Petrunkevich, Ivan (1843–1928) Lawyer. One of the organizers of Zemstvo congresses. Prominent member of Kadet Party.
Philippe, Nizier-Anthelme (1849–1905) A French “healer” patronized by the imperial couple in 1901–2.
Pyanykh, Ivan (1864–1929) Peasant. SR (Socialist Revolutionary) deputy in Second Duma. Sentenced to death 1909, sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Freed by Revolution of February 1917.
Pyatakov, Grigori Leonidovich (1890–1937) Anarchist, then from 1910 Bolshevik. In 1917 chairman of the Kiev Soviet. In 1918 headed the Soviet government of the Ukraine. From 1918 supporter of Trotsky. Chief defendant at the second show trial in 1937. Executed.
Rennenkamph, Paul (1854–1918) General. Distinguished himself in Boxer War. His inaction in East Prussia was held responsible for the loss of Samsonov’s army in August 1914. Equally ineffectual at Lodz in November 1916, he was dismissed. Shot by the Bolsheviks 1918.
Rodichev, Fyodor (1853–1923) Jurist. Kadet leader, deputy in all four Dumas.
Rodzyanko, Mikhail (1859–1923) Octobrist. President of the Duma 1911–17.
Roland-Holst, Henrietta (1869–1952) Dutch Social Democrat. Communist 1918–27.
Romberg, Gisbert von (1866–1939) German ambassador to Switzerland.
Rubinstein, Dmitri Financier. Director of the Private Commercial Bank and the Russo-French Bank. Philanthropist. Arrested in the summer of 1916, charged with a fraudulent operation in France, imprisoned at Pskov, freed allegedly after bribing Rasputin to persuade the Empress to intercede for him.
Rukhlov, Sergei Minister of Communications 1909–15.
Ruzsky, Nikolai (1854–1918) General, army commander. Shot by the Bolsheviks.
Samarin, Aleksandr (1869–1932) Procurator of the Holy Synod July–October 1916. Enemy of Rasputin, dismissed on the Empress’s insistence. Remained in Russia after the October Revolution. Died in exile at Kostroma.
Samsonov, Aleksandr Vasilievich (1859–1914) Cavalry general, Cossack in origin. Commanded 1st Army in East Prussia in August 1914. Defeated at Tannenberg. Committed suicide.
Savinkov, Boris (1879–1925) One of the leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Terrorist. Arrested by Bolsheviks in 1924. Tried, committed suicide in prison.
Sazonov, Sergei (1860–1927) Minister of Foreign Affairs, September 1910–July 1916.
Schmidt, Jacques (1882–?) Swiss Social Democrat.
Sergeevich, Vasili (1832–1910) Professor of the history of Russian law.
Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke (1857–1905) Uncle of Nikolai II. Governor-general of Moscow. Assassinated by a Socialist Revolutionary terrorist February 1905.
Sergei Mikhailovich, Grand Duke (1869–1918) Inspector General of Artillery. Assassinated by the Bolsheviks.
Shakhovskoy, Dmitri (1861–1939) Zemstvo activist, one of the founders of the journal Osvobozhdenie (Liberation.) Deputy in First Duma. Perished in the Great Purge.
Shakhovskoy, Vsevolod (1874–1954) Minister of Commerce and Industry 1915–17.
Shcheglovitov, Ivan (1861–1918) Minister of Justice 1906–15. Shot by the Bolsheviks without a trial in reprisal for Fanny Kaplan’s attempt to assassinate Lenin (August 1918).
Shchepkin, Nikolai (1854–1919) Kadet leader. Shot by the Bolsheviks.
Shcherbachev, Dmitri (1857–1932) General. Commanded 7th, then 11th Army on the Southwestern Front, April 1915–April 1917.
Shcherbatov, Nikolai (1868–1943) Minister of the Interior in 1915.
Shidlovsky, Sergei (1861–1922) Octobrist. Vice president of Third Duma. President of Bureau of Progressive Bloc.
Shingarev, Andrei (1869–1918) Zemstvo physician. Member of Kadet Party leadership. Minister of Agriculture, then Minister of Finance in the Provisional Government of 1917. Imprisoned by the Bolsheviks, murdered in a hospital bed.
Shipov, Dmitri (1851–1920) Zemstvo activist, political theorist, memoirist, one of the founders of the Octobrist Party.
Shlyapnikov, Aleksandr (1885–1937) Born into a family of Old Believers. Bolshevik from 1905. Worked in factories abroad 1908–14. Collaborated closely with Lenin during the war, returned clandestinely to Russia via Scandinavia on various occasions, oversaw the work of the Bolshevik Russian Bureau. First People’s Commissar for Labor after the Bolshevik Revolution. One of the leaders of the “Workers’ Opposition” 1920–22. Expelled from the Central Committee in 1922. Held minor posts subsequently. Expelled from the Party 1933, arrested 1935, died in prison in 1937 (or in a labor camp in 1943).
Shulgin, Vasili (1878–1976) Duma deputy. Member of the Progressive Bloc. With Guchkov received Nikolai II’s abdication. Emigrated. Captured in Yugoslavia 1944, spent twelve years in a prison camp.
Shurkanov, V. E. (1876–?) Worker. Deputy in Third Duma, police informer from 1913.
Shuvaev, Dmitri (1854–1937) General. Minister of War March 1916–January 1917. Served in Red Army after the Revolution. Perished in the Great Purge.
Sipyagin, Dmitri (1853–1902) Minister of the Interior 1900–2. Assassinated by a Socialist Revolutionary terrorist.
Sklarz, Georg (1878–?) Businessman. Worked for German intelligence service.
Skobelev, Matvei (1885–1939) Social Democrat from 1903. Menshevik deputy in Fourth Duma. Minister in Second Provisional Government July 1917. Joined Bolshevik Party in 1922. Worked in foreign trade organizations. Expelled from the Party 1937. Died in the Great Terror.
Skobelev, Mikhail (1843–1882) General. Distinguished himself in Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78.
Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan (1870–1928) Social Democrat. Bolshevik from 1904. After the October Revolution first People’s Commissar for Finance. Historian and economist.
Smidovich, I. G. (Dimka) Menshevik. Contributor to Iskra.
Smidovich, Pyotr (1874–1935) Bolshevik. Leader of the Party in Moscow. Took active part in suppressing the Kronstadt mutiny and the Tambov rising.
Smidovich, Sofia (1872–1934) Bolshevik. Apparatchik and activist in women’s organizations after the October Revolution.
Sokolov, Nikolai (1870–1928) Lawyer. Bolshevik sympathizer. Drafted Order No. 1, which in effect destroyed discipline in the Russian army in March 1917.
Soloviev, Sergei (1820–79) Historian of Russia (to 1774, in twenty-nine volumes).
Soloviev, Vladimir (1853–1900) Son of Sergei Soloviev. Philosopher and religious thinker.
Spiridonova, Maria (1884–1941) Socialist Revolutionary terrorist. Condemned to death 1906, sentence commuted to forced labor for life, freed by February Revolution 1917. Imprisoned by the Bolsheviks, shot at Orel as the Germans advanced on that city.
Spiridovich, Aleksandr (1873–?) Major general, responsible for Tsar Nikolai II’s security until the assassination of Stolypin. Commandant of the Kronstadt garrison, then governor of Yalta during the First World War.
Stakhovich, Mikhail (1861–1923) Zemstvo activist. Member of First and Second Dumas, abandoned Kadets for Octobrists. Under Provisional Government governor-general of Finland.
Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich (real name Dzhugashvili) (1879–1953) Member of Social Democratic Party from 1898. Member of Bolshevik Central Committee from 1912. In exile at Turukhansk February 1913–February 1916. General Secretary of the Bolshevik Central Committee 1922–52, Secretary 1952–53, Chairman of Council of People’s Commissars and (after its renaming in 1946) Council of Ministers 1940–53.
Steklov-Nakhamkes, Yuri (1873–1941) Journalist and historian. Bolshevik. Contributor to Pravda. Probably a victim of the Great Purge.
Stempkovsky, Viktor (1859–?) Octobrist deputy in Third and Fourth Dumas.
Struve, Pyotr (1870–1944) Publicist. Began as a Marxist. Became a liberal. Edited (abroad) the liberal journal Osvobozhdenie (Liberation). Became leader of the right wing of the Kadet Party.
Stürmer, Boris (1848–1917) Official in Ministry of the Interior. Protégé of Rasputin. Chairman of Council of Ministers February–November 1916. Simultaneously Minister of the Interior (March–July), then Minister
of Foreign Affairs (July–November). In 1917 imprisoned by the Provisional Government, died in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Sukhomlinov, Vladimir (1848–1926) General. War Minister 1909–15. Arrested May 1916, freed thanks to Rasputin, rearrested by the Provisional Government in 1917, amnestied May 1918.
Surits, Yakov (1882–1951) Member of the Jewish Bund 1902–3, then Menshevik. After October Revolution in Soviet diplomatic service. Ambassador to France 1937–40.
Suvorin, Aleksei (1834–1912) Journalist. Publisher of the first popular right-wing newspaper in Russia, Novoye Vremya (New Times). His published diary, Journal Intime d’A. Souvorine (Paris, 1927), is of considerable historical interest.
Tatyana Nikolaevna, Grand Duchess (1897–1918) Second daughter of Nikolai II, murdered by the Bolsheviks together with her father, mother, sisters, and brother.
Teofan (Bystrov) (1875–1940) Rector of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy. For a time confessor to the Emperor and Empress. At first an enthusiastic supporter of Rasputin, later saw in him an incarnation of evil.
Tereshchenko, Mikhail (1886–1956) Rich sugar refiner. Deputy in Fourth Duma, close to Progressists. Minister of Finance, then Minister of Foreign Affairs in Provisional Government.
Thomas, Albert (1878–1932) French socialist, led a mission to Russia in 1916, returned in 1917.
Trotsky, Lev Davidovich (real name Bronstein) (1879–1940) Revolutionary Social Democrat from 1897. Supported Mensheviks against Lenin after the Party split of 1903. Chairman of the St. Petersburg Soviet during the 1905 Revolution. In France, then the United States during the First World War. Returned to Russia after the February 1917 Revolution. Headed the Military Revolutionary Committee of the St. Petersburg Soviet and organized the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Commissar for Foreign Affairs 1917–18, Commissar for War 1918–25, member of Politburo 1919–27, often opposing Lenin, deprived of power by Stalin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev after Lenin’s death, expelled from Russia 1929, murdered by a Soviet agent in Coyoacán, Mexico, 1940.
Trubetskoy, Prince Pyotr (1858–1911) Zemstvo activist, played a prominent role in the congresses of 1904 and 1905.
Trubetskoy, Prince Sergei (1862–1905) Zemstvo activist. In June 1905 head of a delegation which presented a program of reform to the Emperor.
Tyszka, Jan (real name Jogiches) (1869–1919) Polish Social Democrat. Husband of Rosa Luxemburg. Murdered in a German prison, March 1919.
Ulyanov, Aleksandr (1866–87) Lenin’s older brother. Member of the People’s Will Party. Hanged for participation in a plot to assassinate Tsar Aleksandr III.
Ulyanova, Maria Aleksandrovna (1835–1916) Lenin’s mother.
Uritsky, Moisei (1873–1918) Social Democrat. Member of the Interdistrict group, then a Bolshevik. After October 1917 head of the Cheka in Petrograd. Assassinated.
Uvarov, Aleksei, Count (1859–?) Deputy in Third Duma, member of Progressist Party.
Vandervelde, Emile (1866–1938) Belgian Social Democrat, prominent in the Second International.
Varun-Sekret, Sergei (1868–?) Duma deputy, Octobrist, vice president of the Duma.
Vasilissa In 1812 Vasilissa Kozhina, wife of a village headman in Smolensk province, led a band of women and young people armed with sickles, forks, and axes who killed or took prisoner a large number of Napoleon’s soldiers.
Vertinsky, Aleksandr (1889–1957) Writer and singer of popular songs. Emigrated in 1919. Returned to the U.S.S.R. in 1943.
Vinaver, Maksim (1863–1926) Lawyer. One of the founders of the Kadet Party, deputy in the First Duma. Member of the White government in the Crimea 1919.
Vishnevsky, Aleksandr (1862–?) Extreme right-wing deputy in Third and Fourth Dumas.
Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) (1848–1918) Metropolitan of Petrograd, removed to Kiev at Rasputin’s behest. Murdered by the Bolsheviks.
Volkonsky, Prince Vladimir (1868–1953) Right-wing deputy in Third and Fourth Dumas. Vice president of Fourth Duma.
Volodarsky, Vladimir (1891–1918) Member of Jewish Bund, then a Menshevik. Joined Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. Popular orator. Assassinated by a Socialist Revolutionary.
Vorontsov-Dashkov, Ilarion (1837–1916) Minister of the Court 1881–97. Viceroy of the Caucasus 1905–15.
Vyrubova, Anna (1884–1954) Lady-in-waiting to the Empress. For some years her closest friend and intermediary between the imperial couple and Rasputin. Fled to Finland after the Revolution and lived there in obscurity.
Witte, Sergei (1849–1915) Minister of Finance 1892–1903. Chairman of Council of Ministers October 1905–April 1906 (replaced by Goremykin). Author of important memoirs.
Yakhontov, Arkadi (1876–1938) Deputy secretary-general to Council of Ministers 1914–15.
Yakubova, A. A. (1870–1917) Economist. Menshevik. Politically inactive after 1905.
Yanushkevich, Nikolai (1868–1918) General, expert on “military administration.” Chief of General Staff under Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, then on the Grand Duke’s staff in the Caucasus. Assassinated while under arrest.
Yusupov, Feliks (1856–1928) Governor-general of Moscow, father of Rasputin’s assassin.
Zalutsky, Pyotr (1887–1937) Originally a Socialist Revolutionary, a Bolshevik from 1907. Trotskyist in the 1920s, deported 1934, presumably executed.
Zamyslovsky, Georgi (1872–?) Extreme right-wing deputy in Third and Fourth Dumas.
Zasulich, Vera (1849–1919) Populist terrorist, tried in 1873 for an attempt on the life of the governor of St. Petersburg, acquitted, fled abroad, became one of the Menshevik leaders, opponent of the Bolshevik regime.
Zemlyachka, Rosalia (originally Zalkind) (1876–1947) Bolshevik. Iskra agent. A favorite of Stalin during and after the Great Purge of 1935–38.
Zetkin, Klara (1857–1933) German Social Democrat. Founding member of the Spartacus League, then of the German Communist Party. Reichstag deputy 1920–33.
Zhelyabov, Andrei (1851–81) Leading member of the revolutionary populist People’s Will Party. Organized the assassination of Aleksandr II. Executed.
Zhilinsky, Yakov (1852–1918) General. Commander of Northwestern Army Group. After the debacle in East Prussia in 1914 represented Russia at the HQs of the French and British commanders in chief.
Zhordania, Noe (1869–1953) Georgian Menshevik leader.
Zinoviev, Grigori (1883–1936) Bolshevik from 1903. Companion of Lenin from 1908. Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet after the October Revolution, candidate member of the Politburo 1919–21, full member 1921–26. Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Communist International 1919–26. After Lenin’s death sided with Stalin and Kamenev against Trotsky, then with Trotsky and Kamenev against Stalin. Repeatedly expelled from the Party, sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment in 1935, tried in one of the Great Purge show trials, executed in 1936.
Zurabov, A. G. (1873–1920) Caucasian socialist from 1892. Sided with Mensheviks in emigration 1908–17. Supported Bolsheviks in the Caucasus after the October Revolution.
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World copyright © 1984 by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Translation copyright © 1999 by H. T. Willetts
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Printed in the United States of America
Originally published in Russian in 1993 by Voyennoye izdatelstvo, Moscow, as
Krasnoe koleso. Uzel II: Oktyabr shestnadtsatogo
English translation published in the United States in 1999 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux
This paperback edition, 2014
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The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows:
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich, 1918–2008.
[Oktiabr’ shestnadtsatogo. English]
&
nbsp; November 1916 / Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn ; translated by H. T. Willetts. — 1st American ed.
p. cm. — (Red wheel ; knot 2)
Includes index.
ISBN 0-374-22314-9 (alk. paper)
1. Russia—History—Nicholas II, 1894–1917—Fiction. I. Willetts, H. T. II. Title. III. Series: Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich, 1918–2008. Krasnoe koleso. English; knot 2.
PG3488.O4 O3913 1999
891.73’44—dc21
98014263
eISBN: 978-0-374-71213-6
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