Ike and McCarthy
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8. Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 147–48; William Bragg Ewald, Jr., McCarthyism and Consensus: The Credibility of Institutions, Policies and Leadership, vol. 13 (New York: University Press of America, 1986), 15; Milton S. Eisenhower, The President Is Calling (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974), 317, and in an Columbia University Oral History Series interview, OH-292, DDEPL; Birkner, “Eisenhower and the Red Menace,” 201.
9. DDE to Edgar Eisenhower, April 3, 1953, DDE diary, B3 (3), DDEPL.
10. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 477–78.
11. Sokolsky to JFD, Feb. 12, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B1 (4); Edward Ranzal, “M’Carthy Sifting Voice of America,” The New York Times, Feb. 13, 1953; Edward Ranzal, “McCarthy Lays ‘Sabotaging’ of Foreign Policy to ‘Voice,’ ” The New York Times, Feb. 14, 1953; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 478–79; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 266–78.
12. JFD to Adams, Feb. 16, 1953, and JFD to DDE, Feb. 19, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B10 (White House); Shanley diary, Feb. 18, 1953, BSP, B1, IV (1), 644, 648–50; Hughes diary, Feb. 24, 1953, SGMML.
13. Martin Merson, The Private Diary of a Public Servant (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 1–2, 6; Hagerty, press release, Feb. 24, 1953, CF/OF B131, 8-D-2, Voice of America, DDEPL; C. P. Trussell, “Educator Is Asked to Head the ‘Voice,’ ” The New York Times, Feb. 24, 1953; JFD to DDE, Feb. 24, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B10 (White House); DDE to Johnson, Feb. 24, 1953, DDEP, no. 55.
14. “The Nation,” The New York Times, Feb. 22, 1953; Report on Overseas Libraries, “Books by Avowed Communists,” n.d., 1953, CF/OF, B130, 8-D, International Information Administration (4), DDEPL; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 277–78.
15. “ ‘Voice’ Aide Ruled Suicide,” The New York Times, March 6, 1953; Wayne Phillips, “Harassing Feared by ‘Voice’ Suicide,” The New York Times, March 7, 1953; “Text of Letter Left by ‘Voice’ Suicide,” The New York Times, March 7, 1953; “Suicide Cleared by McCarthy,” The Washington Post, March 8, 1953; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 271.
16. Walter Waggoner, “New Ruling Permits ‘Voice’ to Use Communist Writings,” The New York Times, March 19, 1953.
17. C. P. Trussell, “New ‘Voice’ Likely to Replace Agency,” The New York Times, March 21, 1953.
18. JFD to Diplomatic & Consular Offices, April 2–3, 1953, Congressional Security Investigations, FRUS, vol. I, 1437–39; JFD to Lourie, April 3, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B1 (1); Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 488–90; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 279. Nicholas von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn: The Life and Times of Roy Cohn (New York: Bantam Books, 1992), 187–90, discusses evidence pro and con as to whether Cohn and Schine were lovers.
19. In later years Roy Cohn was widely assumed to be “gay”—a term rarely used in the 1950s—and he died of AIDS in 1986; Schine, on the other hand, married a former Miss Universe in 1957 and fathered six children. In that era, prominent gay men often married, raised families, and maintained lifelong secrecy about their orientation, whether gay or bisexual. At minimum, Roy Cohn was infatuated; nothing else adequately explains the obsessive behavior toward David Schine that would eventually threaten his legal and political ambitions; for more on Cohn, see Sidney Lion, The Autobiography of Roy Cohn (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1988).
20. Dillon to Smith, Apr. 7, 1953, Congressional Security Investigations, FRUS, vol. I, 1441–42; German Press and Radio Comments on Cohn and Schine, Apr. 22, 1953, FRUS, vol. I, 1455; “Aides of M’Carthy Open Bonn Inquiry,” The New York Times, Apr. 7, 1953; Murray Marder, “M’Carthy’s ‘Junketeering Gumshoes’ Flayed,” The Washington Post, Apr. 30, 1953; “Investigators in Vienna,” The New York Times, Apr. 11, 1953; a slightly different account of the hotel incident is reported in Drew Pearson, “McCarthy’s Men Get Attention,” The Washington Post, Apr. 22, 1953.
21. “Gold Dust Twins,” The Washington Post, Apr. 21, 1953.
22. John B. Oakes, “Inquiry into McCarthy’s Status,” The New York Times, Apr. 12, 1953.
23. JFD to Hughes and Jackson, March 13, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B10 (White House); Robert S. Kieve diary, March 18 and Apr. 15, 1953; Kieve, a White House speech writer assisting Emmet Hughes, shared his personal diary with the author.
24. Hughes diary, Apr. 10–15, 1953, SGMML; Kieve diary, March 18, 1953, details the arduous process of writing Eisenhower’s speeches.
25. Robert Cutler, No Time for Rest (New York: Little, Brown, 1966), 322; Hughes diary, Apr. 16, 1953, SGMML.
26. DDE, “The Chance for Peace,” speech to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Apr. 16, 1953, PPP.
27. Cutler, No Time for Rest, 322; “Eisenhower Suffers Mild Food Poisoning,” The New York Times, Apr. 17, 1953; Report on speech, June 4, 1953, WHOSS, Minnich Series, B1, Misc.-F; Anne O’Hare McCormick, “Abroad,” The New York Times, Apr. 18, 1953; “Leaders of 2 Parties on ‘Hill’ Praise Talk,” The Washington Post, Apr. 17, 1953; “World Leaders Praise Speech by Eisenhower,” The Washington Post, Apr. 18, 1953.
28. Yugoslavia Embassy to State Department, Apr. 17, 1953, FRUS, vol. I, 1446; “McCarthy Aides Visit London,” The New York Times, Apr. 21, 1953; Drew Pearson, “McCarthy’s Men Get Attention,” The Washington Post, Apr. 22, 1953; “Cohn and Schine Return,” The New York Times, Apr. 22, 1953; “Trailed, Cohn Charges,” The New York Times, May 4, 1953; “Trailing of Cohn Denied,” The New York Times, May 5, 1953.
29. For details on the Soviet spying operation during the Cold War, see John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).
30. Legislative Leaders, Jan. 26, 1953, Legislative Series, DDEPL; DDE, State of the Union Address, Feb. 2, 1953, PPP; Birkner, “Eisenhower and the Red Menace,” 200.
31. For a detailed examination of the security program, see Herbert Brownell, Jr., Advising Ike: The Memoirs of Attorney General Herbert Brownell (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 230–51; Walter Lippmann, “Today and Tomorrow,” The Washington Post, Feb. 5, 1953; Birkner, “Eisenhower and the Red Menace,” 199.
32. Brownell, Advising Ike, 247–48; for the plight of homosexuals during the period, see David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), and Robert D. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001); Birkner, “Eisenhower and the Red Menace,” 199.
33. Legislative Leaders, Apr. 27, 1953, DDE diary, B4, Staff Notes, DDEPL; Press Release, Executive Order 10450, Morgan Files, B7, Security Program (3) DDEPL; “Text of Executive Order,” The New York Times, Apr. 28, 1953; Murray Marder, “New Federal Security Plans Stiffens Tests,” The Washington Post, Apr. 28, 1953; Birkner, “Eisenhower and the Red Menace,” 199.
34. DDE diary, May 1, 1953, DDEP, no. 168.
35. “Taft Reported in Fair Condition,” The New York Times, May 22, 1953; DDE to Taft, May 21, 1953, DDEP, no. 202.
36. DDE diary, May 14 and June 1, 1953, DDEP, nos. 188, 222; Gellman, The President and the Apprentice, 93.
37. Cabinet Meeting, June 5, 1953, WHOSS, B1, C-5 (1); Joseph and Stewart Alsop, “Matter of Fact,” The Washington Post, June 14, 1953.
38. Shanley diary, Nov. 19, 1953, B2, VI (2), 1280, BSP.
39. Remarks at Dartmouth College Commencement, June 14, 1953, PPP; Edward Folliard, “Must Know Communism to Whip It,” The Washington Post, June 15, 1953. In addition to the anti-McCarthy quote, an account of Eisenhower’s interaction with two other degree honorees on June 14 is found in Anthony Leviero, “Eisenhower Backed on Book Ban Talk,” The New York Times, June 17, 1953; Gellman, The President and the Apprentice, 97, quotes Richard Nixon, following the Dartmouth speech, pushing McCarthy to wind up his IIA investigation: “You should not be known as a one-shot senator.”
40. DDE, News Conference, June 17, 1953, PPP; Anthony Leviero, “Eisenhower Backs Ban on Some Books,” The New York Times, June 18, 1953
; Chalmers Roberts, “Ike Explains Statement,” The Washington Post, June 18, 1953.
41. Joseph and Stewart Alsop, “Matter of Fact,” The Washington Post, July 1, 1953; Eisenhower said those very words at a cabinet meeting on June 26, 1953; WHOSS, Cabinet, B1, C5 (3); Cabinet Series, B2; Shanley diary, BSP, IV (5), 969.
42. Shanley diary, n.d., BSP, B1, IV (1), 625–625e.
43. Notes on Cabinet meeting, Feb. 12, 1953, recorded Feb. 19, WHOSS, Minnich Series, B1, Misc.-R; the process reviewing the case is discussed in Brownell, Advising Ike, 244–45.
44. DDE, Statement by the President, Feb. 11, 1953, PPP; Birkner, “Eisenhower and the Red Menace,” 201.
45. Shanley diary, June 15, 1953, BSP, B2, IV (5), 939-a.
46. DDE to John Eisenhower, June 16, 1953, DDEP, no. 246; AWD to JFD, June 17, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B1 (1).
47. Cabinet Meeting, June 19, 1953, WHOSS, Minnich Series, B1, C-5 (2), and June 20, 1953, B1, Misc.-H.
48. JFD to Brownell, June 19, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B1 (1).
49. “Six Justices Agree,” The New York Times, June 20, 1953; Shanley diary, June 19, 1953, BSP, B2, IV (5), 950a–51.
50. DDE, Statement by the President, June 19, 1953, PPP.
51. William Conklin, “Pair Quiet to End,” The New York Times, June 20, 1953; the controversy over whether the executions were justified has continued down to the present, represented by recent books including Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Walter Schneir and Miriam Schneir, Final Verdict: What Really Happened in the Rosenberg Case (Brooklyn: Melville House, 2010); and Sam Roberts, The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014).
CHAPTER 3: “YOU’RE IN THE ARMY NOW!”
1. Cabinet Meeting, June 26, 1953, WHOSS, B1, C5 (3), and Cabinet Series, B2, DDEPL; Shanley diary, BSP, B2, IV (5), 969, DDEPL; “You’re in the Army Now” came out in 1917 (when Eisenhower was in the infantry), music by Isham Jones, lyrics by Tell Taylor and Ole Olsen. The music appeared in several movies and cartoons about the US Army, including one of the same name in 1941.
2. John G. Adams, Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism (New York: Norton, 1983), 67–68; Peter Kihss, “Witness, on Einstein Advice, Refuses to Say He Was Red,” The New York Times, Dec. 17, 1953; “Einstein Criticized,” The New York Times, June 14, 1953.
3. “New Hearings Set on ‘Red’ Book Issue,” The New York Times, June 24, 1953; “M’Carthy Calls 23 for Book Inquiry,” The New York Times, June 28, 1953; “Eisenhower Attacked,” The New York Times, June 24, 1953.
4. DDE to Downs, June 24, 1953, DDEP, no. 47; “Confusion on ‘Book Burning’ Grows,” The New York Times, June 28, 1953; Emmet John Hughes, The Ordeal of Power: A Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years (New York: Atheneum, 1963), 94; Gladwin Hill, “Eisenhower Assails ‘Zealots,’ ” The New York Times, June 27, 1953.
5. Cabinet Meeting, June 26, 1953, WHOSS, Cabinet, B1, C5 (3); Cabinet Series, DDEPL, B2; Shanley diary, BSP, IV (5), 969, DDEPL.
6. DDE, News Conference, July 1, 1953, PPP; “Ike Questions Need of Purging Mystery Books,” The Washington Post, July 2, 1953; C. P. Trussell, “Eisenhower Hints a New Book Order,” The New York Times, July 2, 1953.
7. DDE to Brownell, July 2, 1953, DDEP, no. 294; DDE to Sulzberger, Oct. 5, 1953, DDEP, no. 452.
8. “Veteran Red Hunter Joins M’Carthy Unit,” The New York Times, June 19, 1953; C. P. Trussell, “3 on McCarthy Panel Assail Aide for ‘Shocking’ Attack on Clergy,” The New York Times, July 3, 1953; Trussell, “Republican Senator Attacks McCarthy’s Aide,” The New York Times, July 4, 1953; “M’Carthy Aide Scores Clergy,” The Washington Post, July 2, 1953; Murray Marder, “McCarthy Committee Splits over Article,” The Washington Post, July 3, 1953; “Church Groups Hit Red Clergy Charge,” The New York Times, July 5, 1953; “Clerics Vehement on ‘M’Carthyism,’ ” The New York Times, July 6, 1953.
9. C. P. Trussell, “McCarthy Balks Colleagues, Refuses to Oust Matthews,” and “Senators Predict Matthews Ouster,” The New York Times, July 8–9, 1953; Murray Marder, “Matthews’ Dismissal Blocked by McCarthy,” The Washington Post, July 8, 1953.
10. Hughes diary, July 8–9, 1953, SGMML; Shanley diary, July 9, 1953, BSP, B2, V (1), 1014–15; “Texts of Documents in Matthews Case,” The New York Times, July 10, 1953; Sherman Adams to JFD, July 9, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B10, White House, (3).
11. DDE, President’s Message to NCCJ leaders, July 9, 1953, PPP; Edward Folliard, “Charge Held in Contempt,” The Washington Post, July 10, 1953.
12. Shanley diary, July 9, 1953, BSP, B2, V (1), 1015; Hughes diary, July 7–8, 1953, SGMML; William Bragg Ewald, Jr., Who Killed Joe McCarthy? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 72; Irwin F. Gellman, The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952–1961 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), 97–98.
13. “Overreach,” The Washington Post, July 11, 1953; C. P. Trussell, “Eisenhower Scores Attack on Clergy,” The New York Times, July 10, 1953; “The President Strikes Back,” The New York Times, July 11, 1953.
14. Shanley diary, July 9, 1953, BSP, B2, V (1), 1015; Hughes diary, July 15, 1953, SGMML; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 72.
15. DDE to Nixon, July 10, 1953, DDEP, no. 310.
16. Shanley diary, July 10, 1953, BSP, B2, V (1), 1020–23; Cabinet Meeting, July 10, 1953, WHOSS, Minnich Series, B1, Misc.-H.
17. July 10, 1953, WHOSS, Minnich Series, B1, Misc.-McCarthy; Shanley diary, July 10, 1953, BSP, B2, V (1), 1023; “M’Carthy at White House,” The New York Times, July 11, 1953.
18. “Democrats Quit M’Carthy’s Group,” The New York Times, July 11, 1953; Murray Marder, “Democrats off M’Carthy Committee,” The Washington Post, July 11, 1953; C. P. Trussell, “Bolters Spur McCarthy Plea,” The New York Times, July 17, 1953; Murray Marder, “Democrats Reject Bid,” The Washington Post, July 17, 1953; “M’Carthy Scored by G. O. P. Member,” The New York Times, July 21, 1953; Murray Marder, “2d Staff Aide of McCarthy Under Attack,” The Washington Post, July 14, 1953; William S. White, “M’Carthy in the Middle,” and Arthur Krock, “President Gets Tough and Finds It Pays Off,” The New York Times, July 12, 1953.
19. DDE to Hazlett, July 21, 1953, DDEP, no. 332.
20. DDE, News Conference, July 22, 1953, PPP; “President’s Progress Report,” The New York Times, July 23, 1953.
21. Johnson to DDE, July 3, 1953, CF/OF, B130, 8-D, IIA (2); Murray Marder, “Johnson Quits as U.S. News Chief,” The Washington Post, July 7, 1953; Walter H. Waggoner, “The State Department Sings a Variation on an Old Theme,” The New York Times, July 9, 1953; Statement by Robert Johnson, July 9, 1953, CF/OF, B130, 8-D, IIA (2); “Some Banned Books Are Restored,” The New York Times, July 8, 1953; McCarthy to Johnson, July 9, 1953, CF/OF, B130, 8-D, IIA (3); “New Book Order M’Carthy Target,” The New York Times, July 10, 1953.
22. On June 1, 1953, Eisenhower sent the Congress Reorganization Plan No. 8, “relating to the establishment of the United States Information Agency,” http://uscode.house.gov; the history of the USIA is detailed in Nicholas J. Cull, The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008), see p. 91 for Eisenhower’s submission of the legislation; McCardle-Jackson phone conversation, July 18, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B1, July–Oct. 1953 (5); DDE to Conant, July 20, 1953, CF/OF, B130, 8-D, IIA (4; DDE, Statement by the President, July 30, 1953, PPP; Anthony Leviero, “Streibert Named Information Chief,” The New York Times, July 31, 1953.
23. DDE, Address to American People, July 26, 1953, PPP.
24. “M’Carthy Planning Shift in Inquiries,” The New York Times, July 26, 1953; William S. White, “Position of M’Carthy in Politics Is Shifting,” The New York Times, July 26, 1953.
25. “U.S. Continues Aid,” The New York Times, Aug. 2, 1953; “M’Carthy Critical on Aid,” The New York Ti
mes, Aug. 3, 1953; C. P. Trussell, “M’Carthy Attacks Allen Dulles Aide,” The New York Times, Aug. 5, 1953; Trussell, “M’Carthy Hunting Print Shop Leaks,” The New York Times, Aug. 12, 1953; Trussell, “Printer Is Quoted on Access,” The New York Times, Aug. 13, 1953; Luther Huston, “U. S. Printing Aide Silent at Inquiry,” The New York Times, Aug. 19, 1953; Huston, “Rothschild Linked to Seizing of Code,” The New York Times, Aug. 21, 1953; “Hearings Start on Coast,” The New York Times, Aug. 22, 1953.
26. NSC, 153rd Meeting, July 9, 1953, FRUS, 1952–54, vol. I, 1953.
27. Wilcox interview, 1973, Columbia Oral History Project, quoted in FRUS, 1952–54, vol. I, 1467.
28. DDE to Lodge, July 9, 1953, DDEP, no. 309.
29. Reber to Welch, Apr. 9 and 20, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B5, G. David Schine case (3); J. Adams to S. Adams, Feb. 16, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Chronology of Efforts on Behalf of Schine.
30. Stevens to Hull, March 15, 1954; Hull to Stevens, March 16, 1954, reconstruction of events for the Army-McCarthy hearings, FASP, Eyes Only, B5, G. David Schine case (1); Struve Hensel, report to Secretary Stevens after conversation with Smith, March 15, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B9, Telephone Notes, Secretary of the Army (19); Hensel memorandum, March 30, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B5, G. David Schine case (3); Fred I. Greenstein, interview with Sherman Adams, cited in Michael J. Birkner, “Eisenhower and the Red Menace,” Prologue, Fall 2001, 202. James Lemuel Holloway, Jr., a four-star admiral, served as superintendent of the US Naval Academy from 1947 to 1950 and as chief of naval personnel from 1953 to 1957.
31. Author interview with Don Seaton, Nov. 14, 2012; Gladys Seaton interview, Oct. 17, 1974, OH-390, DDEPL; Shanley diary, BSP, B2, V (2), 1102; President’s Appt. Schedule, July 13 and 27, 1953, Miller Center online.
32. Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 47, 229; Gladys Seaton interview, Oct. 17, 1974, OH-390, DDEPL.
33. Cabinet Meeting Minutes, July 31, 1953, Cabinet Series, B2, DDEPL; DDE, Statement by the President, July 31, 1953, PPP; Robert Albright, “Knowland Is Elected Senate Leader,” The Washington Post, Aug. 5, 1953.