Burtsev, Vladimir (1862–1942) Historian of the revolutionary movement. Lived mostly abroad, but won fame in Russia for his skill in unmasking police agents within revolutionary parties. Returned to Russia in 1917, but left in the early 1920s and from then on specialized in revealing discreditable episodes in the history of Bolshevism.
Dan (real name Gurvich), Fyodor (1871–1947) Physician. Menshevik leader. Supported Provisional Government in 1917. Exiled 1922.
Danilov, Yuri (1866–1937) “Black” Danilov, to distinguish him from a red-haired namesake. Quartermaster General at Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich’s HQ. Commanded an army corps 1915–16. Chief of Staff on Northern Front 1916–17.
Denikin, Anton (1872–1947) Lieutenant general. Commanded 8th Army Corps on Romanian front in the autumn of 1916. One of the main leaders of the White Armies in the Civil War. Left Russia in 1920. Wrote memoirs.
Dmitri Pavlovich, Grand Duke (1880–1942) Cousin of Nikolai II. Member of the conspiracy to assassinate Rasputin.
Dmitriev, Radko (1859–1918) Bulgarian general. Entered Russian service in 1914. Commanded an army corps, then in succession the 3rd Army (Western Front) and the 12th Army (Northern Front).
Dmitryukov, Ivan (1871–?) Deputy in Third and Fourth Dumas. Octobrist.
Dolgorukov, Prince Pavel (1866–1927) One of the founders of the Kadet Party. President of its Central Committee 1905–11. Deputy in Second Duma. Returned clandestinely to Russia from emigration in 1926. Either executed or died in prison.
Dzhunkovsky, Vladimir (1864–?) Major general. As governor of Moscow, he presented a report on an affray involving Rasputin. Later Vice-Minister of the Interior. Either executed by the Bolsheviks or died in prison camp.
Efremov, Ivan (1866–?) Deputy representing Don Cossacks in Third and Fourth Dumas. Leading member of Progressist Party. Briefly Minister for Social Security under Provisional Government.
Elizaveta Fyodorovna (“Ella”) (1864–1918) Sister of Empress Aleksandra Fyodorovna. Married to Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich. After his assassination took the veil. Murdered by the Bolsheviks.
Evert, Aleksei (1857–1918) General, commanded 4th Army, then Western Army Group (from 31 August 1915). Assassinated.
Frederiks, Vladimir, Count (1838–1927) Vice-Minister of the Court 1893–97, Minister from 1897.
Fyodorov, Mikhail (1845–?) Kadet deputy in Second Duma.
Gegechkori, E. P. (1879–?) Georgian Menshevik leader. Minister of Foreign Affairs in independent Georgian Republic 1919–21.
Gertsenshtein, Mikhail (1859–1906) Economist. Kadet deputy in First Duma. Professor in Moscow Institute of Agronomics. Assassinated in Finland by Black Hundreds.
Golitsyn, Boris (1880–1947) Member of the Progressive Bloc in the Fourth Duma.
Golovin, Nikolai (1875–1944) General. Modernizing military theorist. Author of important military manuals and memoirs.
Gordon, A. I. (1884–?) Activist in the Jewish Bund. Subsequently joined the Bolsheviks. Expelled from the Party as a Trotskyist in 1927. Readmitted 1928. Expelled again and disappeared 1935.
Goremykin, Ivan (1839–1917) Chairman of the Council of Ministers April–July 1906 and January 1914–January 1916. Murdered by the Bolsheviks.
Gorky, Maksim (real name Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov) (1868–1936) Major Russian writer. Supported the Bolsheviks financially and as a publicist. Lived on Capri 1906–13. Leading member of the anti-Leninist faction in the Party in 1909. After February Revolution established a non-Bolshevik left-wing newspaper (New Life) in Petrograd. Disapproved of Bolshevik coup, but cooperated with the regime from 1919. Emigrated to Italy 1921, returned to the Soviet Union in 1928 and became an apologist for Stalinism and the head of the Writers’ Union established in 1932. Died mysteriously.
Graber, Ernst (1875–1956) Swiss Social Democrat. Internationalist.
Greulich, Hermann (1842–1925) Swiss Social Democrat. One of the founders of the Berner Tagwacht.
Grigorovich, Ivan (1853–1930) Admiral. Minister of the Navy 1911–17.
Grimm, Robert (1881–1958) Swiss Social Democratic leader. Presided over the internationalist Zimmerwald and Kienthal conferences.
Groman, Vladimir (1875–?) Menshevik economist. Responsible for food supply of Petrograd after the February Revolution. Leading figure in State Planning Commission 1923–28. Chief defendant in trial of Mensheviks in 1931. Sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment. Disappeared.
Guchkov, Aleksandr (1862–1936) Founder of the Octobrist Party. President of the Third Duma March 1910–March 1911. Chairman of the All-Russian War Industry Committees. Minister of War in the first Provisional Government, February–May 1917. Emigrated 1918.
Gurko, Osip (1828–1901) Field marshal. Distinguished himself in Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78.
Gurko, Vasili (1864–1937) Son of Osip Gurko. General. Chief of General Staff during Alekseev’s illness (November 1916–March 1917). Commander of Western Army Group March–May 1917. Dismissed and exiled by Provisional Government.
Gurko, Vladimir (1863–1927) Vice-Minister of the Interior 1906. Member of the State Council from 1912.
Gutovsky, Vintsenti (1875–1918) Menshevik. Executed by White Army in Siberia.
Gvozdev, Kozma (1883–?) Worker. Menshevik leader. President of Central Workers’ Group. Member of Central Committee of Petrograd Soviet, then Minister of Labor under the Provisional Government. Imprisoned from 1930 on.
Hanecki (Fürstenburg), Jakow (code name Kuba) (1879–1937) Polish Social Democrat. Collaborated with Lenin from 1912 in Cracow, then in Switzerland. From 1915 transferred funds to the Bolsheviks in Russia via Scandinavia. Minor official after the Bolshevik Revolution. Executed during the Great Purge.
Helphand (see Parvus)
Ignatiev, Pavel (1870–1945) Minister of Education January 1915–January 1917.
Iliodor (Sergei Trufanov) (1880–1958) Popular preacher, unfrocked monk, once Rasputin’s friend, then a deadly enemy. His collection of scabrous stories about Rasputin was circulated clandestinely before its publication in 1917.
Iollos, Grigori (1859–1907) Kadet publicist. Assassinated by Black Hundreds.
Ivanov, Nikolai (1851–1919) Artillery general. Commanded Southwestern Army Group August 1914–March 1916.
Jagow, Gottlieb von (1863–1935) German Minister of Foreign Affairs (1912–16).
Kaledin, Aleksei (1861–1918) General. Commanded 8th Army May 1916–May 1917. Rallied resistance to the Bolsheviks on the Don in late 1917. Committed suicide February 1918.
Kamenev (Rozenfeld), Lev (1883–1936) Bolshevik. President of Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet 1917. Opponent of Stalin from 1925. Executed 1936.
Kamo (Ter-Petrosian, Simon) (1882–1922) Georgian Bolshevik. Associate of Stalin. Organizer of “expropriations” (bank robberies to obtain funds for the Party).
Karaulov, Mikhail (1878–1917) Cossack officer. Deputy from Terek Cossacks in Second and Fourth Dumas. Cooperated with Progressist Party.
Karsavina, Tamara (1885–1978) Premiere danseuse of Marie Theater. Continued her career abroad from 1918.
Kayurov, Viniamin (1876–1936) Bolshevik. Worked in Ericsson factory in 1916. Held important posts in the early years of the Soviet regime. Opponent of Stalin from mid-1920s. Expelled from Party 1932. Executed 1936.
Kerensky, Aleksandr (1881–1970) Lawyer. Leader of Trudovik group. In Fourth Duma. Successively Minister of Justice, Minister of War, and Prime Minister in the Provisional Government of 1917. Emigrated in 1918.
Kerzhentsev (Lebedev), Platon (1881–1940) Bolshevik publicist, diplomat, and encyclopedia editor.
Kesküla, Aleksandr Estonian intermediary between the Germans and Russian revolutionary groups. Financed Bolshevik publications in Scandinavia to be smuggled into Russia. Established links between Lenin in Switzerland and Bolsheviks in Russia.
Kharitonov, Pyotr (1852–?) Minister of State Control 1907–February 1916.
Kollontai, Aleksandra Mikhailovna (1872–1952)
General’s daughter. Bolshevik. Theorist of “free love.” Novelist. Member of Bolshevik Central Committee 1917. With Shlyapnikov one of leaders of “Workers’ Opposition” 1920–21. From 1923 Soviet diplomat, representing U.S.S.R. in Norway 1923–26 and 1927–30, Mexico 1920–27, and Sweden 1930–45.
Konovalov, Aleksandr (1875–1948) Industrialist. Deputy in Fourth Duma. Leader of the Progressist Party. Vice-chairman of the All-Russian War Industry Committees. Minister of Commerce and Industry in the Provisional Government.
Konstantinovichi The children of the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich (1827–92).
Kornilov, L. G. (1870–1918) General. As Petrograd Military District commander arrested Nikolai II and his family. Commander in Chief from August 1917. His attempt to forestall the Bolshevik coup was frustrated by Kerensky. Killed in battle in the Civil War.
Korolenko, Vladimir (1853–1921) Eminent writer and publicist. Editor of Russkoye Bogatstvo (Russian Wealth). Liberal Populist. Campaigned against anti-Semitism (see Beilis). Died of starvation in 1921 famine.
Kovalevsky, Maksim (1851–1916) Historian and politician, writer on the peasant commune. Member of the First Duma. Founded Party of Democratic Reform, to the right of the Kadets.
Kozlovsky, Mechislav (1876–1927) Lawyer. Bolshevik. Emigrated. Rejoined the Party in 1917. Served in Soviet judicial, economic, and diplomatic agencies.
Krasin, Leonid (1870–1926) Engineer. Bolshevik. Opposed Lenin’s dictatorial behavior 1904–5, but was one of Bolshevik leaders in Revolution of 1905. Organized manufacture of explosives for the Bolsheviks. Worked for Siemens from 1909 in Berlin, then in Petrograd. From 1918 member of Council of People’s Commissars concerned with military supplies, trade, industry, and transport. In 1922–26 was twice ambassador to Britain and once to France.
Krivoshein, Aleksandr (1857–1921) Close associate of Stolypin. Minister of Agriculture 1906–15.
Kropotkin, Prince Pyotr (1842–1921) Geographer, revolutionary, major theorist of anarchism. Sided with Bakunin against Marx in the First International. Imprisoned in Russia 1874–76. Expelled from Switzerland 1881, imprisoned in France 1883–86. Returned to Russia from England in 1917. Developed (anti-Bolshevik) theory of “communist anarchism.”
Krupensky, Pavel (1863–?) Bessarabian deputy in Third and Fourth Dumas, member of Progressive Bloc.
Krupskaya, Nadezhda (1869–1939) Lenin’s wife. Teacher by profession. Active as educationalist after the 1917 Revolution.
Krymov, Aleksandr (1871–1917) General. Corps commander, associate of Guchkov and the Octobrists. Committed suicide in September 1917 after the failure of Kornilov’s attempt to forestall the Bolshevik coup.
Ksheshinskaya, Maria (Mathilde Kszesinska) (1872–1971) Ballerina of Polish origin. Mistress of the Tsarevich Nikolai Aleksandrovich, subsequently Tsar Nikolai II, then of Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, then wife of Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich.
Kurlov, Pavel (1860–1923) Chief of the Okhrana at the time of Stolypin’s assassination. Disgraced, but rehabilitated with the help of the Rasputin clique. Vice-Minister of the Interior from December 1916. Arrested by Provisional Government. Emigrated.
Kuropatkin, Aleksei (1848–1925) Commander in Chief during the war with Japan, 1904–5. Commanded an army corps, then the Northern Army Group, until August 1916. Then governor of Turkestan. Author of works on the Balkan and Central Asian campaigns and on the war with Japan.
Lechitsky, Platon (1856–1925) Commander of 9th Army 1914–17.
Ledebour, Georg (1850–1947) German Social Democrat, attended Zimmerwald Conference.
Levashov, Sergei (1857–?) Professor of medicine. Rightist deputy in Fourth Duma.
Liebknecht, Karl (1871–1919) German Social Democrat. Leader with Rosa Luxemburg of the left-wing, antiwar Spartacist faction, assassinated.
Lilina, Zinaida (1882–1929) Bolshevik, abroad 1908–17. Linked with Zinoviev.
Litvinov, Maksim (real name Vallakh) (1876–1951) Social Democrat from 1898, Leninist from 1901. Procured arms from abroad during 1905 Revolution. Briefly Soviet representative in London in 1917. Deputy People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs 1921, Commissar 1930–May 1939.
Lurie, Mikhail (Yuri Larin) (1882–1932) Social Democrat from 1901. Bolshevik from August 1917.
Lutovinov, Yuri (1887–1924) Militant worker. Social Democrat from 1904. After the October Revolution member of the Workers’ Opposition with Shlyapnikov and Kollontai. Committed suicide.
Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) Co-founder of the Social Democratic Party of Poland and Lithuania. From 1898 active in German Social Democratic Party. From 1914 leader with Karl Liebknecht of Spartacus League, spent most of the war in prison. Assassinated with Liebknecht during the Spartacus rising.
Lvov, Georgi Evgenievich (1861–1925) Kadet politician. Chairman of the All-Russian Union of Zemstvos. After February Revolution Prime Minister until replaced by Kerensky in July.
Maklakov, Nikolai (1871–1918) Minister of the Interior 1912–15. Shot by the Bolsheviks with Shcheglovitov in reprisal for Fanny Kaplan’s attempt on Lenin’s life (August 1918).
Maklakov, Vasili (1870–1957) Lawyer, leading member of Kadet Party. Ambassador of Provisional Government to France 1917.
Markov, Nikolai (1876–1943) Deputy in Third and Fourth Dumas, leader of the extreme right. One of the leaders of the Union of the Russian People (Black Hundreds). Called Markov II as the younger of two Markovs in the Duma.
Martov, Yuli Osipovich (real name Tsederbaum) (1873–1923) Social Democrat from 1892. Co-editor with Lenin of Iskra, broke with him in 1903, after which he led the Menshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party.
Meller-Zakomelsky, Aleksandr, Baron (1844–1923) General. Played a major part in repressions after the 1905 Revolution.
Meshchersky, Vladimir, Prince (1839–1914) Novelist, right-wing publicist, newspaper proprietor.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke (1878–1918) Younger brother of Nikolai II, refused the crown after Nikolai’s abdication. Assassinated by the Bolsheviks.
Milyukov, Pavel Nikolaevich (1859–1943) Historian, leader of the Kadet Party. Member of the Duma 1907–17. Foreign Minister in the Provisional Government.
Minervin, Mili Izmailovich Prominent member of the Progressive Bloc.
Minin, Kuzma (d. 1616) Butcher from Nizhny Novgorod who organized the militia which, led by Prince Pozharsky, expelled the Poles from Moscow in 1612.
Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (real name Skryabin) (1890–1986) Bolshevik from 1906. Close associate of Stalin. Second Secretary of Central Committee 1921–30. Chairman of Council of People’s Commissars 1930–40, deputy chairman 1940–57.
Moor, Karl Swiss socialist, double agent for Germans and Austrians, assisted Lenin in Switzerland.
Münzenberg, Wilhelm (Willi) (1889–1940) German Social Democrat, secretary of Socialist Youth International (1915–19), then Communist Youth International 1919–20. Reichstag Deputy 1924–33. Emigré in France from 1933. Expelled from German Communist Party 1939. Found hanged near Grenoble in the summer of 1940.
Muromtsev, Sergei (1850–1910) Professor of law at Moscow University. One of the founders of the Kadet Party. President of the First Duma.
Nabokov, Vladimir (1869–1922) Lawyer. Activist in Zemstvo Congress 1904–5, one of founders of the Kadet Party. Secretary-General of Provisional Government. Emigrated, assassinated by a Russian right-wing extremist.
Naine, Charles Lawyer. Leading Swiss Social Democrat.
Naumov, Aleksandr (1868–1950) Minister of Agriculture November 1915–August 1916.
Nechaev, Sergei (1847–1882) Russian revolutionary conspirator, associate of Bakunin from 1869, deported to Russia from Switzerland 1872, died in prison.
Nechvolodov, Aleksandr (1864–1938) General, emigrated after Bolshevik Revolution.
Nekrasov, Nikolai (1879–1940) Kadet deputy in Third and Fourth Dumas. One of the organizers of Zemgor. Held ministerial posts in Provisional Government.
Nikolai Mikhailovich, Grand Duke (1859–1919) Was also a historian of note. Shot by the Bolsheviks without a trial.
Nikolai Nikolaevich (Senior), Grand Duke (1831–91) Son of Nikolai I. Field marshal. Commander in Chief in Balkan War 1877–78.
Nikolai Nikolaevich (Junior) (Nikolasha), Grand Duke (1856–1929) Son of the above. Supreme Commander 1914–15. Viceroy in the Caucasus after the Emperor assumed the Supreme Command.
Nobs, Ernst (1896–1957) Swiss Social Democrat. President of the Swiss Confederation 1949.
Nogin, Viktor (1878–1924) Prominent Bolshevik.
Nosar, Georgi (pseudonym Pyotr Khrustalyov) (1877–1918) President of St. Petersburg Soviet in 1905. Joined Mensheviks. Returned to Russia from emigration 1914. Sided with Ukrainian nationalists 1918. Shot by the Bolsheviks.
Obolensky, Aleksandr (1877–1924) Civil governor of Petrograd 1914–16. Fought with White Armies under Yudenich 1918–19.
Olga Aleksandrovna, Grand Duchess (1882–1960) Younger sister of Nikolai II. Married Prince Peter of Oldenburg, divorced 1916. Married cavalry officer Nikolai Kulikovsky.
Olminsky, Mikhail (1863–1933) Bolshevik from 1903. Journalist, collaborated with Lenin on Pravda and other publications. After the Revolution historian of the Party.
Osipanov, Vasili (1861–87) Revolutionary and terrorist, member of the People’s Will Party. Executed together with Aleksandr Ulyanov (Lenin’s brother).
Pannekoek, Anton (1873–1960) Dutch Social Democrat, then member of the Communist Party of the Netherlands.
Parvus (nom de guerre of Israel Lazarevich Gelfand [Helfand] (1867–1924)) Played prominent part in 1905 Revolution. Invented theory of “permanent revolution.” Successful businessman. Funded revolutionaries (especially Bolsheviks).
Pavel Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke (1860–1919) Uncle of Nikolai II. Cavalry general. Shot by Bolsheviks without a trial.
Peters, Jacob (1866–1942) Latvian Bolshevik. Vice president of the Cheka. Purged in the late 1930s.
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