary History of Race and Citizenship, 1777–1877. New York: New York University Press, 2003.

  Schecter, Barnet. The Devil’s Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. New York: Walker, 2006.

  Seraile, William. New York’s Black Regiments During the Civil War. New York: Routledge, 2001.

  Southwick, Thomas P. A Duryee Zouave. Brookneal, VA: Patrick A. Schroeder Publications, 1995.

  Spann, Edward K. Gotham at War: New York City, 1860–1865. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002.

  World War I

  Bendersky, Joseph W. The “Jewish Threat”: Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army. New York: Basic Books, 2000.

  Chernow, Ron. The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. New York: Grove Press, 1990.

  Clark, William Bell. When the U-Boats Came to America. Boston: Little, Brown, 1929.

  Herwig, Holger H. Politics of Frustration: The United States in German Naval Planning, 1889–1941. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976.

  Jaffe, Julian F. Crusade Against Radicalism: New York During the Red Scare, 1914–1924. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1972.

  Kennedy, David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

  Luebke, Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans and World War I. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1974.

  Millman, Chad. The Detonators: The Secret Plot to Destroy America and an Epic Hunt for Justice. New York: Little, Brown, 2006.

  Schaffer, Ronald. America in the Great War: The Rise of the War Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

  Sterba, Christopher M. Good Americans: Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

  Stone, Geoffrey R. Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004.

  Witcover, Jules. Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany’s Secret War in America, 1914–1917. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1989.

  World War II

  Anderson, Jervis. This Was Harle
m: A Cultural Portrait, 1900–1950. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1982.

  Bayor, Ronald H. Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929–1941. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

  Brandt, Nat. Harlem at War: The Black Experience in WWII. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996.

  Capeci, Dominic J., Jr. The Harlem Riot of 1943. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977.

  Diamond, Sander A. The Nazi Movement in the United States, 1924–1941. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974.

  Diehl, Lorraine B. Over Here! New York City During World War II. New York: HarperCollins, 2010.

  Diggins, John P. Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972.

  Dobbs, Michael. Saboteurs: The Nazi Raid on America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.

  Duffy, James P. Target: America: Hitler’s Plan to Attack the United States. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers 2004.

  Farago, Ladislas. The Game of the Foxes. New York: David McKay, 1971.

  Gammon, Michael. Operation Drumbeat: The Dramatic True Story of Germany’s First U-Boat Attacks Along the American Coast in World War II. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.

  Goldstein, Richard. Helluva Town: The Story of New York City During World War II. New York: Free Press, 2010.

  Griehl, Manfred. Luftwaffe Over America: The Secret Plans to Bomb the United States in World War II. London: Greenhill Books, 2004.

  Hartzell, Karl Drew. The Empire State at War: World War II. Albany: The State of New York, 1949.

  Kessner, Thomas. Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.

  Ketchum, Richard M. The Borrowed Years 1938–1941: America on the Way to War. New York: Random House, 1989.