[2017] Lore of Nutrition: Challenging Conventional Dietary Beliefs

by Tim Noakes

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  37.C.C. Duwaerts, A.M. Amin, K. Siao et al., ‘Specific macronutrients exert unique influences on the adipose-liver axis to promote hepatic steatosis in mice, Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology 4(2), 2017: 223–36.

  38.S. Haufe, S. Engeli, P. Kast et al., ‘Randomized comparison of reduced fat and reduced carbohydrate hypocaloric diets on intrahepatic fat in overweight and obese human subjects’, Hepatology 53(5), 2011: 1504–14.

  39.D.J. Unwin, D.J. Cuthbertson, R. Feinman et al., ‘A pilot study to explore the role of a low-carbohydrate intervention to improve GGT levels and HbA1c’, Diabesity in Practice 4(3), 2015: 102–8.

  40.E.C. Jang, D.W. Jun, S.M. Lee et al., ‘Comparison of efficacy of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet education program in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Randomized controlled study’, Hepatology Research: The Official Journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, 2017, doi: 10.1111/hepr.12918; J.D. Browning, J.A. Baker, T. Rogers et al., ‘Short-term weight loss and hepatic triglyceride reduction: Evidence of a metabolic advantage with dietary carbohydrate restriction’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93(5), 2011: 1048–52.

  41.K. Sevastianova, A. Santos, A. Kotronen et al., ‘Effect of short-term carbohydrate overfeeding and long-term weight loss on liver fat in overweight humans’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96(4), 2012: 727–34.

  42.J.S. Volek and R.D. Feinman, ‘Carbohydrate restriction improves the features of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction’, Nutrition & Metabolism (Lond.) 2, 2005: 31; J.S. Volek, S.D. Phinney, C.E. Forsythe et al., ‘Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet’, Lipids 44(4), 2009: 297–309; J.S. Volek, M.L. Fernandez, R.D. Feinman et al., ‘Dietary carbohydrate restriction induces a unique metabolic state positively affecting atherogenic dyslipidemia, fatty acid partitioning, and metabolic syndrome’, Progress in Lipid Research 47(5), 2008: 307–18.

  43.S. Mark, S. du Toit, T.D. Noakes et al., ‘A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings’, SAMJ 106(8), 2016: 763–6.

  44.M. Sebestjen, B. Zegura, B. Guzic-Salobir et al., ‘Fibrinolytic parameters and insulin resistance in young survivors of myocardial infarction with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia’, Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 113(3–4), 2001: 113–8; G. DiMinno, M.J. Silver, A.M. Cerbone et al., ‘Increased fibrinogen binding to platelets from patients with familial hypercholesterolemia’, Arteriosclerosis (Dallas, Tex) 6(2), 1986: 203–11.

  45.S.M. Haffner, S. Lehto, T. Ronnemaa et al., ‘Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction’, The New England Journal of Medicine 339(4), 1998: 229–34.

  46.W.R. Ware, ‘The mainstream hypothesis that LDL cholesterol drives atherosclerosis may have been falsified by non-invasive imaging of coronary artery plaque burden and progression’, Medical Hypotheses 73(4), 2009: 596.

  47.I.M. Stratton, A.I. Adler, H.A. Neil et al., ‘Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study’, BMJ 321(7258), 2000: 405–12.

  48.Ibid.

  49.M. Moss, Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us (New York: Random House, 2013).

  50.S-A. Creed, D. Grier, J. Proudfoot and T.D. Noakes, The Real Meal Revolution (Cape Town: Quivertree, 2013), xxvi.

  51.E. Cohen, M. Cragg, J. de Fonseka et al., ‘Statistical review of US macronutrient consumption data, 1965–2011: Americans have been following dietary guidelines, coincident with the rise in obesity’, Nutrition 31(5), 2015: 727–32; L.S. Gross, L. Li, E.S. Ford et al., ‘Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: An ecologic assessment’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79(5), 2004: 774–9.

  52.Ibid.

  53.R. Bowen, ‘Digestive physiology of herbivores: Basic fermentation chemistry’, VIVO Pathophysiology, Colorado State University, available at http://vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/

  digestion/herbivores/ferment.html (last accessed 4 August 2017).

  54.R. Bowen, ‘Digestive physiology of herbivores: Nutrient absorption and utilization in ruminants’, VIVO Pathophysiology, Colorado State University, available at http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/

  digestion/herbivores/rum_absorb.html (last accessed 4 August 2017).

  55.M. Ben-Dor, A. Gopher, I. Hershkovitz et al., ‘Man the fat hunter: The demise of Homo erectus and the emergence of a new hominin lineage in the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 400 kyr) Levant’, PLoS One 6(12), 2011: e28689.

  56.M. Ben-Dor, A. Gopher and R. Barkai, ‘Neandertals’ large lower thorax may represent adaptation to high protein diet’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 160, 2016: 367–78.

  57.L. Cordain, J.B. Miller, S.B. Eaton and N. Mann, ‘Macronutrient estimations in hunter-gatherer diets’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72(6), 2000: 1589–92.

  58.R.R. Briefel and C.L. Johnson, ‘Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States’, Annual Review of Nutrition 24, 2004: 401–31.

  59.S. Lindeberg, M. Eliasson, B. Lindahl et al., ‘Low serum insulin in traditional Pacific Islanders: The Kitava Study’, Metabolism 48(10), 1999: 1216–9.

  60.S.L. Aronoff, P.H. Bennett, P. Gorden et al., ‘Unexplained hyperinsulinemia in normal and “prediabetic” Pima Indians compared with normal Caucasians: An example of racial differences in insulin secretion’, Diabetes 26(9), 1977: 827–40; P. Zimmet, S. Whitehouse and J. Kiss, ‘Ethnic variability in the plasma insulin response to oral glucose in Polynesian and Micronesian subjects’, Diabetes 28(7), 1979: 624–8.

  61.H. Kaplan, R.C. Thompson, B.C. Trumble et al., ‘Coronary atherosclerosis in indigenous South American Tsimane: A cross-sectional cohort study’, The Lancet 389(10080), 2017: 1730–9.

  62.G. Dowse and P. Zimmet, ‘The thrifty genotype in non-insulin dependent diabetes’, BMJ 306(6877), 1993: 532–3.

  63.K.S. Rigano, J.L. Gehring, B.D. Evans Hutzenbiler et al., ‘Life in the fat lane: Seasonal regulation of insulin sensitivity, food intake, and adipose biology in brown bears’, Journal of Comparative Physiology B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 187(4), 2017: 649–76.

  64.A. Bentley, Inventing Baby Food (Oakland: University of California Press, 2014).

  65.A. Fasano, ‘Zonulin, regulation of tight junctions, and autoimmune diseases’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1258, 2012: 25–33.

  66.G. Reaven, ‘Insulin resistance and coronary heart disease in nondiabetic individuals’, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 32(8), 2012: 1754–9.

  67.Ibid.

  68.A.M. Coulston, C.B. Hollenbeck, A.L. Swislocki et al., ‘Deleterious metabolic effects of high-carbohydrate, sucrose-containing diets in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus’, American Journal of Medicine 82(2), 1987: 213–20.

  69.A.M. Coulston, C.B. Hollenbeck, A.L. Swislocki et al., ‘Persist
ence of hypertriglyceridemic effect of low-fat high-carbohydrate diets in NIDDM patients’, Diabetes Care 12(2), 1989: 94–101.

  70.A. Garg, J.P. Bantle, R.R. Henry et al., ‘Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus’, JAMA 271(18), 1994: 1421–8.

  71.Volek and Feinman, ‘Carbohydrate restriction improves the features of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction’; J.W. Gofman, ‘Diet in the prevention and treatment of myocardial infarction’, American Journal of Cardiology 1(2), 1958: 271–83; L.C. Hudgins, M. Hellerstein, C. Seidman et al., ‘Human fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by a eucaloric low fat, high carbohydrate diet’, Journal of Clinical Investigation 97(9), 1996: 2081–91; B.M Volk, L.J. Kunces, D.J. Freidenreich et al., ‘Effects of step-wise increases in dietary carbohydrate on circulating saturated fatty acids and palmitoleic acid in adults with metabolic syndrome’, PLoS One 9(11), 2014: e113605.

  72.T.E. Matsha, M. Macharia, Y.Y. Yako et al., ‘Gamma-glutamyltransferase, insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk profile in a middle-aged African population’, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 21(12), 2014: 1541–8.

  73.M. Nannipieri, C. Gonzales, S. Baldi et al., ‘Liver enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, and incident diabetes: The Mexico City diabetes study’, Diabetes Care 28(7), 2005: 1757–62.

  74.Matsha, Macharia, Yako et al., ‘Gamma-glutamyltransferase, insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk profile in a middle-aged African population’.

  75.Mark, Du Toit, Noakes et al., ‘A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings’.

  76.C.M. Apovian, L.J. Aronne, D.H. Bessesen et al., ‘Pharmacological management of obesity: an endocrine Society clinical practice guideline’, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100(2), 2015: 342–62.

  77.A.J. Scheen and P.J. Lefebvre, ‘Pharmacological treatment of obesity: Present status’, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 23 Suppl 1, 1999: 47–53.

  78.Ibid.

  79.C.L. Roumie, R.A. Greevy, C.G. Grijalva et al., ‘Association between intensification of metformin treatment with insulin vs sulfonylureas and cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes’, JAMA 311(22), 2014: 2288–96; S.E. Holden, S. Jenkins-Jones, C.L. Morgan et al., ‘Glucose-lowering with exogenous insulin monotherapy in type 2 diabetes: Dose association with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events and cancer’, Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 17(4), 2015: 350–62.

  80.M.P. Czech, ‘Insulin action and resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes’, Nature Medicine 23, 2017: 804–14. S.M. de la Monte and J.R. Wands, ‘Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes: Evidence reviewed’, Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 2(6), 2008: 1101–13. M. Demasi, R.H. Lustig and A. Malhotra, ‘The cholesterol and calorie hypotheses are both dead – it is time to focus on the real culprit: insulin resistance’, Clinical Pharmacist, 14 July 2017, available at pharmaceutical-journal.com/opinion/insight/the-cholesterol-and-calorie-hypotheses-are-both-dead-it-is-time-to-focus-on-the-real-culprit-insulin-resistance/20203046.article (last accessed 10 August 2017). K.A. Erion and B.E. Corkey, ‘Hyperinsulinemia: A cause of obesity?’, Current Obesity Reports 6(2), 2017: 178–86. B.C. Melnik, S.M. John and G. Schmitz, ‘Over-stimulation of insulin/IGF-1 signaling by western diet may promote diseases of civilization: Lessons learnt from laron syndrome’, Nutrition and Metabolism 8, 2011: 41–4. G.M. Reaven, ‘Insulin resistance/compensatory hyperinsulinemia, essential hypertension, and cardiovascular disease’, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88(6), 2003: 2399–403. E. Tikkanen, M. Pirinen and A.P. Sarin, ‘Genetic support for the causal role of insulin in coronary heart disease’, Diabetologia 59 (11), 2016: 2369–77. T. Tsujimoto, H. Kajio and T. Sugiyama, ‘Association between hyperinsulinemia and increased risk of cancer death in nonobese and obese people: A population-based observational study’, International Journal of Cancer 141, 2017: 102–11.

  81.M.R. Law, J.K. Morris and N.J. Wald, ‘Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies’, BMJ 338, 2009: b1665.

  82.Mark, Du Toit, Noakes et al., ‘A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings’.

  83.N.J. Schork, ‘Personalized medicine: Time for one-person trials’, Nature 520(7549), 2015: 609–11.

  84.B.H. Roberts, The Truth About Statins (New York: Pocket Books, 2012); P.J. Rosch, Z. Harcombe, M. Kendrick et al., Fat and Cholesterol Don’t Cause Heart Attacks and Statins are Not the Solution (Cwmbran: Columbus Publishing Ltd, 2016).

  85.S.M. de la Monte and J.R. Wands, ‘Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes-evidence reviewed’, Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 2(6), 2008: 1101–13.

  86.‘Remote care promotes low carbohydrate diet adherence and glycemic control allowing medication reduction in type 2 diabetes – abstract’, Virta Health, 14 June 2017; A.L. McKenzie, S.J. Hallberg, B.C. Creighton et al., ‘A novel intervention including individualized nutritional recommendations reduces hemoglobin A1c level, medication use, and weight in type 2 diabetes’, JMIR Diabetes 2(1), 2017: e5.

  87.CDC, ‘United States Cancer Statistics: 2013 Technical Notes’, OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 2013, available at https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/uscs/pdf/uscs-2013-technical-notes.pdf (last accessed 6 August 2017).

  Closure

  1.T. Christofferson, Tripping Over the Truth (South Carolina: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014), xxii.

  2.N.F. Krebs, M. Mazariegos, A. Tshefu et al., ‘Meat consumption is associated with less stunting among toddlers in four diverse low-income settings’, Food and Nutrition Bulletin 32(3), 2011: 185–91.

  3.M. Tang and N.F. Krebs, ‘High protein intake from meat as complementary food increases growth but not adiposity in breastfed infants: A randomized trial’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100(5), 2014: 1322–8.

  4.N.F. Krebs, J.E. Westcott, N. Butler et al., ‘Meat as a first complementary food for breastfed infants: Feasibility and impact on zinc intake and status’, Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 42(2), 2006: 207–14.

  5.N.F. Krebs, L.G. Sherlock, J. Westcott et al., ‘Effects of different complementary feeding regimens on iron status and enteric microbiota in breastfed infants’, Journal of Pediatrics 163(2), 2013: 416–23.

  6.Ibid.

  7.B.E. Young and N.F. Krebs, ‘Complementary feeding: Critical considerations to optimize growth, nutrition, and feeding behavior’, Current Pediatrics Reports 1(4), 2013: 247–56.

  8.Krebs, Mazariegos, Tshefu et al., ‘Meat consumption is associated with less stunting among toddlers in four diverse low-income settings’.

  9.L.L. Iannotti, C.K. Lutter, C.P. Stewart et al., ‘Eggs in early complementary feeding and child growth: A randomized controlled trial’, Pediatrics, June 2017: e20163459.

  10.H.H. Vorster, ‘“Make starchy foods part of most meals”: A food-based dietary guideline for South Africa’, SAJCN 26(3), 2013: S28–S35.

  11.H.H. Vorster, ‘The new South African food-based dietary guidelines in perspective’, Nutrition Society of South Africa, available at http://www.nutritionsociety.co.za/index.php/11-useful-information/26-the-new-south-african-food-based-dietary-guidelines-in-perspective (last accessed 3 August 2017).

  12.B. Kubheka, ‘Ethical and legal perspectives on the medical practitioners use of social media’, SAMJ 107(5), 2017: 387.

  13.D. Ilbury, Tim Noakes: The Quiet Maverick (Cape Town: Penguin Books, 2017).

  14.G. Watson, ‘On Tim Noakes and bullsh*t, Health24, 13 January 2014, available at http://www.news24.com/MyNews24/On-Tim-Noakes-and-Bullsht-20140113 (last accessed 8 September 2017).

  15.J. Burne, ‘Cuddly dietitians in cosy embrace of
industry fat cats’, Health Insight UK, 16 March 2015, available at http://healthinsightuk.org/2015/03/16/cuddly-dietitians-in-cosy-embrace-of-industry-fat-cats/ (last accessed 3 August 2017).

  The Noakes Foundation

  The Noakes Foundation is a public benefit organisation founded by the Noakes family. The foundation aims to advance medical science’s understanding of the benefits of a healthy low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet by providing evidence-based information on optimum nutrition. Through their research, the foundation aims to change the way humans think about food and nutrition, and consequently tackle the epidemics of obesity and type-2 diabetes – diseases which are set to cripple national healthcare within the next 10 years. The Noakes Foundation relies on funding to carry out this mandate; all royalties for the book received by Professor Noakes will be donated to The Noakes Foundation, helping the organisation continue with the important work it is doing. For more information about the foundation, visit www.thenoakesfoundation.org.

  The Noakes Foundation actively promotes the Eat Better South Africa! campaign, which aims to show South Africans – especially those in poorer communities – that it is possible to eat a healthy LCHF/Banting diet on as little as thirty rand per day, with major health gains for individuals and communities.

  Index

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.