Ike and McCarthy
Page 40
11. DDE to Hazlett, Apr. 27, 1954, DDEP, no. 848.
12. Walter Lippmann, “The President and the Press,” The Washington Post, April 26, 1954.
13. DDE, President’s Remarks at Lincoln’s Birthplace, Apr. 23, 1954, PPP.
14. W. H. Lawrence, “Senate Inquiry Subpoenas All Data on Monitored Calls,” The New York Times, Apr. 24, 1954; John Chadwick, “Mundt Signs Subpenas for Phone Data,” The Washington Post, Apr. 25, 1954; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 598.
15. JFD to DDE, DDE diary, Apr. 23, 1954, B6 (1), DDEPL; DDE to JFD, April 23, 1954, DDEP, no. 839; Hagerty diary, Apr. 24–25, 1954, JHP, B1.
16. Hagerty diary, Apr. 26, 1954, JHP, B1.
17. Seaton to Sherman Adams, Adams Papers, B10 (5), Army-McCarthy McCarthy Hearings, Memoranda, Dartmouth; Brownell to Sherman Adams, May 3, 1954, Morgan Papers, B15, Investigations—Congressional (3), DDEPL.
18. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 179; W. H. Lawrence, “Army Charges a ‘Doctored’ Picture,” The New York Times, Apr. 28, 1954; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 600–3.
19. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 178–81; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 426–27; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 600–3.
20. Shuster, “That Calm ‘Man Named Welch,’ ” The New York Times, May 3, 1954; Army-McCarthy Hearings, Subcommittee on Investigations, pt. 14, Apr. 30, 1954, 543; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 603; Ewald, account of entire doctored photograph episode, in Who Killed Joe McCarthy? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 325–31.
21. Handwritten note, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, McCarthy (3).
22. Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 337; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 608–12.
23. W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy on Stand,” The New York Times, May 6, 1954; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 181.
24. Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 339; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 612; W. H. Lawrence, “Secret FBI Paper Used by M’Carthy,” The New York Times, May 5, 1954.
25. Arthur Krock, “In the Nation,” The New York Times, May 4, 1954.
26. Closed-Door Hearing, Thursday, May 6, 1954, 245, U.S. Senate, Special Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, Washington, DC, US Senate website.
27. Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 341–43; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 436–38.
28. Hagerty diary, Apr. 29, 1954, JHP, B1; “Ike Unaware of McCarthy on ‘Stump,’ ” The New York Times, Apr. 30, 1954.
29. “McCarthy Dispute Irks the President,” The New York Times, Apr. 30, 1954; “Army–McCarthy Hearing Stirs Scorn of President,” The Washington Post, Apr. 30, 1954; DDE, News Conference, Apr. 29, 1954, PPP.
30. “White House Aide Denies Move to Halt Hearings,” The New York Times, May 1, 1954.
31. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 172.
32. Herbert Brownell, Jr., Advising Ike: The Memoirs of Attorney General Herbert Brownell (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 260.
33. Charles E. Potter, Days of Shame (New York: Coward-McCann, 1965), 182; DDE to Bullis, May 6, 1954, DDEP, no. 862; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 343.
34. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 605, details a proposal Senator Potter claims he made to Eisenhower for ending the hearings on May 3; however, the accuracy of Potter’s claims in his memoirs is open to question, especially his assertion that Ike wanted “an immediate end to the hearings.” Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 343–44, assumes erroneously that Welch originated the proposal to limit testimony to the two principals, Stevens and McCarthy, and that Robert Stevens vetoed the deal. The evidence suggests otherwise and that Welch had simply adopted an initially courteous tone regarding the Dirksen proposal. See Roy Cohn, McCarthy (New York: New American Library, 1968), 155; Murray Marder, “GOP Move to End Quiz Is Blocked,” The Washington Post, May 5, 1954.
35. Army-McCarthy Hearings, pts. 17 and 19, May 4–5, 1954, 655–58, 716; the entire effort to truncate the hearings, May 3–5, is transcribed in pts. 15–20.
36. DDE, News Conference, May 5, 1954, PPP; Anthony Leviero, “Eisenhower Backs Stevens,” The New York Times, May 6, 1954.
37. DDE to Brownell, May 5, 1954, DDE diary, B5, Phone Calls (1), DDEPL.
38. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963), 341, 356, 373, 340–75; Ronald H. Spector, Advice and Support: The Early Years, 1941–1960 (New York: Free Press, 1985), noted that Eisenhower set out six conditions that would have to be met “before the President would agree to ask Congress for authority to commit American forces,” 212; W. H. Lawrence, “Challenges Rule,” The New York Times, May 7, 1954.
39. Cohn, McCarthy, 155–57; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 613–15, blends Cohn’s account into Dirksen’s third attempt to end the hearings on May 11; John Morris, “Inquiry Colleagues Oppose Dirksen Plan,” The New York Times, May 9, 1954; Jack Bell and Milton Kelly, “Democrats Frown on Plan to Shut Probe Door,” The Washington Post, May 9, 1954; Clayton Knowles, “M’Clellan Warns G.O.P.,” The New York Times, May 10, 1954.
40. Hagerty diary, May 10, 1954, JHP, B1.
41. Dirksen Motion and Army’s Position on Proposal, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, McCarthy (2); Cohn, McCarthy, 157; Army-McCarthy Hearings Transcript, Subcommittee on Investigations, pt. 26, May 11, 1954, 971.
42. Hagerty diary, May 11, 1954, JHP, B1; W. H. Lawrence, “2 Plans to Speed M’Carthy Hearing,” The New York Times, May 11, 1954; Foster, “Plan to Cut Probe Short Hailed by McCarthy,” The Washington Post, May 10, 1954.
43. Mundt’s commitment to vote “no” if the army objected to the Dirksen proposal is in the Army-McCarthy Hearings Transcript, Subcommittee on Investigations, pt. 26, May 11, 1954, 979; the remainder of the debate is detailed in the subsequent pages of pts. 26 and 27, ending with the vote on 998.
44. Hagerty diary, May 11, 1954, JHP, B1; W. H. Lawrence, “Veto by Stevens,” The New York Times, May 12, 1954; Murray Marder, “Stevens Veto Nips Plan,” The Washington Post, May 12, 1954.
45. Cohn, McCarthy, 159.
46. Hagerty diary, May 12, 1954, JHP, B1; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 345.
47. Account by Professor Ann Lousin, John Marshall Law School, Chicago, IL, based on phone conversation with the author, confirmed by e-mail May 26, 2013.
CHAPTER 14: PROTECTING THE PRESIDENT
1. Joseph and Stewart Alsop, “Political Silver Lining,” The Washington Post, May 12, 1954.
2. DDE, News Conference, May 12, 1954, PPP; Clayton Knowles, “President Decries Party Aspersions,” The New York Times, May 13, 1954; Anthony Leviero, “Eisenhower Firm,” The New York Times, May 13, 1954.
3. Lodge to DDE, “Eyes Only,” May 7, 1954, HCLP, Lodge-Eisenhower Corres., reel 28; DDE to Lodge, May 10, 1954, DDEP, no. 866.
4. Lodge to Brownell, July 12, 1974, Lodge 11, reel 2, HCLP; Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., As It Was (New York: Norton, 1976), 137.
5. Warren Unna, “Adams Role on Stand,” The Washington Post, May 13, 1954; John G. Adams, Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism (New York: Norton, 1983), 190, 210–13.
6. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 195.
7. Ibid., 190–96; Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (New York: Stein & Day, 1982), 617.
8. Hagerty diary, May 13, 1954, JHP, B1.
9. DDE to Wilson, DDE diary, May 13, 1954, DDEP, no. 874; “Wilson Reaches Tokyo.” The New York Times, March 14, 1954; the longer, more formal version of this letter was hand-delivered to Wilson on May 17, the day the president issued an executive order forbidding testimony by his advisers, DDEP, no. 879.
10. Anderson to Stevens, May 13, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, McCarthy.
11. Hagerty diary, May 14, 1954, JHP, B1.
12. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 196, 210–13.
13. Murray Marder, “Administration Gag on Adams,” The Washington Post, May 15, 1954; W. H. Lawrence, “Executive Branch Silences Adams,” The
New York Times, May 15, 1954.
14. Army-McCarthy Hearings Transcript, Subcommittee on Investigations, May 14, 1954, pt. 32, 1169; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 617.
15. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 196–97.
16. Lawrence, “Executive Branch Silences Adams.”
17. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 196–97.
18. Hagerty diary, May 14, 1954, JHP, B1.
19. Hagerty diary, May 15, 1954, JHP, B1; Lawrence, “Executive Branch Silences Adams.”
20. Walter Lippmann, “Today and Tomorrow: The Big Brawl,” The Washington Post, May 16, 1954; Arthur Krock, “Senate’s Caucus Room Stage for High Drama,” The New York Times, May 16, 1954.
21. Herbert Foster, “Ike Expected to Bar Aides’ Testimony,” The Washington Post, May 16, 1954; John Morris, “Mundt Supports Silence by Army,” The New York Times, May 16, 1954.
22. Brownell, memorandum, May 17, 1954, Gerald D. Morgan Papers, B15, Investigations—Congressional (3), DDEPL; Hagerty diary, May 17, 1954, JHP, B1.
23. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 200.
24. Murray Marder, “Ike Silences Army,” The Washington Post, May 18, 1954; W. H. Lawrence, “Senator Is Irate,” The New York Times, May 18, 1954.
25. DDE to the Secretary of Defense, May 17, 1954, DDEP, no. 879; Administrative Series, B25, McCarthy Letters, DDEPL; Fred I. Greenstein, The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1982), 205; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 201; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 617; Irwin F. Gellman, The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952–1961 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), 118; Adams’s presentation of the president’s letter and the attorney general’s memorandum is found in the Army-McCarthy Hearings Transcript, Subcommittee on Investigations, May 17, pts. 34–35, beginning on 1248.
26. Karl E. Mundt, unpublished manuscript, 11, Dakota State College, Madison, SD.
27. Sidney Zion, The Autobiography of Roy Cohn (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1988), 138–39.
28. W. H. Lawrence, “Senator Is Irate,” The New York Times, May 18, 1954.
29. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 201–2; Marder, “Ike Silences Army.”
30. Roy Cohn, McCarthy (New York: New American Library, 1968), 176–77; Sherman Adams, First-Hand Report: The Inside Story of the Eisenhower Administration (London: Hutchinson, 1961), 130–31.
31. Marder. “Ike Silences Army.” W. H. Lawrence, “Two Senators Ask M’Carthy Hearing Resume,” The New York Times, May 19, 1954.
32. Murray Marder, “Search Begun to End Impasse,” The Washington Post, May 19, 1954.
33. Hagerty diary, May 18, 1954, JHP, B1.
34. DDE, Address on Freedom Celebration Day, May 18, 1954, PPP; Edward Folliard, “Ike Shows He Is Still for Stevens,” The Washington Post, May 19, 1954; Knowles, “Eisenhower Backs Stevens,” The New York Times, May 19, 1954; Hagerty diary, May 18, 1954, JHP, B1.
35. DDE, News Conference, May 19, 1954, PPP.
36. Hagerty diary, May 19, 1954, JHP, B1.
37. Statement by Secretary of the Army, Robert T. Stevens, May 19, 1954, Sherman Adams Papers, B10 (5), McCarthy Hearings—Memoranda, C. Dartmouth; Anthony Leviero, “Let Chips Fall,” The New York Times, May 20, 1954; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 618.
38. Hagerty diary, May 19, 1954, JHP, B1.
39. “Mundt Says Army Quiz Will Reopen on Monday,” The Washington Post, May 20, 1954; Leviero, “Let Chips Fall.”
40. The Gallup Poll, Public Opinion 1935–1971, ed. William P. Hansen and Fred L. Israel, vol. 2, 1949–1958 (New York: Random House, 1972); Hagerty diary, May 20, 1954, JHP, B1; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 619.
41. Hagerty, May 20–21, 1954, JHP, B1.
42. W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy Gears Plan,” and Richard Johnston, “M’Carthy Asserts He Will Testify,” The New York Times, May 23, 1954.
43. Interview with Nixon, Feb. 26, 1954, Arthur Krock Black Book Interviews, SGMML; William Bragg Ewald, Jr., Who Killed Joe McCarthy? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 223; Greenstein, The Hidden-Hand Presidency, 187, says the interview was on Feb. 25 (an error) but states that his interviews with Lodge, Brownell, and Sherman Adams in the 1980s confirmed that “Eisenhower was well aware of the Cohn-Schine abuses and was countenancing the strategy of using them as the vehicle for attacking McCarthy”; Arthur Krock, “Eisenhower ‘No’ in Line,” The New York Times, May 23, 1954.
44. W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy Alleges Army’s Evidence Is Contradictory,” The New York Times, May 25, 1954; Murray Marder, “Senator Accuses Army Secretary,” The Washington Post, May 25, 1954; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 206–7.
45. Walter Lippmann, “Disorderly Government,” The Washington Post, June 3, 1954.
46. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 206–8.
CHAPTER 15: “NO SENSE OF DECENCY?”
1. Murray Marder, “Senator Accuses Army Secretary of Either Perjury or ‘Bad Memory,’ ” The Washington Post, May 25, 1954; W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy Alleges Army’s Evidence Is Contradictory,” The New York Times, May 25, 1954; Lawrence, “M’Carthy Inquiry Dismisses Cases,” The New York Times, May 27, 1954; Marder, “Probe Votes Not to Act,” The Washington Post, May 27, 1954; Hagerty diary, May 26, 1954, JHP, B1; Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (New York: Stein & Day, 1982), 621–23.
2. Hagerty diary, May 27, 1954, JHP, B1.
3. Hagerty diary, May 27–28, 1954, JHP, B1; “Dirksen Denies Whitewash,” The Washington Post, May 28, 1954; “Under the Carpet,” The Washington Post, May 28, 1954.
4. Murray Marder, “U. S. Employees Told Their Oath to Nation Tops Bans on Secrets,” The Washington Post, May 28, 1954; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 623.
5. Hagerty diary, May 28, 1954, JHP, B1, DDEPL; Herbert Brownell, Jr., Advising Ike: The Memoirs of Attorney General Herbert Brownell (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 260; Statement by the Attorney General, May 28, 1954, DDE diary, B7, PDEPL, May 1954.
6. Hagerty diary, May 28, 1954, JHP, B1.
7. W. H. Lawrence, “Charges Threats,” The New York Times, May 28, 1954.
8. W. H. Lawrence, “Senators Seek to Determine Just What Work Schine Did,” The New York Times, May 29, 1954; Joseph Loftus, “Senator Retorts,” The New York Times, May 29, 1954; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 624; Hagerty diary, May 28, 1954, JHP, B1.
9. ACW diary, May 29, 1954, B2 (1), DDEPL.
10. Roscoe Drummond, “McCarthy Issue,” The Washington Post, May 31, 1954.
11. Hagerty diary, May 30–31, 1954, JHP, B1.
12. DDE, President’s Address, Columbia University Bicentennial Dinner, May 31, 1954, PPP; Edward Folliard, “Decries ‘Thirst for Personal Power,’ ” The Washington Post, June 1, 1954; Grutzner, “Eisenhower Warns U.S. of Demagogues,” The New York Times, June 1, 1954.
13. Hagerty diary, May 31, 1954, JHP, B1.
14. Hagerty diary, May 28, 1954, JHP, B1.
15. Robert Albright, “M’Carthy Hit as Menace,” The Washington Post, June 2, 1954; William S. White, “Flanders Likens M’Carthy, Hitler,” The New York Times, June 2, 1954; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 624–25; Irwin F. Gellman, The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952–1961 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), 119–20.
16. Roy Cohn, McCarthy (New York: New American Library, 1968), 244–45; the author interviewed a veteran journalist active during the period and asked him what “hold” he thought Roy Cohn had on McCarthy, that the senator had not dismissed him. The journalist quickly responded, “We thought McCarthy was gay. We could not publish it but that is what we thought.”
17. DDE, News Conference, June 2, 1954, PPP; “President Glares Down Question,” The New York Times, June 3, 1954.
18. Seaton to McCarthy, June 3, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, McCarthy (1); “U.S. Bars Secrecy, Text of Seaton Letter to McCarthy,” The New York Times, June 4, 1954.
19. Memorandum by Sherman
Adams, June 4, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, McCarthy (1); Anderson to Stevens, May 13, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, McCarthy.
20. “Texts of Telephone Calls,” The New York Times and The Washington Post, June 6, 1954; “Senator Dared Stevens,” The New York Times, June 6, 1954.
21. W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy Bids Symington Quit,” The New York Times, June 5, 1954; Richard Johnston, “McCarthy Accuses Symington of ‘Plot,’ ” The Washington Post, June 6, 1954; Murray Marder, “Democrat Warns Against ‘Anarchy,’ ” The Washington Post, June 8, 1954.
22. Murray Marder. “McCarthy Is Told to See Psychiatrist,” The Washington Post, June 9, 1954; W. H. Lawrence, “Democrats Fight Plan to Cut Short M’Carthy Inquiry,” The New York Times, June 9, 1954; “McCarthy Called Genius,” The Washington Post, June 9, 1954.
23. Fred Fisher Memorandum, dictated June 10, 1954, provided to the author by Duane Krohnke; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 227; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 628–29.
24. The entire Welch-McCarthy confrontation is transcribed in the Army-McCarthy Hearings, Subcommittee on Investigations, June 9, 1954, pt. 59, 2424–30; W. H. Lawrence, “Exchange Bitter,” The New York Times, June 10, 1954; Murray Marder, “Senator Is Flayed,” The Washington Post, June 10, 1954; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 628–32.
25. “Calls Fisher a ‘Fine Kid,’ ” The New York Times, June 10, 1954; “M’Carthy Speaks,” The New York Times, June 10, 1954.
26. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 226–29.
27. “McCarthy Takes Stand,” The Washington Post, June 10, 1954; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 231–33; Hagerty diary, June 7, 8, 10, 1954, JHP, B1; DDE, News Conference, June 10, 1954, PPP.
28. DDE, Address to District Chairs, National Citizens for Eisenhower Congressional Committee, June 10, 1954, PPP; Hagerty diary, June 9, 1954, JHP, B1.
29. Ralph E. Flanders, Senator from Vermont (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), 260; Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, 633.
30. Army-McCarthy Hearings, Subcommittee on Investigations, June 11, 1954, pt. 62, 2588–91; Karl Mundt, “Highlights of the Army-McCarthy Hearings,” unpublished manuscript, chap. 5, Dakota State College, Madison, SD; Cohn, McCarthy, 246; Robert Albright, “Motion Is Filed in Senate,” The Washington Post, June 12, 1954; C. P. Trussell, “Flanders Moves in Senate,” The New York Times, June 12, 1954.