by Al Gore
19 “the end of history”
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993).
20 three waves of democracy that spread throughout the world
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Information Programs, “Democracy’s Third Wave,” http://www.4uth.gov.ua/usa/english/politics/whatsdem/whatdm13.htm.
21 aftermath of the American Revolution, produced twenty-nine democracies
Ibid.
22 carried a picture of George Washington in his breast pocket
John F. Kennedy, “Remarks at an Independence Day Celebration with the American Community in Mexico City,” June 30, 1962, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8748.
23 twelve by the beginning of World War II
U.S. Department of State, “Democracy’s Third Wave.”
24 the number of democracies to thirty-six
Ibid.
25 decline to thirty from 1962 until the mid-1970s
Ibid.
26 with the collapse of communism in 1989
Ibid.
27 decline in the number of democratic nations in the world
Economist Intelligence Unit, Democracy Index 2010, 2010, http://www.eiu.com/democracy.
28 fourth wave of democratization
Larry Diamond, “A Fourth Wave or False Start?,” Foreign Affairs, May 22, 2011.
29 increased in absolute terms to the highest level since 1945
Kagan, “Not Fade Away,” January 11, 2012; Todd Purdum, “One Nation, Under Arms,” Vanity Fair, January 2012.
30 almost equal to the military spending of the entire rest of the world
Purdum, “One Nation, Under Arms.”
31 more pilots for unmanned vehicles than it trains pilots of manned fighter jets
Christian Caryl, “Predators and Robots at War,” New York Review of Books, August 30, 2011; Elisabeth Bumiller, “Air Force Drone Operators Report High Levels of Stress,” New York Times, December 19, 2011.
32 drone pilots suffer post-traumatic stress disorder
Caryl, “Predators and Robots at War.”
33 U.S. stealth drone and commanded it to land
Scott Peterson, “Downed US Drone: How Iran Caught the ‘Beast,’ ” Christian Science Monitor, December 9, 2011; Rick Gladstone, “Iran Shows Video It Says Is of U.S. Drone,” New York Times, December 9, 2011; “Insurgents Hack U.S. Drones,” Wall Street Journal, December 17, 2009; “Iran ‘Building Copy of Captured US Drone’ RQ-170 Sentinel,” BBC, April 22, 2012.
34 More than fifty countries
David Wood, “American Drones Ignite New Arms Race from Gaza to Iran to China,” Huffington Post, November 27, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html.
35 right to unleash deadly fire when threatened
Ibid.
36 doubt that the social, political, and economic foundations in China
Walt, “The End of the American Era”; Thair Shaikh, “When Will China Become a Global Superpower?,” CNN, June 10, 2011, http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/10/china.military.superpower/index.html.
37 experts warn that the lack of free speech
Walt, “The End of the American Era”; Kagan, “Not Fade Away,” January 11, 2012; Martin Feldstein, “China’s Biggest Problems Are Political, Not Economic,” Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2012; Frank Rich, “Mayberry R.I.P.,” New York, July 22, 2012.
38 the concentrated autocratic power in Beijing
Ibid.
39 high levels of corruption throughout China
Feldstein, “China’s Biggest Problems Are Political, Not Economic.”
40 an estimated 64 million empty apartments in China
“Crisis in China: 64 Million Empty Apartments,” Asia News, September 15, 2010, http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Crisis-in-China:-64-million-empty-apartments-19459.html.
41 windmills constructed by China are not connected to the electrical grid
“Weaknesses in Chinese Wind Power,” Forbes, July 20, 2009.
42 largest internal migration in history
“The Largest Migration in History,” Economist, February 24, 2012.
43 “180,000 protests, riots and other mass incidents”
Tom Orlik, “Unrest Grows as Economy Booms,” Wall Street Journal, September 26, 2011.
44 fourfold increase from 2000
Ibid.
45 building in response to economic inequality
Feldstein, “China’s Biggest Problems Are Political, Not Economic”; Wendy Dobson, Gravity Shift: How Asia’s New Economic Powerhouses Will Shape the Twenty-First Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009).
46 intolerable environmental conditions
Dobson, Gravity Shift.
47 autocratic local and regional leaders
Orlik, “Unrest Grows as Economy Booms.”
48 wages have been increasing significantly in the last two years
David Leonhardt, “In China, Cultivating the Urge to Splurge,” New York Times Magazine, November 28, 2010.
49 sources besides the participatory nature of their system
Daniel Bell, “Real Meaning of the Rot at the Top of China,” Financial Times, April 23, 2012.
50 “form the fundamental principle of Mao Zedong Thought?”
Deng Xiaoping, “Speech at the All-Army Conference on Political Work: June 2, 1978,” in Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, vol. 2 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1984), p. 132.
51 corporate lobbies to sit in the actual drafting sessions
Laura Sullivan, “Shaping State Laws with Little Scrutiny,” NPR, October 29, 2010, http://www.npr.org/2010/10/29/130891396/shaping-state-laws-with-little-scrutiny; Mike McIntire, “Conservative Nonprofit Acts as a Stealth Business Lobbyist,” New York Times, April 22, 2012.
52 routinely rubber-stamp laws
Sullivan, “Shaping State Laws with Little Scrutiny”; McIntire, “Conservative Nonprofit Acts as a Stealth Business Lobbyist”; John Cassidy, “America’s Class War,” New Yorker blog, June 8, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/comment/2012/06/wisconsin-scott-walker-class-war.html.
53 longest running corporation was created in Sweden in 1347
“Sweden: The Oldest Corporation in the World,” Time, March 15, 1963.
54 common until the seventeenth century, when the Netherlands
“The taste of adventure,” Economist, December 17, 1998.
55 United Kingdom
Joel Bakan, The Corporation (New York: Free Press, 2004), p. 6.
56 South Sea Company scandal
Ibid., p. 7.
57 England banned corporations in 1720
Ibid., p. 6.
58 The prohibition was not lifted until 1825
Ibid., p. 9.
59 civic and charitable purposes, for limited periods of time
Justin Fox, “What the Founding Fathers Really Thought About Corporations,” Harvard Business Review, April 1, 2010, http://blogs.hbr.org/fox/2010/04/what-the-founding-fathers-real.html.
60 “bid defiance to the laws of our country”
Thomas Jefferson, “To George Logan,” November 12, 1816.
61 expanded by an order of magnitude, from 33 to 328
Bakan, The Corporation, p. 9.
62 New York State enacted the first of many statutes
Linda Smiddy and Lawrence Cunningham, “Corporations and Other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems,” LexisNexis, 2010, p. 16.
63 increased considerably with the mobilization of Northern industry
David C. Korten, When Corporations Rule the World (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 1995), http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Korten/RiseCorpPower_WCRW.html.
64 huge government procurement contracts
Ibid.
65 building of the railroads
Ibid.
66 corporate role in American life grew quickly
Ibid.
<
br /> 67 decisions in Congress and state legislatures grew as well
Ibid.
68 The tainted election of 1876
“Compromise of 1877,” History.com, http://www.history.com/topics/compromise-of-1877.
69 wealth and power played the decisive role
Korten, When Corporations Rule the World.
70 “government of corporations, by corporations, and for corporations”
Ibid.
71 Between 1888 and 1908, 700,000 American workers
Ibid.
72 approximately 100 every day
Ibid.
73 lawyers and lobbyists flooded the U.S. Capitol and state legislatures
Ibid.
74 U.S. Supreme Court voided and made unenforceable
Jack Maskell, “Lobbying Congress: An Overview of Legal Provisions and Congressional Ethics Rules,” CRS Report for Congress, September 14, 2011, http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1903/m1/1/high_res_d/RL31126_2001Sep14.pdf.
75 “all the injurious effects of a direct fraud on the public”
Ibid.
76 “measuring the decay of the public morals”
Lawrence Lessig, Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It (New York: Twelve, 2011), p. 101.
77 Georgia’s new constitution explicitly banned the lobbying
Ibid., p. 101.
78 “where the price of votes was haggled over, and laws”
Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalist 1861–1901 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2010), p. 168.
79 Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company
Bakan, The Corporation, p. 16.
80 some historians believe was written by Justice Stephen Field
Joshua Holland, “The Supreme Court Sold Out Our Democracy—How to Fight the Corporate Takeover of Elections,” AlterNet, October 25, 2010.
81 court reporter, who was the former president of a railway company
Ibid.
82 “the court does not wish to hear”
Pamela Karlan, “Me, Inc.,” Boston Review, July 2011.
83 “We are all of the opinion that it does”
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific, Justia.com, 1886, http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/118/394/.
84 laid the first transoceanic telegraph cable in 1858
“Cyrus W. Field,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/206188/Cyrus-W-Field.
85 resulted in Stephen’s appointment to the Supreme Court
Lincoln Institute, “David Dudley Field (1805–1894),” Mr. Lincoln and New York, http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=56&subjectID=3.
86 subsequent massacre back to the United States in real time
Mike Sacks, “Corporate Citizenship: How Public Dissent in Paris Sparked Creation of the Corporate Person,” Huffington Post, October 12, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/12/corporate-citizenship-corporate-personhood-paris-commune_n_1005244.html.
87 followed in the United States, as it unfolded, on a daily basis
Ibid.
88 Franco-Prussian War that month and the struggle
Alice Bullard, Human Rights and Revolutions, edited by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, Lynn Hunt, and Marilyn B. Young (Oxford: Rowan & Littlefield, 2000), pp. 81–83.
89 first symbolic clash between communism and capitalism
Marx, however, wrote in The Communist Manifesto that the 1848 French revolution was the first “class struggle.”
90 “forever celebrated as the glorious harbinger of a new society”
Karl Marx, “The Fall of Paris,” May 1871, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/ch06.htm.
91 white flag that had been flown by Parisians
Alistair Horne, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71 (New York: Penguin Books, 2007), p. 433.
92 obsessively following the daily reports
Sacks, “Corporate Citizenship.”
93 than any other story that year besides government corruption
John Harland Hicks and Robert Tucker, Revolution & Reaction: The Paris Commune, 1871 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1973), p. 60; Jack Beatty, Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865–1900 (New York: Vintage Books, 2008), p. 153.
94 bankruptcy of financier and railroad entrepreneur Jay Cooke
“The Panic of 1873,” The American Experience, Ulysses S. Grant, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-panic/.
95 “opportunity or the incentive to spread abroad”
“The Communists,” New York Times, January 20, 1874.
96 decided to make it his mission to strengthen corporations
Sacks, “Corporate Citizenship.”
97 Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became president, and the following year
“Domestic Politics,” The American Experience, TR, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tr-domestic/.
98 inside his new Department of Commerce and Labor
Ibid.
99 break up J. P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Corporation
Ibid.
100 112 corporations worth a combined $571 billion (in 2012 dollars)
Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, p. 67.
101 “twice the total assessed value of all property in thirteen states”
Ibid.
102 This was followed by forty more antitrust suits
“Domestic Politics,” PBS.
103 protected more than 230 million acres of land
Ibid.
104 winning the Nobel Peace Prize
Historians now believe that, while Roosevelt was no doubt essential to the brokering of an effective deal, he was not truly a neutral arbiter and tilted heavily toward Japan in private. See James Bradley, “Diplomacy That Will Live in Infamy,” New York Times, December 6, 2009.
105 “wise custom” by serving only two terms
Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2002), p. 364.
106 William Howard Taft, abandoned many of TR’s reforms
“American President: William Howard Taft,” Miller Center, University of Virginia, http://millercenter.org/president/taft/essays/biography/1.
107 “corrupt the men and methods of government for their own profit”
Theodore Roosevelt, “The New Nationalism,” August 31, 1910, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/tr-nationalism/.
108 given privileges to which they are not entitled
Lessig, Republic, Lost, p. 4.
109 “twist the methods of free government”
Ibid., p. 5. Theodore Roosevelt, “From the Archives: President Teddy Roosevelt’s New Nationalism Speech,” August 31, 2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/12/06/archives-president-teddy-roosevelts-new-nationalism-speech.
110 “prohibit the use of corporate funds”
Roosevelt, “From the Archives: President Teddy Roosevelt’s New Nationalism Speech.”
111 “does not give the right of suffrage to any corporation”
Ibid.
112 secretly bribed Harding administration officials
United States Senate, “1921–1940: Senate Investigates the ‘Teapot Dome’ Scandal,” http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Investigates_the_Teapot_Dome_Scandal.htm.
113 “menace to the welfare of the nation”
Jeffrey Rosen, “POTUS v. SCOTUS,” New York, March 17, 2010.
114 Historians differ on whether Roosevelt’s threat was the cause
“Presidential Politics,” American Experience, FDR, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/fdr-presidential/.
115 began approving the constitutionality
Ibid.
116 return court rulings to the philosophy that existed prior to the New Deal
Jeffrey R
osen, “Second Opinions,” New Republic, May 4, 2012.
117 Powell, a Richmond lawyer
Jim Hoggan, “40th Anniversary of the Lewis Powell Memo Launching Corporate Propaganda Infrastructure,” DeSmogBlog, August 23, 2011, http://www.desmogblog.com/40th-anniversary-lewis-powell-memo-launching-corporate-propaganda-infrastructure; John Jeffries, Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr.: A Biography (New York: Fordham University Press, 2001), p. 4.
118 state legislatures, and the judiciary in order to tilt
Lewis F. Powell, “The Powell Memo,” August 23, 1971, http://reclaimdemocracy.org/powell_memo_lewis/.
119 “corporate speech,” which he found to be protected by the First Amendment
Jeffrey Clements, “The Real History of ‘Corporate Personhood’: Meet the Man to Blame for Corporations Having More Rights Than You,” AlterNet, December 6, 2011.
120 that the law violated the free speech of “corporate persons”
Ibid.
121 have revenues larger than many of the world’s nation-states
Vincent Trivett, “25 US Mega Corporations: Where They Rank If They Were Countries,” Business Insider, June 27, 2011, http://www.businessinsider.com/25-corporations-bigger-tan-countries-2011-6?op=1.
122 “I’m not a U.S. company and I don’t make decisions based”
Steve Coll, Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), p. 71.
123 “dependence upon the positions of particular governments”
Bakan, The Corporation, p. 25.
124 “Nobody tells those guys what to do”
Coll, Private Empire, p. 257.
125 political action committees exploded
Federal Election Commission, “The Growth of Political Action Committees, 1974–1998,” http://www.voteview.com/Growth_of_PACs_by_Type.htm.
126 corporations with registered corporate lobbyists
Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), p. 118.
127 from $100 million in 1975 to $3.5 billion per year in 2010
Robert G. Kaiser, “Citizen K Street: Introduction,” Washington Post, March 2007, http://blog.washingtonpost.com/citizen-k-street/chapters/introduction/; Bennett Roth and Alex Knott, “Lobby Dollars Dip for First Time in Years,” Roll Call, February 1, 2011.
128 top the list of lobbying expenditures
Roth and Knott, “Lobby Dollars Dip for First Time in Years.”