[2017] Lore of Nutrition: Challenging Conventional Dietary Beliefs

by Tim Noakes

  66.M.M. Shams-White, M. Chung, M. Du, et al. ‘Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analyysis from the National osteoporosis Foundation.’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 105, 2017: 1528–1543.

  67.S. Mark, S. du Toit, T.D. Noakes et al., ‘A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings’, SAMJ 106(8), 2016: 763–6.

  68.SAHA, ‘Diet for prevention of cardiovascular disease’, available at https://www.saheart.org/files/banting.pdf (last accessed 22 August 2017).

  69.See the Heart Mark product list: http://www.heartfoundation.co.za/products.

  70.J.S. Volek, S.D. Phinney, C.E. Forsythe et al., ‘Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet’, Lipids 44(4), 2009: 297–309.

  71.S. Mark, S. du Toit, T.D. Noakes et al., ‘A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings’, SAMJ 106(8), 2016: 763–6.

  72.G. Taubes, Good Calories, Bad Calories (New York: Anchor Books, 2007), 34.

  73.J.P. Ioannidis, ‘Why most published research findings are false’, PLoS Medicine 2(8), 2005: e124; J.P. Ioannidis, ‘Evidence-based medicine has been hijacked: A report to David Sackett’, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 73, 2016: 82–6; J.P. Ioannidis, ‘Acknowledging and overcoming nonreproducibility in basic and preclinical research’, JAMA 317(10), 2017: 1019. J.P. Ioannidis, M.E. Stuart, S. Brownlee et al. ‘How to survive the medical misinformation mess.’ European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2017 Sept 7. doi 10.1111/eci. 12834 [Epub ahead of print].

  74.J.P. Ioannidis, ‘We need more randomized trials in nutrition-preferably large, long-term, and with negative results’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103(6), 2016: 1385–6.

  75.J.P. Ioannidis, ‘Implausible results in human nutrition research’, BMJ 2013;347:f6698.

  76.A.W. Brown, J.P. Ioannidis, M.B. Cope et al., ‘Unscientific beliefs about scientific topics in nutrition’, Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md) 5(5), 2014: 563–5.

  77.Ibid.

  78.J.P. Ioannidis, ‘The mass production of redundant, misleading, and conflicted systematic reviews and meta-analyses’, Milbank Quarterly 94(3), 2016: 485–514.

  79.J. le Fanu, The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (London: Abacus, 2013), 398–9.

  80.E. Klug, ‘South African dyslipidaemia guideline consensus statement’, SAMJ 102(3 Pt 2), 2012: 178–87.

  81.L.H. Opie and A.J. Dalby, ‘Cardiovascular prevention: Lifestyle and statins – competitors or companions?’, SAMJ 104(3), 2014: 168–73.

  82.P.C. Gøtzsche, Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma has Corrupted Healthcare (Florida: CRC Press, 2013), 26–32.

  83.Ibid., 61.

  84.K. Child, ‘Tim Noakes diet is “criminal” says doctor’, Times, 4 August 2014.

  85.F.B. Kraemer and H.N. Ginsberg, ‘Gerald M. Reaven, MD: Demonstration of the central role of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease’, Diabetes Care 37(5), 2014: 1178–81.

  86.G. Reaven, ‘Insulin resistance and coronary heart disease in nondiabetic individuals’, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 32(8), 2012: 1754–9.

  87.A. Fasano, ‘Leaky gut and autoimmune diseases’, Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 42(1), 2012: 71–8.

  88.Discovery Holdings press release, ‘The Big Fat Debate lives up to its billing at the Discovery Vitality Summit’, 1 August 2014, available at http://bit.ly/2mBFEgx (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  89.W. Stassen, ‘Noakes diet particularly dangerous for Afrikaans population’, Health-E News, 11 August 2014, available at https://www.health-e.org.za/2014/08/11/noakes-diet-particularly-dangerous-afrikaans-population/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  90.Credit Suisse Research Institute, ‘Fat: The New Health Paradigm’, September 2015: 6, available at http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm?fileid=9163B920-CAEF-91FB-EE5769786A03D76E (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  91.Z. Harcombe, ‘Familial hypercholesterolemia’, ZoeHarcombe.com, 7 November 2016, available at http://www.zoeharcombe.com/2016/11/familial-hypercholesterolemia-fh/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  92.Scientific Steering Committee on behalf of the Simon Broome Register Group, ‘Risk of fatal coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia’, BMJ 303(6807), 1991: 893–6.

  93.H.A. Neil, M.M. Hawkins, P.N. Durrington et al., ‘Non-coronary heart disease mortality and risk of fatal cancer in patients with treated heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: A prospective registry study’, Atherosclerosis 179(2), 2005: 293–7.

  94.E.J. Sijbrands, R.G. Westendorp, J.C. Defesche et al., ‘Mortality over two centuries in large pedigree with familial hypercholesterolaemia: family tree mortality study’, BMJ 322(7293), 2001: 1019–23.

  95.R.R. Williams, S.J. Hasstedt, D.E. Wilson et al., ‘Evidence that men with familial hypercholesterolemia can avoid early coronary death: An analysis of 77 gene carriers in four Utah pedigrees’, JAMA 255(2), 1986: 219–24.

  96.W.R. Harlan Jr, J.B. Graham and E.H. Estes, ‘Familial hypercholesterolemia: A genetic and metabolic study’, Medicine 45(2), 1966: 77–110.

  97.L. Pérez de Isla, R. Alonso, N. Mata et al., ‘Predicting cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolemia: The SAFEHEART Registry’, Circulation 135(22), 2017: 2133–44.

  98.M. Sebestjen, B. Zegura, B. Guzic-Salobir et al., ‘Fibrinolytic parameters and insulin resistance in young survivors of myocardial infarction with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia’, Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 113(3–4), 2001: 113–8.

  99.M. Paquette, M. Chong, S. Theriault et al., ‘Polygenic risk score predicts prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia’, Journal of Clinical Lipidology 11, 2017: 725–32.

  100.J. Versmissen, D.M. Oosterveer, M. Yazdanpanah et al., ‘Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: A long term cohort study’, BMJ 2008;337:a2423; F.J. Raal, G.J. Pilcher, V.R. Panz et al., ‘Reduction in mortality in subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia associated with advances in lipid-lowering therapy’, Circulation 124(20), 2011: 2202–7.

  101.J.S. Hill, M.R. Hayden, J. Frohlich et al., ‘Genetic and environmental factors affecting the incidence of coronary artery disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia’, Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology 11(2), 1991: 290–7; T.A. Miettinen and H. Gylling, ‘Mortality and cholesterol metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia: Long-term follow-up of 96 patients’, Arteriosclerosis (Dallas, Tex) 8(2), 1988: 163–7; A.C. Jansen, E.S. van Aalst-Cohen, M.W. Tanck et al., ‘The contribution of classical risk factors to cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia: Data in 2400 patients’, Journal of Internal Medicine 256(6), 2004: 482–90; I. Skoumas, C. Masoura, C. Pitsavos et al., ‘Evidence that non-lipid cardiovascular risk factors are associated with high prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia’, International Journal of Cardiology 121(2), 2007: 178–83; Pérez de Isla, Alonso, Mata et al., ‘Predicting cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolemia: The SAFEHEART Registry’.

  102.A. Postiglione, A. Nappi, A. Brunetti et al., ‘Relative protection from cerebral atherosclerosis of young patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia’, Atherosclerosis 90(1), 1991: 23–30.

  103.D.D. Sugrue, I. Trayner, G.R. Thompson et al., ‘Coronary artery disease and haemostatic variables in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia’, British Heart Journal 53(3), 1985: 265–8; A.C. Jansen, E.S. van Aalst-Cohen, M.W. Tanck et al., ‘Genetic determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in familial hypercholesterolemia’, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 25(7), 2005: 1475–81; Sebestjen, Zegura, Guzic-Salobir et al., ‘Fibrinolytic parameters and insulin resistance in young survivors of myocardial infarction with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia’;
Skoumas, Masoura, Pitsavos et al., ‘Evidence that non-lipid cardiovascular risk factors are associated with high prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia’.

  104.M. Kendrick, ‘Should women be offered cholesterol lowering drugs to prevent cardiovascular disease? No’, BMJ 334(7601), 2007: 983; B.H. Roberts, The Truth About Statins (New York: Pocket Books, 2012).

  105.L.H. Opie, ‘Exercise-induced myalgia may limit the cardiovascular benefits of statins’, Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 27(6), 2013: 569–72; P. de Souich, G. Roederer and R. Dufour, ‘Myotoxicity of statins: Mechanism of action’, Pharmacology & Therapeutics 175, 2017: 1–16; J. Hippisley-Cox, ‘Unintended effects of statins in men and women in England and Wales: Population based cohort study using the QResearch database’, BMJ 2010;340:c2197.

  106.D. Gaist, U. Jeppesen, M. Andersen et al., ‘Statins and risk of polyneuropathy: A case-control study’, Neurology 58(9), 2002: 1333–7.

  107.R. Cai, Y. Yuan, J. Sun et al., ‘Statins worsen glycemic control of T2DM in target LDL-c level and LDL-c reduction dependent manners: A meta-analysis’, Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy 17(14), 2016.

  108.D. Preiss, S.R. Seshasai, P. Welsh et al., ‘Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: A meta-analysis’, JAMA 305(24), 2011: 2556–64; S.G. Chrysant, ‘New onset diabetes mellitus induced by statins: Current evidence’, Postgraduate Medicine 129(4), 2017: 430–5.

  109.Hippisley-Cox, ‘Unintended effects of statins in men and women in England and Wales: population based cohort study using the QResearch database’.

  110.N.A. Melville, ‘Statin use linked to increased Parkinson’s risk’, Medscape, 26 October 2016. G. Liu, N.W. Sterling, L. Kong, et al. ‘Statins may facilitate Parkinson’s disease: Insight gained from a large, national claims database’. Movement Disorders 32(6), 2017: 913–917.

  111.A.A. Alsheikh-Ali, P.V. Maddukuri, H. Han et al., ‘Effect of the magnitude of lipid lowering on risk of elevated liver enzymes, rhabdomyolysis, and cancer: Insights from large randomized statin trials’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 50(5), 2007: 409–18.

  112.M.W. Moyer, ‘It’s not dementia, it’s your heart medication: Cholesterol drugs and memory’, Scientific American, 1 September 2010, available at https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/its-not-dementia-its-your-heart-medication/ (last accessed 3 August 2017).

  113.D. Graveline and P.J. Rosch, ‘Why reported statin side effects are just the tip of a Titanic iceberg’, in Rosch (ed.), Fat and Cholesterol Don’t Cause Heart Attacks: And Statins are Not The Solution (Cwmbran: Columbus Publishing Ltd, 2016).

  114.H. Okuyama, P.H. Langsjoen, T. Hamazaki et al., ‘Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: Pharmacological mechanisms’, Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 8(2), 2015.

  115.Roberts, The Truth About Statins, 16–17; K.K. Ray, S.R. Seshasai, S. Erqou et al., ‘Statins and all-cause mortality in high-risk primary prevention: A meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 65,229 participants’, Archives of Internal Medicine 170(12), 2010: 1024–31.

  116.Y. Ma, G.M. Persuitte, C. Andrews et al., ‘Impact of incident diabetes on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to statin use history among postmenopausal women’, European Journal of Epidemiology 31(8), 2016: 747–61.

  117.Gøtzsche, Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma has Corrupted Healthcare, 129.

  118.U. Ravnskov, D.M. Diamond, R. Hama et al., ‘Lack of an association or an inverse association between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in the elderly: A systematic review’, BMJ Open 6(6), 2016: e010401.

  119.R. Mamtani, J.D. Lewis, F.I. Scott et al., ‘Disentangling the association between statins, cholesterol, and colorectal cancer: A nested case-control study’, PLoS Medicine 13(4), 2016: e1002007.

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  121.Y. Takata, T. Ansai, I. Soh et al., ‘Serum total cholesterol concentration and 10-year mortality in an 85-year-old population’, Clinical Interventions in Aging 9, 2014: 293–300; A.W. Weverling-Rijnsburger, G.J. Blauw, A.M. Lagaay et al., ‘Total cholesterol and risk of mortality in the oldest old’, The Lancet 350(9085), 1997: 1119–23; P. Tuikkala, S. Hartikainen, M.J. Korhonen et al., ‘Serum total cholesterol levels and all-cause mortality in a home-dwelling elderly population: A six-year follow-up’, Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 28(2), 2010: 121–7.

  122.T.B. Horwich, M.A. Hamilton, R. Maclellan et al., ‘Low serum total cholesterol is associated with a marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure’, Journal of Cardiac Failure 8(4), 2002: 216–24.

  123.C. Iribarren, D.R. Jacobs Jr, S. Sidney et al., ‘Cohort study of serum total cholesterol and in-hospital incidence of infectious diseases’, Epidemiology and Infection 121(2), 1998: 335–47.

  124.A.J. Claxton, D.R. Jacobs Jr, C. Iribarren et al., ‘Association between serum total cholesterol and HIV infection in a high-risk cohort of young men’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 17(1), 1998: 51–7.

  125.J.D. Neaton and D.N. Wentworth, ‘Low serum cholesterol and risk of death from AIDS’, AIDS (London, England) 11(7), 1997: 929–30.

  126.G. Zuliani, M. Cavalieri, M. Galvani et al., ‘Relationship between low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and dementia in the elderly: The InChianti study’, The Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 65(5), 2010: 559–64; X. Huang, H. Chen, W.C. Miller et al. ‘Lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are associated with Parkinson’s disease’. Movement Disorders 22(3), 2007: 377–381; L.M.L. de Lau, P.J. Koudstaal, A. Hofman, et al. ‘Serum cholesterol levels and the risk of Parkinson’s Disease’. American Journal of Epidemiology 164(10), 2006: 998–1002.

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  128.R.M. Mufti, R. Balon and C.L. Arfken, ‘Low cholesterol and violence’, Psychiatric Services (Washington, DC) 49(2), 1998: 221–4.

  129.Mark, Du Toit, Noakes et al., ‘A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings’.

  130.E.J. Sijbrands, R.G. Westendorp, J.C. Defesche et al., ‘Mortality over two centuries in large pedigree with familial hypercholesterolaemia: Family tree mortality study’, BMJ 322(7293), 2001: 1019–23; Pérez de Isla, Alonso, Mata et al., ‘Predicting cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolemia: The SAFEHEART Registry’.

  Chapter 8: The Banting for Babies Tweet

  1.Watch Sharyl Attkisson’s TEDx Talk, ‘Astroturf and manipulation of media messages’, for an explanation of astroturfers. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bYAQ-ZZtEU (last accessed 2 August 2017). S. Attkisson. The Smear. How shady political operatives and fake news control what you see, what you think and how you vote. New York: Harper Collins, 2017.

  2.T.D. Noakes, ‘Low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake can manage obesity and associated conditions: Occasional survey’, SAMJ 103(11), 2013: 826–30.

  3.‘Prof Tim Noakes: Clarifying the controversy’, Nutritional Solutions, 31 January 2014, available at http://www.nutritionalsolutions.co.za/prof-tim-noakes-clarifying-the-controversy/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  4.M. Ellmer, ‘The nutritional management of adult burn wound patients in South Africa’, master’s thesis, University of Stellenbosch, 2007.

  5.M. Bishay, J. Pichler, V. Horn et al., ‘Intestinal failure-associated liver disease in surgical infants requiring long-term parenteral nutrition’, Journal of Pediatric Surgery 47(2), 2012: 359–62.

  6.‘Conversations with Prof Tim Noakes’, Nutritional Solutions, 6 February 2014, available at http://www.nutritionalsolutions.co.za/
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  7.N. Teicholz, ‘The scientific report guiding the US dietary guidelines: Is it scientific?’, BMJ 2015;351:h4962; ‘BMJ won’t retract controversial dietary guidelines article; issues lengthy correction’, Retraction Watch, 2 December 2016.

  8.Z. Harcombe, ‘An examination of the randomised controlled trial and epidemiological evidence for the introduction of dietary fat recommendations in 1977 and 1983: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, PhD thesis, University of the West of Scotland, March 2016.

  9.A.L. McKenzie, S.J. Hallberg, B.C. Creighton et al., ‘A novel intervention including individualized nutritional recommendations reduces hemoglobin A1c level, medication use, and weight in type 2 diabetes’, JMIR Diabetes 2(1), 2017: e5.

  10.Credit Suisse Research Institute, ‘Fat: The New Health Paradigm’, September 2015: 21, available at http://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/index.cfm? fileid=9163B920-CAEF-91FB-EE5769786A03D76E (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  11.M. Ellmer, ‘Is the LCHF diet suitable and safe for infants?’, Nutritional Solutions, 4 March 2014, http://www.nutritionalsolutions.co.za/is-the-lchf-diet-suitable-and-safe-for-infants/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  12.A.C. Estampador and P.W. Franks, ‘Genetic and epigenetic catalysts in early-life programming of adult cardiometabolic disorders’, Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity 7, 2014: 575–86.

  13.M. Ellmer, ‘LCHF diets continued: Are they safe for pregnant and/or breastfeeding mothers?’, Nutritional Solutions, 5 March 2014, available at http://www.nutritionalsolutions.co.za/lchf-diets-

  continued-are-they-safe-for-pregnant-andor-breastfeeding-mothers/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  14.Health Professions Act 56 of 1974, ‘Regulations Defining the Scope of the Profession of Dietetics’, available at http://www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/editor/UserFiles/

  downloads/legislations/regulations/dn/regulations/regulations_gnr891_91.pdf (last accessed 2 August 2017).