The Chinese Typewriter
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shehui zhuyi 社會主義 socialism
shehui zuzhi mingcheng de pan 社會組織名稱的盤 social structure terms tray
shengchan 生產 production
Sheng Jiping 盛濟平
Sheng Lianzhen 盛練貞
Sheng Yaozhang 盛耀章
shi 式 style
shiwan ren zhong qiu yi ren 十萬人中求一人 search for one person out of 100,000
shuangge pai Zhongwen daziji 雙鴿牌中文打字機 Double Pigeon-brand Chinese typewriter
shuru 輸入 input
shurufa 輸入法 input method
Shu Zhendong 舒震東
Shu Zhendong Chinese Typewriter 舒震東華文打字機
sijiao haoma 四角號碼 Four-Corner Code
siku quanshu 四庫全書 Four Treasuries
songti 宋體 Song-style character
Sougou Pinyin 搜狗拼音 Sougou pinyin input
Sugimoto Kyōta 杉本京太
Tadahisa Sakurada 櫻田常久
tadashii shushi no keitai 正しい手指の形態 correct form for the fingers
tadashii taipuraichingu no shisei 正しいタイプライチングの姿勢 correct typewriting posture
taipisuto netsu タイピスト熱 typist fever
taipuraitā タイプライター typewriter
Tang Chongli 唐崇李
taolun 討論 discussion
Ta Tsing Leu Lee. 大清律例 Great Qing Legal Code
teyong wenzi 特用文字 special usage characters
ti 提 to lift/raise
ti 题 topic
Tianshu 天书 Book from the Sky
tongsu dazipan 通俗打字盤 popular typewriter tray bed
tongsu jiaokeshu 通俗教科書 popular textbook
tongsu jiaoyu 通俗教育 popular education
tongsu tushuguan 通俗圖書館 popular library
tongsu yanjiang 通俗演講 popular lecture
tongwen 同文 shared civilization
Wang Jingchun 王景春
Wang Yunwu 王雲五
wanneng shi Huawen daziji 萬能式華文打字機 Wanneng-style Chinese typewriter
Wei Geng 魏赓
weiyuan 委員 committee member
wen 问 to question/question
wuchan jieji 無產階級 proletariat
Wuying dian 武英殿 Imperial Printing Office
Xin dazi caozuofa 新打字操作法 New Typing Method
xing 形 shape
xin nüxing 新女性 new woman
xinxing gongye 新興工業 contribute to emerging enterprise
xin yun suoyin fa 新韻所引發 New Rhyme-Based Indexing System
xiugai daziji zibiao huiyi 修改打字機字表會議 Meeting for the Improvement of the Typewriter Character Chart
Xu Bing 徐冰
xuesheng 學生 student
Y.C. James Yen 晏阳初
yi 義 meaning
yici gaipai 一次改排 all-at-once rearrangement
yideng gongchen 一等功臣 First-Class Hero
yijian 意見 opinion
yin 音 sound
yinshuaji 印刷機 printing machine
yinwei 因為 because
yin-yi-xing 音義形 sound-meaning-shape
yitizi 異體字 variant characters
yong shou chaolu 用手抄錄 copy and record by hand
yong zi bafa 用字八法 eight fundamental strokes of the character yong
Yu Binqi 俞斌祺
Yu Binqi Zhongwen dazi zhiye xuexiao 俞斌祺中文打字職業學校 Yu Binqi Chinese Typing Professional School
yun shuru 雲輸入法 cloud input
Zhang Jiying 張繼英
Zhang Xianglin 張祥麟
Zhang Xieji daziji gongsi 張協記打字機公司 Chang Yah Kee Typewriter Company
Zhang Yuanji 張元濟
zhaoshu 詔書 imperial edict
Zhao Yuanren 趙元任
zhengzhi 政治 politics
Zhongguo 中國 China
Zhonghua minguo 中華民國 Republic of China
zhongshi wenzi 重視文字 place importance on writing
Zhou Houkun 周厚坤
zhuaju minzhong jianzi de xinli 抓住民眾檢字的心理 to grasp the psychology of retrieval among the masses
zhuri gaijin 逐日改進 gradual improvement
zhuyin zimu 注音字母 Chinese phonetic alphabet
zibiao 字標 character positioning device
zipan 字盤 tray bed
zi ru qiren 字如其人 writing is like the person
zongheng shi Huawen daziji 縱橫式華文打字機 Vertical-Horizontal-style Chinese typewriter
zu 祖 ancestor
Bibliography of Sources
Machines
Adji Saka Pallava Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1911 (Germany/Meteor Co.). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Blickensderfer Oriental Hebrew Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1900 (United States). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Caligraph Typewriter. Manufactured 1892 (United States). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Chinese Typewriter Formerly Employed at Chinese Church in London. Superwriter style, manufactured in 1971 by the Chinese Typewriter Company Limited Stock Corporation (Zhongguo daziji zhizaochang) [中 國 打 字 機 製 造 倉], a subsidiary of Japanese Business Machines Limited (Nippon keieiki kabushikigaisha) [日 本 經 營 機 株 式 會 社]. Author’s personal collection.
Chinese Typewriter Formerly Employed at the First Chinese Baptist Church in San Francisco, California. Double Pigeon style, manufactured in 1971. Author’s personal collection.
Chinese Typewriter Formerly Employed at the United Nations (Geneva). Double Pigeon style, manufactured in 1972 by the Shanghai Calculator and Typewriter Factory (Shanghai jisuanji daziji chang), housed at the Musée de la Machine à Écrire, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Chinese Typewriter Formerly Employed at UNESCO (Paris). Double Pigeon style, manufactured in 1971 by the Shanghai Calculator and Typewriter Factory (Shanghai jisuanji daziji chang), housed at the Musée de la Machine à Écrire, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Chinese Typewriter Formerly Employed by Translator Philippe Kantor at l’École des Mines and Other Institutions in Paris. Double Pigeon style, manufactured in 1972 by the Shanghai Calculator and Typewriter Factory (Shanghai jisuanji daziji chang), housed at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, cataloged as “Machine à écrire asiatique,” inventory no. 43582-0000, location code ZAB35TRE E02.
Chinese Typewriter Formerly Employed by Wang Shou-ling in Uppsala. Double Pigeon style, manufactured circa 1970, housed at the Tekniska Museet, Stockholm, cataloged as “Skrivmaskin/Chinese Typewriter,” inventory no. TM44032 Klass 1417.
Chinese Typewriter Formerly Owned by Georges Charpak. Double Pigeon style, manufactured in 1992 by the Shanghai Calculator and Typewriter Factory (Shanghai jisuanji daziji chang), housed at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris, cataloged as “Machine à écrire à caractères chinois,” inventory no. 44566-0001, location code ZAB35TRE E02.
Hall Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1880 (United States). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Heady Index Typewriter. Manufactured 1924. Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Ideal Polyglott German-Russian Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1904 (Germany). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Improved Shu Zhendong-Style Chinese Typewriter (Gailiang Shu shi Huawen daziji) [改 良 舒 式 華 文 打 字 機]. Manufactured circa 1935, housed at the Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
Japanese Typewriter Formerly Owned by H.S. Watanabe.
Manufactured in the 1930s by the Nippon Typewriter Company (Tokyo). Author’s personal collection.
Malling Hansen Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1867 (Denmark?/ Hans Rasmus Johan Malling-Hansen). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Mignon Schreibmaschine Model 2. Manufactured 1905 (Germany). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Olivetti M1. Manufactured circa 1911 (Italy). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Orga Privat Greek Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1923 (Germany). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Remington 2. Manufactured circa 1878 (United States). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Remington 10 Hebrew Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1910 (United States). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Remington Siamese Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1925 (United States). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Simplex Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1901 (United States). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Tastaturen-Verzeichnis für die Mignon-Schreibmaschine. AEG-Deutsche Werke, Berlin, Germany. Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Toshiba Japanese Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1935. Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Underwood 5 Russian Typewriter. Manufactured circa 1900 (United States). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Yost 2. Manufactured circa 1882 (United States/George Washington Newton Yost). Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinenmuseum/Museo delle Macchine da Scrivere, Partschins (Parcines), Italy.
Yost 10. Manufactured circa 1887 (United States). Musée de la Machine à Écrire, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Chinese-Language Sources
“Agriculture and Commercial Bureau Grants Five-Year Patent Rights to Typewriter Invented by Qi Xuan (Nongshang bu zi Qi Xuan suo faming daziji pin zhunyu zhuanli wunian) [農 商 部 咨 祁 暄 所 發 明 打 字 機 品 准 予 專 利 五 年].” Zhonghua quanguo shanghui lianhehui huibao [中 華 全 國 商 會 聯 合 報 會 報] 3, no. 1 (1916): 8.
Baoji County Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (Zhongguo gongchandang Baoji xian weiyuanhui) [中 国 共 产 党 宝 鸡 县 委 员 会]. “Survey Report on Living Conditions and Political Attitudes in Baoji County (Zhonggong Baoji xianwei guanyu nongmin sixiang qingkuang de diaocha baogao) [中 共 宝 鸡 县 县 委 关 于 农 民 思 想 情 况 的 调 查 报 告].” August 17, 1957.
“Beijing Baoshan and Guangde Chinese Typing Supplementary Schools (Beijing shi sili Baoshan, Guangde Huawen dazi buxi xuexiao) [北 京 市 私 立 寶 善 、 廣 德 華 文 打 字 補 習 學 校].” BMA J004-002-00579 (July 1, 1938).
“Beijing Jiyang Typing School Temporarily Ceases Operation (Beijing shi sili Jiyang Huawen dazi buxi xuexiao zanxing tingban) [北 京 市 私 立 暨 陽 華 文 打 字 補 習 學 校 暫 行 停 辦].” BMA J002-003-00636 (January 1, 1939).
Biaozhun zhengkai mingmi dianma xinbian [標 準 正 楷 明 密 電 碼 新 編]. Shanghai: Da bei dianbao gongsi—Da dong dianbao gongsi, 1937. Rigsarkivet [Danish National Archives]. Copenhagen, Denmark. 10619 GN Store Nord A/S. 1870–1969 Kode- og telegrafbøger. Kodebøger 1924–1969.
Biography of Yu Binqi. Shanghai Notables (1943).
“Business Class Adds Course in Chinese Typing (Shangke tianshe Zhongwen daziji kecheng) [商 科 添 設 中 文 打 字 機 課 程].” Zhejiang shengli Hangzhou gaoji zhongxue xiaokan [浙 江 省 立 杭 州 高 级 中 学 校 刊] 119 (1935): 841.
“Business News (Shangchang xiaoxi) [商 場 消 息].” Shenbao [申 報] (October 27, 1926), 19–20.
Chen Guangyao [陳 光 垚]. Essays on the Simplification of Chinese Characters (Jianzi lunji) [簡 字 論 集]. Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1931.
Chen Wangdao [陈 望 道]. Collected Articles of Chen Wangdao on Language and Writing (Chen Wangdao yuwen lunji) [陈 望 道 语 文 论 集]. Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe, 1980.
Chen Youxun [陳 有 勳]. “Report on a Comparison of Four-Corner Look-Up and Radical Look-Up (Sijiao haoma jianzifa yu bushou jianzifa de bijiao shiyan baogao) [四 角 號 碼 檢 字 法 與 部 首 檢 字 法 的 比 較 實 驗 報 告].” Educational Weekly (Jiaoyu zhoukan) [教 育 周 刊] 177 (1933): 14–20.
Cheng Yangzhi [程 養 之], ed. Chinese Typing Manual for the Wanneng-Style Typewriter (Wanneng shi daziji shiyong Zhongwen dazi shouce) [万 能 式 打 字 机 适 用 中 文 打 字 手 册]. Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1956. Appendix includes Wanneng-Style Chinese Typewriter Basic Character Table (Wanneng shi Zhongwen daziji jiben zipan biao) [万 能 式 中 文 打 字 机 基 本 字 盘 表].
“China Standard Typewriter Mfg. Co.” SMA U1-4-3582 (August 7, 1943), 11–13.
“Chinese Inventors Association Preparatory Conference Held Yesterday (Zhongguo famingren xiehui zuori kai choubeihui) [中 國 發 明 人 協 會 昨 日 開 籌 備 會].” Shenbao [申 報] (February 1, 1937), 21.
“A Chinese Typewriter (Huawen daziqi) [華 文 打 字 器].” Half Weekly (Ban xinqi bao) [半 星 期 報] 18 (July 3, 1908): 39.
“Chinese Typewriter: A New Invention (Zhongguo dazi jiqi zhi xin faming) [中 國 打 字 機 器 之 新 發 明].” Tongwen bao [通 問 報] 656 (1915): 8.
Chinese Typewriter Character Arrangement Table (Huawen daziji wenzi pailie biao) [華 文 打 字 機 文 字 排 列 表]. Character table included with Teaching Materials for the Chinese Typewriter (Huawen dazi jiangyi) [華 文 打 字 講 義], n.p., n.d. (produced pre-1928, circa 1917).
“Chinese Typewriter Continues to Be Exempted from Export Tariff (Huawen daziji jixu mian chukou shui) [華 文 打 字 機 繼 續 免 出 口 稅].” Gongshang banyuekan [工 商 半 月 刊] 2, no. 17 (1930): 12.
“Chinese Typewriter: Lin Yutang’s Improvement Successful, in Time Will Match English (Zhongwen daziji: Lin Yutang gailiang chenggong, xu shi yu Yingwen xiangdeng) [中 文 打 字 機: 林 語 堂 改 良 成 功, 需 時 與 英 文 相 等].” Dazhong wenhua 3 (1946): 21.
“Chinese Typewriter Promoted in South China Seas (Huawen daziji tuixiao nanyang) [華 文 打 字 機 推 銷 南 洋].” Shenbao [申 報] (May 2, 1924), 21.
“The Chinese Typewriter: Resisting Japan and Supporting China (Kang ri sheng Zhong zhi Zhongwen daziji [抗 日 聲 中 之 中 文 打 字 機].” Shenbao [申 報] (January 26, 1932), 12.
Chinese Typewriter Tray Bed Comprehensive Character Arrangement Reference Table (Zhongwen daziji zipan zi zonghe pailie cankaobiao) [中 文 打 字 机 字 盘 字 综 合 排 列 参 考 表]. Appendix of Zhu Shirong [朱 世 荣], ed. Manual for Chinese Typists (Zhongwen daziyuan shouce) [中 文 打 字 员 手 册. Chongqing: Chongqing chubanshe, 1988.
Chow, H.K. [Zhou Houkun]. “Specifications for Asphalt Cement.” Gongcheng (Zhongguo gongcheng xuehui huikan) 5, no. 4 (1930): 517–521.
Commercial Press [商 务 印 书 馆], ed. Ninety-Five Years of the Commercial Press, 1897–1992/The Commercial Press and Me (Shangwu yinshuguan jiushiwu nian, 1897–1992/Wo he Shangwu yinshuguan) [商 务 印 书 馆 九 十 五 年/我 和 商 务 印 书 馆]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1992.
“Commercial Press Establishes Chinese Typewriting Class (Shangwu yinshuguan she Huawen daziji lianxi ke) [商 務 印 書 館 設 華 文 打 字 機 練 習 課].” Education and Vocation (Jiaoyu yu zhiye) [教 育 與 職 業] 10 (1918): 8.
Communication between Tianjin Municipal Government Department of Education (Tianjin shi zhengfu
jiaoyuju) [天 津 市 政 府 教 育 局] and Junde Chinese Typing Institute (Junde Huawen dazi zhiye buxi xuexiao) [峻 德 華 文 打 字 職 業 補 習 學 校]. TMA J110-1-808 (March 5, 1948), 1–12.
Communication between Tianjin Municipal Government Department of Education (Tianjin shi zhengfu jiaoyuju) [天 津 市 政 府 教 育 局] and the International Typing Institute (Guoji dazi chuanxisuo) [國 際 打 字 傳 習 所]. TMA J110-1-838 (July 6, 1946), 1–15.
“Consulate Purchases Chinese Typewriter (Lingshiguan zhi Hanwen daziji) [領 事 館 置 漢 文 打 字 機].” Chinese Times (Tai Hon Kong Bo) [大 漢 公 報] (May 18, 1925), 3. [Published in Vancouver, Canada.]
“Curriculum Vitae of Teaching Staff and Student Roster of the Private Yucai Chinese Typing Vocational Supplementary School in Beiping (Beiping shi sili Yucai Huawen dazike zhiye buxi xuexiao zhijiaoyuan lüli biao, xuesheng mingji biao) [北 平 市 私 立 育 才 華 文 打 字 科 職 業 補 習 學 校 職 教 員 履 歷 表 、 學 生 名 籍 表].” BMA J004-002-00662 (July 31, 1939).
Dan Jinrong [單 錦 蓉]. “Suggested Improvements to the Method by which Character Tray Beds are Organized on Chinese Typewriters (Jianyi gaijin Zhongwen daziji zipan pailie fangfa) [建 議 改 進 中 文 打 字 機 字 盤 排 列 方 法].” People’s Daily (Renmin ribao) [人 民 日 报] (July 23, 1952).
Deng Zhixiu [邓 智 秀]. “The Achievements of Beijing Model Worker Shen Yunfen (Beijing laomo Shen Yunfen de shiji) [北 京 劳 模 沈 蕴 芬 的 事 迹].” Beijing: Dianli laomowang [电 力 劳 模 网] (March 6, 2006), http://www.sjlmw.com/html/beijing/20060306/2193.html (accessed January 23, 2010).
“Diagram Explaining Production of Chinese Typewriter (Chuangzhi Zhongwen daziji tushuo) [創 制 中 文 打 字 機 圖 說].” Guohuo yuebao [國 貨 月 報] 2 (1915): 1–12.
“Diagram Explaining Production of Chinese Typewriter (Chuangzhi Zhongguo daziji tushuo) [創 制 中 國 打 字 機 圖 說].” Zhonghua gongchengshi xuehui huikan [中 華 工 程 師 學 會 會 刊] 2, no. 10 (1915): 15–29.
“Discounted Prices Will No Longer Be Available for Typewriters (Daziji jianjia jijiang zaizhi) [打 字 機 廉 價 即 將 截 止].” Shenbao [申 報] (April 24, 1927), 15.