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The Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England: A Handbook for Visitors to the Fourteenth Century

Page 42

by Ian Mortimer


  oats, 24, 27, 93, 95, 99, 164, 170, 171, 173–74, 228

  rye, 93, 154, 163, 168, 170, 307

  wheat, 24, 27, 93, 167, 170. See also bread

  grammar, 67

  Grandmontines, 46

  granite. See stone

  grapes. See fruit

  grass, 167

  grates, 150

  Gravesend, Richard, 66

  Gray, Thomas, 275

  Great Famine. See famine

  Great Plague. See diseases

  Great Schism, 44

  Great Yarmouth, 11

  Greece, 179

  Greek Orthodox, 72

  greetings, 89, 91–92

  Grey Friars. See Franciscans

  greyhounds. See dogs

  grooms, 101, 159, 160, 162, 180

  guesthouses. See monasteries

  guides, 125

  Guildford, 223, 253

  guildhalls, 16, 23, 232, 263. See also London

  guilds and guilds merchant, 87, 88, 94, 99–100, 298–99

  Guinevere, Queen, 269

  guns. See cannon

  haggis, 181

  Hailes, 269

  Hainault. See Low Countries

  hair, haircuts, 67, 95, 104, 105, 110, 113–14

  ramshorn style, 113

  removal of body hair, 118

  washing, 199–200, 211. See also beards

  Hall, John, 236

  halls, 146, 148–49, 153, 160, 161, 162, 163, 175–76, 180, 197, 211, 226, 248, 254, 274, 279, 285

  heating of, 146, 148, 153, 156, 161, 163, 164, 211, 285

  halters, 131

  hammocks, 141

  Hampshire, 33 hanaps, 149

  Hanekino the Fiddler, 248

  Hangest, Jean de, 298

  hanging. See executions; gallows

  Hanseatic League, 71

  harbors. See ports

  Hardyng, John, 39

  Harecourt, William, 149, 151–52, 260–61

  hares, 93, 173, 259–60

  recipe for cooking, 173

  Harfleur, 140

  harps. See musical instruments harrowing, 49

  harvests, harvesting, 29, 32, 51, 53, 97, 100, 117, 167, 169, 171–72, 209

  Hastings, 273

  Hatfield, Thomas, 45

  hats. See clothes

  Haverholm Abbey, 242

  Hawley, john, 72, 136

  Haxey Hood Game, 64

  hay 32, 92, 93, 146

  haywain, 30

  haywards, 24, 51

  headdresses. See clothes

  hedgehog grease, 212

  Hedon, 297

  height, 37, 288

  helmets, 119, 120, 121, 255, 258, 283

  Henry III, 20, 74, 294

  Henry IV, 3, 22, 39, 58, 71, 72, 77, 80, 81, 97, 98, 110, 133, 174, 183, 197, 249, 264, 265, 288, 295–96, 298, 302, 304, 307

  as Henry of

  Lancaster, 118, 133, 177, 199, 251, 278, 305, 308

  Henry the Baker, 224

  Henry V 20, 209, 307

  hens. See chickens

  Henwood, 202

  heraldry. See arms, coats of

  heralds, 248–49, 275

  herbology, 193

  herbs, 141, 146, 163, 167, 171, 173–75, 181, 185, 197, 213

  borage, 185

  camomile, 212

  cinquefoil, 193

  fennel, 185, 200

  garlic. See vegetables; hemlock 214

  henbane, 214

  hyssop, 185

  parsley, 171–72, 185

  sage, 171

  herces, 150

  Hereford, 11, 213, 229, 308

  Cathedral, 269

  diocese of, 296

  earls of. See Bohun family

  Herefordshire, 34, 203

  heresy. See crime

  heriots, 49, 227

  Herle, Robert, 120

  Herle, William, 242

  hermits, 43, 47, 54, 266

  herring. See fish

  Hertford Castle, 155, 211

  Hewen, Sarah, 227

  Hewen, Simon, 227

  Hexham, 270

  hides: pieces of, 166

  tanned, 21, 93, 232

  Higden, Ranulph, 276

  High Peak, 243

  highways, 124, 126–27, 159, 222, 242, 245. See also roads

  Hippocrates, 194

  hockey, 263

  hocking, 63, 67

  hogshead. See units of measurement

  Holland. See Low Countries

  Holland, John, 62

  Holy Land, 71, 79

  Holy Oil of St. Thomas, 77

  Holy Roman Empire, 44, 260

  homosexuality, 244

  honey, 133, 174–75, 212

  honeysuckle gum, 212

  Hoodman Blind, 261

  hoods. See clothes

  hops, 174

  horseshoes, 93

  horses and ponies, 93, 97, 123, 127, 130–35, 141, 145–16, 211, 228, 230, 238, 287

  blind, 131

  carthorses, 172

  eating of, 168

  flaying of, 22

  hire of, 133

  horse brushes, 132

  medicine for. See veterinary care; messengers, 133

  mules, 287

  packhorses, 9, 25, 130–32, 133

  properties of a good horse, 131

  riding sidesaddle, 132

  status and horses, 131, 145–46, 153

  sumpter horses, 131

  value of, 131–32

  warhorses, 121, 131, 248, 256–57. See also stables

  hospitality, 143, 152

  Hospitallers. See Knights Hospitaller

  hospitals, 16, 23, 47, 119, 154, 191–92, 205, 211

  houses: rural, 29–32, 35, 163–66

  town, 12–16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 148–49, 156, 161, 221. See also cottages; longhouses; manor houses

  hue and cry, the, 219, 222–23, 228

  hulks. See ships and boats

  humor, 63–65, 67, 214, 254

  humoral theory, 192–94, 210, 212

  hundreds, 218, 224–26. See also courts

  Hungary, 258

  Hunstanton, 304

  hunting, 65, 80, 119, 258–61, 301

  with dogs, 259–60

  falconers, 260

  with falcons and hawks, 141, 149, 152, 162, 260–61

  huntsmen and fewterers, 160, 259

  with nets, 173, 260

  with slings, 116, 173. See also coneys; hares; wildfowl

  Huntingdon, Earl of, 156

  Huntingdonshire, 33, 218, 295

  husbandmen, 43

  Hyde Abbey, 296

  hygiene. See baths and bathing; cleaning; sanitation

  hypocras. See wine

  Iceland, 82

  Icknield Way 126

  identity, 86–88

  immigration, urban, 21, 50

  incomes of: bishops, 45

  carpenters, 98–99

  carters, 53

  churchwardens, 68

  esquires, 43, 105

  gentlemen, 43, 105

  harvest workers, 100

  knights, 41, 104

  laborers, 53, 98, 99, 177

  lawyers, 101

  masons, 100–101

  merchants, 42, 43, 53, 105

  monasteries, 47

  noblemen, 41, 104

  peasants, 51

  physicians, 101

  servants, 101

  thatchers, 100

  thatchers’ mates, 100

  tilers, 100

  traders, 53

  India, 72, 73

  indulgences, 76, 129, 169

  infangenthef, 227–28

  infirmarers. See monasteries

  inflation, 97, 167

  Inge, John, 241

  injuries, 37–38, 63, 191, 194, 214, 234, 258, 263. See also bonesetting; diseases; surgery

  inns, innkeepers, 9, 12, 16, 23, 24, 85, 119, 123, 131, 144–47, 152, 161, 180, 233

  cost of hostelry 147

  Ipswich, 11, 252
<
br />   Ireland, 60, 72

  duke of. See Vere, Robert de

  Irish Sea, 123, 135

  iron. See metal

  Isabella, Queen, 19, 41, 57, 71, 106, 211, 239, 241, 272, 295, 311

  Isle of Wight, 140

  Islington, 124

  Israelites, 271

  Italy Italians, 44, 168, 201, 271, 274, 284

  itinerant poor. See vagrants ivory 212

  Japan, 276

  jelly 182, 184

  Jerusalem, 72, 82, 141, 267, 276

  jesters, 52. See also Bernard the Fool

  jeu de paume, 231, 263

  jewels, jewelers, 15, 20, 92, 104, 105, 106, 112–13, 118–19, 267

  pearls, 106, 107, 119, 228, 300

  significance of, 118–19

  worn by men, 119. See also brooches; clasps; goldsmiths; livery; silversmiths

  John II, king of France, 140

  John, king of England, 77, 128, 197, 238

  John of Gaunt, 19, 41, 155, 159, 295

  John of Salisbury, 74

  John the Baptist, 74

  Joseph of Arimathea, 269

  jousts, 19, 37, 120, 121, 133, 247, 255–58, 309

  of war, 257–58, 310

  judges, 12, 49, 56, 68, 70, 221–23, 234–35, 237–38, 241–43, 245. See also

  Justices of the Peace

  jugglers, 16, 52, 53, 251

  jugs, 151, 156, 162, 166, 174. See also ewers; flagons

  jurors, 38, 51

  Justices of the Peace, 221, 238–39

  Keepers of the Peace, 238, 242

  Kenfig, 308

  Kenilworth, 155

  Kennington, 254

  Kent, 25, 31, 33, 75, 174, 237, 238

  King’s Evil. See diseases

  King’s Langley 84, 248

  King’s Lynn. See Lynn

  Kingsland, 205

  Kingston upon Hull, 11

  kinship networks, 69

  Kirkstall Abbey, 153

  kissing, 91

  kitchens, 116, 117, 143, 149, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 162, 185, 186, 195, 254

  kneeling, 89

  Knighton, Henry, 97, 204, 207–8

  knights, 10, 14, 15, 37, 38, 40–11, 42, 51, 65–66, 67, 80, 81, 88, 108, 197, 240, 243, 254, 256–58, 260, 276, 278, 280

  chamber, 160

  clothes of, 104, 266

  fighting overseas, 72

  permitted to wear swords, 121

  physical strength of, 120

  Knights Hospitaller, 42, 46

  Knights Templar, 28, 42, 46, 225

  Knightsbridge, 22, 205

  knitting, 117

  knives, 10, 117, 121, 132, 189, 241, 263

  carving, 182

  Königsberg, 72

  Kyteler, Alice, 76

  La Tour Landry, knight of, 247

  laborers, laboring, 43, 50, 51, 53, 98, 99, 100, 115, 170, 175, 232, 239

  Lake District, 128–29

  lamb. See sheep

  Lambeth, 70

  Lammastide, 172

  Lancashire, 27, 33, 280

  Lancaster, Blanche of, 252, 284

  Lancaster, Henry (d. 1345), Earl of, 63, 241

  Lancaster, Henry (d. 1361), as earl of Derby 257

  Lancaster, Henry (d. 1361), duke of, 65, 183

  Lancaster, Henry of. See Henry IV

  Lancaster, John (d. 1399), duke of. See John of

  Gaunt

  lances, 120, 121, 256, 258

  Langland, WiËiam, 172, 247, 252, 275, 279–80, 292. See also Piers Plowman

  Langley See King’s

  Langley languages, 10, 79–82

  lanterns, 85, 132, 141, 161

  lastage, 130

  latches, 166

  Lateran Council: Fourth (1215), 210

  Third (1179), 204

  Latin, 10, 81–82, 213, 272–73, 276, 278

  Latini, Bruno, 272

  latrines, privies, 13, 14, 30, 127

  in castles (garderobe), 161, 162

  in inns, 146

  in monasteries, 153, 161

  in rural houses, 165

  on ships, 141, 142. See also close-stools; gongfermors

  Latthere, Richard and Emma de, 234

  lavender, 146, 171, 198

  law, the: common law, 234–35, 239

  customary

  laws. See manorial customs; town ordinances. See also courts; judges;

  lawyers; Magna Carta; specific statutes

  Lawrence. Master, 211 lawyers, 43, 52, 68, 100, 101, 177, 280. See also judges

  lay brethren, 186, 188

  laying out the dead, 58 le Bel, Jean. See Bel

  leather, leatherwork 12, 15, 23, 93–94, 116, 118, 121, 134

  calfskin, 115

  Cordovan, 110

  flasks of, 132. See also cordwainers

  leeches, 215

  leeks. See vegetables

  Leicester, 11, 26, 94, 98, 154, 241–42, 252

  Leicestershire, 241–42

  lemons. See fruit

  Lent, 169, 183, 184, 187, 188

  Léon, Hervé de, 140

  Leonardo da Vinci, 78

  leopards, 18

  lepers, leprosy. See diseases

  leyrwite, 227

  libraries, 18, 272–75. See also books

  licenses to crenellate, 154–55

  Lichfield, 39, 269, 296

  life expectancy. See longevity

  lighthouses, 140

  lily of the valley, 65

  limewash, 30

  Lincoln, 11, 133, 252

  bishop of, 309

  Cathedral, 18, 268, 269

  diocese of, 70, 203, 296

  Lincolnshire, 27, 116, 138, 241, 249

  Lindisfarne, 269

  linen. See cloth

  linseed, 212

  lions, 18

  Lisle, Alice de, 228

  Lisle, William de, 308

  literacy 9, 58, 67–68, 243, 297

  Lithuania, 71, 72, 82

  litters, 134–35, 153

  Little, John, 274

  livery, 103, 156, 162, 231

  collars, 119

  necklaces, 119

  livestock 12, 21, 23, 51, 92, 97, 167. See also cattle; goats; meat; pigs; sheep

  Llandaff, diocese of, 296

  Llywelyn Bren, 236

  lobsters. See fish

  locks, 163, 166

  logic, 67

  London, 1, 11, 12, 16–22, 53, 64, 72, 75, 84, 85, 87, 100, 102–3, 121, 128, 130, 132, 149, 154, 177, 179, 197, 201, 202–3, 205, 206, 220, 228–29, 234, 252, 254, 277, 278, 283, 284, 299, 301

  aldermen, 22, 228–29, 238

  Aldgate, 288, 307

  Allhallows on the Wall, 245

  bishops of, 66, 245

  Charterhouse, 66

  Clerkenwell, 252

  Cornhill, 229

  diocese of, 296

  Fleet Prison, 21

  Fleet Street, 228

  gates, 18, 19, 220, 254, 288

  gates., 85, 124

  Guildhall, 94

  guilds, 100

  Leadenhall, 92

  London Bridge, 17, 18, 128, 236, 254

  mayors of, 22, 64, 99, 206, 228–29, 262

  Mile End, 205

  Newgate, 254

  Savoy 19

  sheriffs of, 218, 228

  Smithfield, 19, 92, 124, 294

  Southwark 20, 85, 198, 205, 254, 288, 292

  St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 192, 207

  St. Martin’s le Grand, 84, 85

  St. Paul’s Cathedral, 18

  Strand, 17, 19

  Thames Street, 148

  Tower Hill, 236

  Tower of, 18, 74, 97, 236, 272

  Tyburn, 20, 228–29, 236, 294

  walls of, 18, 85, 294

  longbows. See bows

  longevity, 36–39, 58, 201, 295. See also old people

  longhouses, 32

  lords. See manorial lords; noblemen

  Lords Appellant, 124–25

  louvres, 3
0

  Low Countries, 71, 106, 109, 131, 243, 275, 284

  Ludlow Castle, 155, 303

  Lumley Castle, 303

  Luttrell, Geoffrey, 249

  Luttrell Psalter, 301

  Lydgate, John, 293

  Lynn, 11, 71

  madness, 118, 255

  magic, 74–78, 210

  magistrates. See Justices of the Peace

  Magna Carta, 235

  maintenance. See crime

  malaria. See diseases

  mallows, 212

  Malmesbury 251, 296

  malnutrition, 50, 167. See also famine

  maltsters, 230

  Mandeville, John, 73, 276–77, 280

  manners and politeness, 62, 89–92, 196, 286, 298

  Manny, Walter, 66, 136

  Mannyng, Richard, 277

  manor houses, 23, 32, 34, 51, 117, 126, 127, 144, 156, 161, 183, 186

  fortified, 154–56

  manorial courts. See courts

  manorial customs, 49, 52, 68. See also service

  manorial lords, 29, 32, 34, 40–11, 42, 48–51, 67, 69, 127, 156, 174, 185, 188, 219, 223, 227–28, 308

  manorial officers. See ale-tasters; bailiffs; haywards; receivers; reeves; timings maps, 72, 123–25

  March, Earl of. See Mortimer, Roger

  Marches of Scotland and Wales. See Scotland; Wales

  Margaret, Queen, 106

  mariners, 52, 69, 71, 136

  market crosses, 16, 23

  marketplaces, 14, 16, 23–24, 93–94, 228, 230

  markets, 17, 23, 84, 92–95, 174–77, 230. See also marketplaces; stallage; times

  Marlborough, Statute of, 308

  marmalade. See preserves and pickles marriage, 38, 49–50, 54, 55, 59–60, 63, 159, 286–87

  marshals, 89, 161

  marshland, 27

  Martinmas, 169

  masons, 12, 34, 43, 100–101

  Mass, 16, 48, 66, 154, 188, 251, 261

  mattresses. See beds and bedding

  Mayn, John, 206

  mayors, 42, 218. See also Dartmouth; London

  mazers, 149, 151, 175, 179

  mead, 175, 179

  meadows, 25

  meals, 32, 90, 168, 170, 188, 197, 280

  breakfast, 168, 180, 188

  dinner, 168, 172, 180, 182, 188

  supper, 164, 169, 180, 189. See also feasts

  measurement. See units of measurement

  meat, 10, 93, 94, 95, 147, 156, 162, 164, 169–70, 172, 176, 178, 180, 181, 185, 187, 286

  bacon, 93, 168, 171–72, 188, 286, 304

  beef, 10, 90, 168, 176, 177, 181, 188, 304

  brawn, 181

  entrails, 188, 231–32

  fawn, 182

  feet of animals, 10, 229

  ham, 168

  kid, 176, 182

  lamb, 176, 188

  liver, 187

  meatballs, 181

  mutton, 10, 173, 177, 181, 188, 200, 211

  offal, 187

  pork, 176, 177, 181, 188

  pottage, 181, 185

  rules about eating, 169, 174, 180, 183, 187

  salted, 163, 169

  stock, 171–72

  sucking pig, 177

  veal, 188

  venison, 181. See also cattle; coneys; game; goats; hares; jelly; livestock; pigs; poultry; sheep; wildfowl

  medical degrees, 194, 211

 

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